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Joints Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

any point in your body where two bones come together

A

joint

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2
Q

articulation

A

joint

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3
Q

types of articulation

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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4
Q

Types of Fibrous Joints

A

Sutures and Syndesmoses and Interosseous and Gomphosis

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints are made of

A

fibrous connective tissue

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6
Q

If it says fibrous

A

its strong, has collagen and fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

Sutures are where and what kind of joint

A

fibrous joint and found on the skull

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8
Q

Interosseous joints are what and where

A

Fibrous joints and inbetween bone. Example joint inbetween radius and ulna. Where they come together.

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9
Q

Inter-

A

in between

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10
Q

Osseous-

A

bone

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11
Q

Inbetween radius and ulna what kind of joints are found?

A

fibrous interosseous joints

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12
Q

What type of joint is found typically between bone to bone

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Chon- cartilage

an almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage, as in the vertebrae.

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14
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and symphyses

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15
Q

What joint holds the pubic symphyses together

A

cartilaginous symphyses

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16
Q

What type of synovial joints are there?

A

Plane, Pivot, Saddle, Hinge, Condyloid, Ball and Socke.

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17
Q

All of the synovial joints have

A

a synovial cavity

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18
Q

Synovial cavities are filled with? That helps with?

A

a synovial fluid that helps lubricates things

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19
Q

Bursae or Synovium does

A

slowly releases that synovial fluid when pressure is put on them.

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20
Q

Where are synovial joints found?

A

where we have freely movable bones coming together.

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21
Q

Freely moving joints always need what and why

A

a synovial fluid to lubricate them since they are always moving

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22
Q

Sutures

A

seams, very short interconnecting fibers

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23
Q

Syndesmoses

A

The bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords or bands of fibrous tissue

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24
Q

Gomphsoses

A

Peg in socket fibrous joint. Is a short periodontal ligament.

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25
Q

Articulation of the tooth with its boney alveolar socket

A

Gomphoses Joint

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26
Q

Synchondroses

A

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bone at a sychondrosis “junction of cartilage”. Almost all are immovable.

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27
Q

Epiphyseal plates are an example of what joint

A

syncondroses

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28
Q

Costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum have what joint

A

sychondroses- its immovable

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29
Q

Gliding

A

occurs when one flat or nearly flat bone surface glides over another. back and forth or side to side

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30
Q

waving your hand is an example of what motion

A

gliding

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31
Q

angular movements

A

increase angle or decrease angle between two bones .

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32
Q

Types of angular movements

A

flexion, extension, hypertension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

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33
Q

Flexion

A

going forward. is a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones together.

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34
Q

bending forward is an example of what movement

A

angular flexion movement

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35
Q

The arm is flexed at the shoulder when the arm is lifted in an anterior direction is an example of what movement

A

angular flexion movement

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36
Q

Extension

A

going back to anatomical position. the reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints. It involves movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones. Typically straightens a flexed limb or body part.

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37
Q

Straightening a flexed limb or body part is an example of

A

angular extension movement

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38
Q

Straightening a flexed neck, body trunk, elbow, or neck.

A

angular extension movement

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39
Q

Hypertension

A

Going further back. continuing extension backwards.

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40
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from the midline

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41
Q

Adduction

A

moving toward the midline

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42
Q

circumduction

A

moving a limb in a circle

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43
Q

rotation

A

turning of the bone around its own long axis. can be directed toward the midline or away from

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44
Q

supination

A

radius and ulna are parallel

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45
Q

pronation

A

radius rotates over ulna

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46
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

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47
Q

plantar flexion

A

pointing the toes

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48
Q

protraction and reaction

A

nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane

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49
Q

the mandible is jutted out

A

protraction

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50
Q

when you pull your mandible back

A

retraction

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51
Q

inversion

A

sole of foot turned medially

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52
Q

enversion

A

sole foot turned latterly

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53
Q

opposition

A

thumb touching the point of other fingers on the same hand. The saddle joint between metacarpal I and trapezium allows for this movement.

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54
Q

what allows for humans to grasp and manipulate objects

A

opposition

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55
Q

plane joint. what kind of joint, on what surface and what movement.

A

is a synovial joint. flat articular surface. nonaxial movement or gliding

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56
Q

hinge joint. what kind of joint, on what surface and what movement.

A

synovial joint. Cylinder and trough surface. uniaxial movement

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57
Q

pivot joint. what kind of joint, on what surface and what movement.

A

synovial joint. sleeve and axle. uniaxial movement

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58
Q

condylar joint. what kind of joint, on what surface and what movement.

A

synovial joint. oval articular surface. biaxial movement.

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59
Q

saddle joint. what kind of joint, on what surface and what movement.

A

synovial joint. articular surfaces are both concave and convex. biaxial movement.

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60
Q

ball and socket joint. what kind of joint, on what surface and what movement.

A

synovial joint. cup and head. multiaxial movement.

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61
Q

largest and most complex joint in the body

A

knee joint

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62
Q

how many joints and cavities does the knee joint have

A

three joints and one cavity

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63
Q

Joints of the knee

A

intermediate one; between the patella and the lower end of the femur. (Femoropatellar joint). Lateral and medial joints between the femoral condyles above and the c-shaped menisci or semilunar cartilages of the tibia below (tibiofemoral joint)

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64
Q

where is the menisci attached, so what happens easily

A

their outer margins, so theyre torn free

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65
Q

how is the knee joint cavity enclosed

A

partially

66
Q

functionally of joints- movability

A

synarthroses
amphithroses
diaphoresis

67
Q

Synathroses

A

non movable joint- suture after its fused

68
Q

amphithroses

A

slightly movable joint sutures before fused

69
Q

diaphorsis

A

freely movable joint

70
Q

anything connected with a ligament

A

syndesmosis

71
Q

tibia and fibula are what joint and function

A

syndesmosis, amphothrosis

72
Q

Ephysieal plates are

A

sychondrosis and ampithrosis

73
Q

Intervetebral discs

A

(intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.

74
Q

articular cartilage

A

cartilage that is cushioned between the bones

75
Q

Synovial joint cavity

A

space inbetween the joint that hold synovial fluid. Not empty space.

76
Q

Articular Capsule

A

surronds and protects the synovial fluid

77
Q

What do reinforcing ligaments do

A

hold the bones together

78
Q

If a joint contains, articular cartilage, synovial joint cavity, articular capsule and reinforcing ligaments means?

A

That it is a freely movable joint. Therefore it needs adhesion.

79
Q

Mandibular condyle and Knee are? so what is there?

A

freely movable a pad called a menisci.

80
Q

What does the menisci do on the madible

A

covers the mandibular condyle

81
Q

what is the menisci made of

A

fibrocartilage pad

82
Q

Strongest cartilage

A

fibrocartilage

83
Q

What is found directly underneath the acromion on the scapula and right above the humerus space

A

Subacromial bursae.

84
Q

What has pressure put on it when a pitcher pitches?

A

Bursae, releasing lubricant

85
Q

Bursaetus

A

when the fluid isn’t held together by the articular capsule

86
Q

Bursae looks like a

A

sac

87
Q

Elongated version of a bursae

A

tendon sheath

88
Q

tendon sheath

A

flattened bursae, extends all the way down and attaches to the muscle

89
Q

a tendon is the

A

extension of a muscle that attaches to bone

90
Q

Movement that can be done with the mandible and scapula

A

protraction and retraction

91
Q

Underbite is an example

A

protraction

92
Q

Mouth closed is an example of

A

elevation

93
Q

Mouth open is an example of

A

depression

94
Q

I hold my soup this way

A

supination

95
Q

If you tell a patient to lay on their stomach it is called

A

pronation

96
Q

If you tell a patient to lay supine they are facing

A

up

97
Q

Carpals to what motion

A

gliding

98
Q

Shoulder ball and socket joint allow us to do what

A

circumduction

99
Q

Adduction and abduction are only talked about on what skeleton

A

appendicular

100
Q

wavy border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone

A

suture

101
Q

hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
most limb bones
most ribs to sternum

A

synchondroses

102
Q

fibrocartilage

pelvis, vertebrae

A

Symphyses

103
Q

Synovial joints general structure

A 
articular cartilage
synovial (joint) cavity
articular capsule
synovial fluid
reinforcing ligaments
104
Q

meniscus

A

– a fibrocartilage pad, e.g., at the tempero-mandibular joint (TMJ) and at the tibio-femoral (knee) joint

105
Q

flattened sacs filled with synovial fluid

A

bursae

106
Q

elongated bursa which wraps around a tendon

A

tendon sheath

107
Q

flat planes gliding over each other

A

gliding plane joint a synovial joint

108
Q

joint found in intercarpal and intertarsal joints

A

gliding plane joint/ synovial joint

109
Q

cylindrical projection fits into a notch joint

A

hinge/ synovial joint

110
Q

ulna and humerus joint

A

hinge/ synovial joint

111
Q

tibia and femur joint

A

hinge/ synovial joint

112
Q

interphalangeal joints

A

hinge/ synovial joint

113
Q

rounded end of one bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments joint

A

Pivot/ synovial joint

114
Q

atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2) joint

A

Pivot/ synovial joint

115
Q

proximal radio-ulnar joint

A

Pivot/ synovial joint

116
Q

rounded (convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone

A

condyloid/ synovial joint

117
Q

radio-carpal joints

A

condyloid/ synovial joint

118
Q

metacarpal-phalangeal joints

A

condyloid/ synovial joint

119
Q

each articular surface has both convex and concave areas

A

Saddle/synovial joints

120
Q

carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

A

Saddle/synovial joints

121
Q

special case of a condyloid joint

A

Saddle/synovial joints

122
Q

spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket

A

ball and socket/ synovial joint

123
Q

provides greatest rotational flexibility

A

ball and socket/ synovial joint

124
Q

shoulder and hip joint

A

ball and socket/ synovial joint

125
Q

special case of a condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

A

ball and socket/ synovial joint

126
Q

shape and condition are important for smooth functioning of the joint

A

articular surfaces

127
Q

dense regular fibrous connective tissue which will only stretch ~6% before tearing

A

ligaments

128
Q

most important factor influencing joint stability

A

muscle tone

129
Q

muscle tone

A

tone - resting activity – some minimal level of contraction operating at all times

130
Q

muscles, tendons, and ligaments are supplied with sensory nerve endings for feedback control of limb and body position and posture

A

muscle tone

131
Q

Factors influencing joint stability

A

articular surfaces
ligaments
muscle tone

132
Q

ligament is

A

a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.

133
Q

Since cartilage does not repair well…. what happens?

A

the cumulative effect of multiple traumas is to permanently weaken the joint

134
Q

what two things contribute to joint stability, not influence

A

Ligaments and tendons contribute to joint stability.

135
Q

many contribute to fibrous capsule

A

ligaments and tendons of the knee

136
Q

The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
Partially torn ligaments slowly repair themselves.
Completely torn ligaments require prompt surgical repair.

A

Sprains

137
Q

The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage
Common aerobics injury
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery

A

Cartilage injuries

138
Q

Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Caused by serious falls and are common sports injuries
Subluxation – partial dislocation of a joint

A

Dislocations

139
Q

An inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
Symptoms are pain and swelling
Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs; excessive fluid may be aspirated

A

Bursitis

140
Q

Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

Symptoms and treatment are similar to bursitis

A

Tendonitis

141
Q

By embryonic week 8, synovial joints…

A

resemble adult joints

142
Q

Prudent exercise (especially swimming)

A

that coaxes joints through their full range of motion is key to postponing joint problems

143
Q

largest most complex joint in the body

A

knee

144
Q

knee has how many joint cavities

A

one

145
Q

Knee consists of how many joints in one. What are they?

A

three, femoropatellar joint

tibiofemoral joint

146
Q

femoropattellar joint

A

intermediate joint of the knee. in between the patella and lower end of the femur

147
Q

tibiofemoral joint

A

lateral and medial joint of the knee. between the femoral condyles and the meniscis

148
Q

Helps to prevent side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia and absorb shock

A

menisci

149
Q

why are the menisci torn free easily

A

attached only at their outer margins

150
Q

what does the tibiofemoral joint act as typically? Permitting?

A

a hinge, flexion and extension

151
Q

what is the tibiofemoral functionally

A

is a bicondylar joint

152
Q

what happens to the knees mobility when it is fully extended/flexed

A

side to side movements and rotation are strongly resisted by ligaments and the menisci

153
Q

what type of joint is the femoropatellar joint

A

is a plane joint

154
Q

What does the patella do on the femur during knee flexion

A

the patella glides across the distal end of femur

155
Q

How is the knee joint cavity unique

A

the cavity is only partially enclosed by a capsule

156
Q

where is the capsule present on the knee joint

A

only on the sides and posterior aspects of the knee, where it covers the bulk of the femoral and tibial condyles

157
Q

Anteriorly, where the capsule is absent, three broad ligaments run from the patella to the tibia below are?

A

Patellar ligament flanked by the medial and lateral patellar retinacula

158
Q

what ligaments merge imperceptibly into the articular capsule on each side

A

patellar ligament…

medial/lateral patellar retinacula

159
Q

What are the patellar ligament and retincula are actually continuations of the

A

the tendon of the bulky quadriceps muscle of the anterior thigh

160
Q

Physicians tap what to test the knee jerk reactions

A

patellar ligament

161
Q

the several extension in the synovial cavity are called

A

blind cavities

162
Q

what bursae is usually injured when the knee is bumped anteriorly

A

subcutaneous prepateller bursae

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