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Chapter 3 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

The brains of the cell

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

Make energy out of food

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make protein

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4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport and storage

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5
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Creates lipids or fats

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Creates glucose

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7
Q

Three basic steps to enzyme actions and regulation

A

1) amino acids bind at active site to form enzyme
2) cause internal bond rearrangements-leading to catalyst
3) release the products and repeat

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8
Q

Regulatory controls for enzyme action

A

Substrate specific

Feedback controls

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9
Q

Nucleic acids types

A

DNA

RNA

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10
Q

Made of nucleotide monomers

A

RNA

DNA

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11
Q

3 parts to a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous bases
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group

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12
Q

Pentose sugar DNA

A

Dexyribose

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13
Q

Pentose sugar rna

A

Ribose

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14
Q

Nitrogenous bases DNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

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15
Q

Nitrogenous bases rna

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

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16
Q

Nucleic acids are organic or inorganic

A

Organic

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17
Q

DNA looks like

A

Double helix

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18
Q

Nucleic acid is different from organic compounds because

A

Has 5 carbon sugar instead of six carbon

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19
Q

A pairs up with
C pairs up with
DNA

A

T

G

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20
Q

A pairs up with
C pair up with
RNA

A

U

G

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21
Q

Genetic material

A

DNA

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22
Q

Carries hereditary inform from nuclear DNA to the cytoplasm

Inside cell

A

RNA

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23
Q

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Hydrogen bond

A

Sugar/phosphate backbone

Hydrogen bonds together a…t or c…g

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24
Q

What has complimentary bases

A

DNA strands

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25
Where does energy come from in ATP or ADP bonds
Phosphate | It's what's released
26
Mass number
Protons + neutrons
27
All isotopes of an element have
Same number of protons | Same chemical characteristics
28
Unstable isotopes that decay
Radioactive isotope
29
Have a different number of neutrons Same number of protons Same chemical characteristics
Isotopes
30
The first three shells hold how many electrons
2, 8, 18
31
Fundamental structure and functional unit of living organism is
Cell
32
Cell actions are made possible by subcellular structures
Principle of complementary
33
Cells come from
Cells
34
Plasma membrane
Outer boundary | Acts as semipermeable barrier
35
Cytoplasm
Intracellular fluid packed with organelles
36
Nucleus
Brain of cell Controls it Stores DNA
37
Cell secretions
Aid in digestion | Some act as lubricants
38
Cholesterol in a membrane
Stabilizes and decreases fluidity of membrane and phospholipids Polar and nonpolar regions
39
Transmember proteins or integral proteins
Transport | Form channels/pores
40
Small water soluble molecules or ions move through these pores
Transmembrane proteins or integral
41
What proteins are enzymes
Transmember | Or peripheral
42
What proteins can be receptors for hormones or messengers
Transmember
43
Signal transduction
Integral proteins relating messages to the cell interior
44
Peripheral proteins
Attached loosely to integral proteins and easily removable
45
Proteins that help join cells together
Peripheral
46
Proteins that help motor, mechanical function and muscle cell contractions
Peripheral
47
Smallest unit of matter
An atom
48
Glycocalyx
Sugar covering
49
Tight junctions
Impermeable junctions | Form continuous seals
50
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions Velcro Internal network of fiber
51
Gap junctions
Communicating junctions | Ions and small particles to pass
52
The diffusion of a solvent such as water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
53
Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Protein carrier specific for one chemical Normally lipid insoluble solutes Causes transport protein to change shapes
54
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Through a Chanel protein | Mostly ions
55
Cells retain normal size and shape in what solution
Isotonic
56
Cells loose water by osmosis in what solution | Higher concentration outside of cell
Hypertonic
57
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated in what solution? Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell
Hypotonic
58
Cytosol
The viscous semitransparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
59
Mitochondria
Jelly bean Power plants of cell Provide most of its atp
60
Ribosomes
Specs in cell composed of proteins and a variety of RNAS call ribosomal rnas. Sites or protein synthesis Can be floating freely of membrane bound
61
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
It's Ribosomes manufacture protein. Secretory cells, antibody immune cells, liver cells Enzymes active sites on here Membrane factory
62
Smooth ER
Enzymes metabolize, synthesis hormones and fats. Absorb fats. Detoxify drugs. Break down glycogen
63
Golgi apparatus
Traffic director for cellular proteins. Or post office... packages and delivers
64
Peroxisomes
Small sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes | Oxidase and catalases
65
Lysosomes
``` Contain activated digestive enzymes Rids bacteria and cell debris Eats cells Digests particles Metabolic-breaksdown ```
66
Microtubules
Structure Supports cell and gives it shape Bug yellow
67
Intermediate filaments
Protein fibers | The stable cytoskeletal elements: resists mechanical forces acting on the cell.
68
Microfilaments
Muscle contractions Fine filament Lil blue
69
Centrioles
Flower looking tubes 9 microtubules Forms spindles during mitosis
70
Microvilli
Tubular extension of plasma membrane increase surface area for absorption
71
Nuclear envelope
Seperates plasms and regulates passage of substances to nucleus
72
Nucleolus
Ribosomes subunit manufacture
73
Chromatin
DNA
74
Fluid mosaic model
Moving mix of lipids proteins and carbohydrates
75
What determines membrane function
The kinds and numbers of membrane molecules, especially proteins.
76
Glycocalyx is made up of
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
77
Weight ratio of membrane structure
50/50 | Lipid/protein
78
Proteins | Hydrophilic or phobic
Philic
79
Anything on inside of the plasma membrane is hydro....
Phobic
80
does cholesterol in the plasma membrane increase or decrease fluidity of phospholipids
Increases
81
Lipids that contribute to glycocalyx
Glycolipids
82
Integral proteins
``` Located in membrane Channels- has a receptor(lock) Transporters Receptors Intracellular junctions Enzymes Anchor Cell recognition ```
83
Permeability depends on
Molecular size Lipid solubility Charge- zero charge allowed Presence of channels and transports
84
Passive transport | Diffusion
Ball pit Balls falling out from the ceiling No cellular energy expended
85
Examples of passive transport
Simple diffusion Diffusion across a cell membrane Facilitated diffusion Higher concentration to Lower
86
Active transport | Opposite of diffusion
Uses atp Shoving balls back into ceiling Low concentration to higher Against the concentration gradient
87
Does diffusion require atp
No
88
Simple diffusion
Selective | Water and lipid soluble molecules move freely
89
Factors affecting diffusion
``` Increased temp increase Greater concentration increases Larger surface area increases Smaller particles increase Time- diffusion decreases over time ```
90
Diffusion of water from an higher area of concentration to a lower area
Osmosis
91
What molecules move through aquaporin channels or wiggle through phospholipids
Polar water molecules
92
How to find water concentration
1/solute concentration
93
Cell shrinks due to more solute in a solution than in a cell
Hypertonic
94
A cell swells due to lower solute inside the cell than in the solution
Hypotonic
95
Total concentration of all solute particles | Same as concentration
Osmolarity
96
Osmotic pressure
Pulling pressure | Net pressure effect of individual particles in solution
97
cells shrink due to lack of water what pressure is increased
Osmotic | Cell wants to pull in water
98
Hydrostatic pressure
Constant | Whole solutions pressure
99
Blood pressure is what kind of pressure
Hydrostatic | Whole solution or organism
100
The ability of a solution to change shape of cells by altering their internal water volume
Tonicity
101
Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell
Isotonic solutions
102
Normal saline solution is what to blood plasma
Isotonic
103
Always describing what in tonicity
The solution
104
What is the only thing moving in tonicity
Water in or out of the cell
105
A lot of salt or ions in a solution it is
A hypertonic solution
106
Increased solute | Decreased h2o
Hypertonic | Water moving out of cell and shrinks
107
Cells shrinking
Cremation
108
Cell has more solute in it then the solution does what happens?
Hypotonic solution | So the cell swells up when water moves into the cell to equalize it with the solution
109
More water on the outside of the cell cause
More water to move into the cell- hypotonic
110
Mess water on the outside of the cell causes
Less water on the inside of the cell | Hypertonic
111
Hypertonic
Water moving out | Cell shrinks
112
Active transport processes
Some substances are too big Have wrong charge Move against concentration gradient (lower to higher) Energy is needed
113
Active transport has two mechanisms
``` Active transport (primary/secondary) Vesicular transport (vesicul) ```
114
Na+/K+ pump facilitates
Is how cells communicate and neurons send messages
115
Points to remember about na+/k+ pump
1) A cell at rest is negative on the inside. 2) The reason it is negative on the inside due to amount of K. Circle K. 3) Once this charge flips due to sodium coming in. This creates a spark. (Action potential). Known as depolarization. 4) repolarization or back to rest. K+
116
Depolarization is because of Na+ what is repolarization.
Because of K+. And wanting to go back to rest
117
Why is Na+/k+ called a pump
Because it's actively pumping the opposite ion to the opposite region every time creating a spark-atp is hydrolyzed
118
What allows batteries to work
Na+/k+ pump
119
Without what energy will the pump not work
ATP
120
Ratio for pump
Always pumping out 3 sodium for every 2 potassium in
121
What cause potassium to be negative in the pump
The weight of 3 sodium and 2 potassium
122
What creates spark in Na+/k+ pump, known as
As we increase potassium k+ in and decrease the sodium Na+ Depolarization
123
Electrochemical gradient
Net effect of all charged ions on either side of membrane
124
In Na+/k+ | All cells are polarized
Negative inside 2K+ Positive outside 3Na+
125
ATP energy is used how to move substances in active transport
Indirectly
126
How does atp move substances in active transport
ATP energy drives an ion pump. Creating a concentration gradient. The a carrier protein uses the energy to transport another substance.
127
Exocytosis
Cell vacuole release contents
128
Endocytosis
Taking of matter from the exterior of the membrane to form a vacuole
129
Cams or cellular adhesion molecules
Anchors Arms Form junctions or desmosome Stick into blood vessels
130
Cilia
Tubes on the outside of a cell long fibers are called microtubules Move liquid pass surface of cell
131
Flagella
Have a tail and head | Used for locomotion
132
Cytoskeleton is made up of
Microfilament Intermediate filament Microtubules Forms frame work for organelles and cell shape
133
Microfilaments
Changes in cell shape Muscle contractions Cell division
134
Intermediate filaments
Anchor | Formation of nucleus
135
Microtubules
Cilia/flagella motility Chromosome movement Organelle movement
136
DNA is packaged how in chromatin
Supercoiling
137
Grainy threadlike material
Chromatin
138
Form nucleosome core
Histone proteins
139
DNA wrapped around nucleosome forms
Chromatin fibers
140
G1
Growth and metabolism | Protein replication
141
S
Synthesis of DNA prep for division DNA replication
142
G2
Metabolism Prep Enzyme proteins for mitosis
143
M phase
``` Nuclear division Prophase Metaphase Anaphase telophase Cytokinesis ```
144
Helicase
Unwinds DNA
145
DNA polymerase
``` One strand is the template Builds complimentary strand Bonded with hydrogen A-T C-G ```
146
Protein synthesis
1) DNA serves as templet and is transcripted into pre-MRNA 2) RNA Processes pre-mRNA to (messenger)RNA 3) mRNA leaves nuclear envelope to go to cytoplasm and is translated in ribosome 4) mRNA is read to build protein structure
147
Na+/K+ ATPase
Pump | And enzyme for atp
148
How many Na+ out and K+ in
3Na+ out | 2K+ in
149
IPMAT
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase Cytokinesis-splitting on cytoplasm ```
150
Replication
Unzipping DNA and create another strand from the first template DNA Opposite of one strand
151
Genetic Condon matches with
Anticodon
152
AUG | Anticodon?
TAC
153
Building protein | Protein synthesis
DNA ATG transcribed into UAC MRNA mRNA leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm and goes to the ribosome. Ribosome only makes proteins MRNA gives message to TRNA to translate it and links the anticodons to an amino acids. To make a protein.
154
Going to protein via mRNA and tRNA would be
translation
155
Replication DNA unzipping itself and copying itself happens in
Mitosis
156
Transcription vs translation
Protein synthesis
157
Transcription
DNA to mRNA
158
Translation
mRNA to protein Happens at ribosome And with tRNA
159
TAC
AUG
160
mRNA doesn't go straight to the protein what is invoked
Translation
161
in translation what steps occur after TAC
AUG the UAC Then the amino acid
162
Gene expression
DNA contains a sequence of nitrogenous bases which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a protein
163
Each codon is composed of... to form?
3 bases to form genetic code
164
MRNA has what kind of base series in DNA
Complimentary
165
tRNA carries
Particular amino acid and 3 base anticodon complimentary to codon of mRNA
166
What bonds form proteins
Peptide

Bio (22 decks)

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