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Chapter 3 Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

The brains of the cell

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

Make energy out of food

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make protein

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4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport and storage

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5
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Creates lipids or fats

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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

Creates glucose

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7
Q

Three basic steps to enzyme actions and regulation

A

1) amino acids bind at active site to form enzyme
2) cause internal bond rearrangements-leading to catalyst
3) release the products and repeat

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8
Q

Regulatory controls for enzyme action

A

Substrate specific

Feedback controls

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9
Q

Nucleic acids types

A

DNA

RNA

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10
Q

Made of nucleotide monomers

A

RNA

DNA

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11
Q

3 parts to a nucleotide

A

Nitrogenous bases
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group

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12
Q

Pentose sugar DNA

A

Dexyribose

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13
Q

Pentose sugar rna

A

Ribose

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14
Q

Nitrogenous bases DNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine

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15
Q

Nitrogenous bases rna

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

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16
Q

Nucleic acids are organic or inorganic

A

Organic

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17
Q

DNA looks like

A

Double helix

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18
Q

Nucleic acid is different from organic compounds because

A

Has 5 carbon sugar instead of six carbon

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19
Q

A pairs up with
C pairs up with
DNA

A

T

G

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20
Q

A pairs up with
C pair up with
RNA

A

U

G

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21
Q

Genetic material

A

DNA

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22
Q

Carries hereditary inform from nuclear DNA to the cytoplasm

Inside cell

A

RNA

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23
Q

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Hydrogen bond

A

Sugar/phosphate backbone

Hydrogen bonds together a…t or c…g

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24
Q

What has complimentary bases

A

DNA strands

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25
Q

Where does energy come from in ATP or ADP bonds

A

Phosphate

It’s what’s released

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26
Q

Mass number

A

Protons + neutrons

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27
Q

All isotopes of an element have

A

Same number of protons

Same chemical characteristics

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28
Q

Unstable isotopes that decay

A

Radioactive isotope

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29
Q

Have a different number of neutrons
Same number of protons
Same chemical characteristics

A

Isotopes

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30
Q

The first three shells hold how many electrons

A

2,
8,
18

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31
Q

Fundamental structure and functional unit of living organism is

A

Cell

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32
Q

Cell actions are made possible by subcellular structures

A

Principle of complementary

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33
Q

Cells come from

A

Cells

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34
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Outer boundary

Acts as semipermeable barrier

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35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Intracellular fluid packed with organelles

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36
Q

Nucleus

A

Brain of cell
Controls it
Stores DNA

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37
Q

Cell secretions

A

Aid in digestion

Some act as lubricants

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38
Q

Cholesterol in a membrane

A

Stabilizes and decreases fluidity of membrane and phospholipids
Polar and nonpolar regions

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39
Q

Transmember proteins or integral proteins

A

Transport

Form channels/pores

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40
Q

Small water soluble molecules or ions move through these pores

A

Transmembrane proteins or integral

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41
Q

What proteins are enzymes

A

Transmember

Or peripheral

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42
Q

What proteins can be receptors for hormones or messengers

A

Transmember

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43
Q

Signal transduction

A

Integral proteins relating messages to the cell interior

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44
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Attached loosely to integral proteins and easily removable

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45
Q

Proteins that help join cells together

A

Peripheral

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46
Q

Proteins that help motor, mechanical function and muscle cell contractions

A

Peripheral

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47
Q

Smallest unit of matter

A

An atom

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48
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sugar covering

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49
Q

Tight junctions

A

Impermeable junctions

Form continuous seals

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50
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions
Velcro
Internal network of fiber

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51
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions

Ions and small particles to pass

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52
Q

The diffusion of a solvent such as water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

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53
Q

Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Protein carrier specific for one chemical
Normally lipid insoluble solutes
Causes transport protein to change shapes

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54
Q

Channel mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Through a Chanel protein

Mostly ions

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55
Q

Cells retain normal size and shape in what solution

A

Isotonic

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56
Q

Cells loose water by osmosis in what solution

Higher concentration outside of cell

A

Hypertonic

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57
Q

Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated in what solution?
Lower concentration of solutes outside the cell

A

Hypotonic

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58
Q

Cytosol

A

The viscous semitransparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended

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59
Q

Mitochondria

A

Jelly bean
Power plants of cell
Provide most of its atp

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60
Q

Ribosomes

A

Specs in cell composed of proteins and a variety of RNAS call ribosomal rnas.
Sites or protein synthesis
Can be floating freely of membrane bound

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61
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

It’s Ribosomes manufacture protein.

Secretory cells, antibody immune cells, liver cells

Enzymes active sites on here

Membrane factory

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62
Q

Smooth ER

A

Enzymes metabolize, synthesis hormones and fats.
Absorb fats.
Detoxify drugs.
Break down glycogen

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63
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Traffic director for cellular proteins. Or post office… packages and delivers

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64
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Small sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes

Oxidase and catalases

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65
Q

Lysosomes

A 
Contain activated digestive enzymes 
Rids bacteria and cell debris 
Eats cells 
Digests particles 
Metabolic-breaksdown
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66
Q

Microtubules

A

Structure
Supports cell and gives it shape
Bug yellow

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67
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Protein fibers

The stable cytoskeletal elements: resists mechanical forces acting on the cell.

68
Q

Microfilaments

A

Muscle contractions
Fine filament
Lil blue

69
Q

Centrioles

A

Flower looking tubes
9 microtubules
Forms spindles during mitosis

70
Q

Microvilli

A

Tubular extension of plasma membrane increase surface area for absorption

71
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Seperates plasms and regulates passage of substances to nucleus

72
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosomes subunit manufacture

73
Q

Chromatin

74
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Moving mix of lipids proteins and carbohydrates

75
Q

What determines membrane function

A

The kinds and numbers of membrane molecules, especially proteins.

76
Q

Glycocalyx is made up of

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

77
Q

Weight ratio of membrane structure

A

50/50

Lipid/protein

78
Q

Proteins

Hydrophilic or phobic

79
Q

Anything on inside of the plasma membrane is hydro….

80
Q

does cholesterol in the plasma membrane increase or decrease fluidity of phospholipids

81
Q

Lipids that contribute to glycocalyx

A

Glycolipids

82
Q

Integral proteins

A 
Located in membrane 
Channels- has a receptor(lock)
Transporters
Receptors 
Intracellular junctions 
Enzymes 
Anchor
Cell recognition
83
Q

Permeability depends on

A

Molecular size
Lipid solubility
Charge- zero charge allowed
Presence of channels and transports

84
Q

Passive transport

Diffusion

A

Ball pit
Balls falling out from the ceiling
No cellular energy expended

85
Q

Examples of passive transport

A

Simple diffusion
Diffusion across a cell membrane
Facilitated diffusion
Higher concentration to Lower

86
Q

Active transport

Opposite of diffusion

A

Uses atp
Shoving balls back into ceiling
Low concentration to higher
Against the concentration gradient

87
Q

Does diffusion require atp

88
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Selective

Water and lipid soluble molecules move freely

89
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A 
Increased temp increase 
Greater concentration increases 
Larger surface area increases 
Smaller particles increase 
Time- diffusion decreases over time
90
Q

Diffusion of water from an higher area of concentration to a lower area

91
Q

What molecules move through aquaporin channels or wiggle through phospholipids

A

Polar water molecules

92
Q

How to find water concentration

A

1/solute concentration

93
Q

Cell shrinks due to more solute in a solution than in a cell

A

Hypertonic

94
Q

A cell swells due to lower solute inside the cell than in the solution

95
Q

Total concentration of all solute particles

Same as concentration

A

Osmolarity

96
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pulling pressure

Net pressure effect of individual particles in solution

97
Q

cells shrink due to lack of water what pressure is increased

A

Osmotic

Cell wants to pull in water

98
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Constant

Whole solutions pressure

99
Q

Blood pressure is what kind of pressure

A

Hydrostatic

Whole solution or organism

100
Q

The ability of a solution to change shape of cells by altering their internal water volume

101
Q

Solute concentration is the same inside and outside the cell

A

Isotonic solutions

102
Q

Normal saline solution is what to blood plasma

103
Q

Always describing what in tonicity

A

The solution

104
Q

What is the only thing moving in tonicity

A

Water in or out of the cell

105
Q

A lot of salt or ions in a solution it is

A

A hypertonic solution

106
Q

Increased solute

Decreased h2o

A

Hypertonic

Water moving out of cell and shrinks

107
Q

Cells shrinking

108
Q

Cell has more solute in it then the solution does what happens?

A

Hypotonic solution

So the cell swells up when water moves into the cell to equalize it with the solution

109
Q

More water on the outside of the cell cause

A

More water to move into the cell- hypotonic

110
Q

Mess water on the outside of the cell causes

A

Less water on the inside of the cell

Hypertonic

111
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water moving out

Cell shrinks

112
Q

Active transport processes

A

Some substances are too big
Have wrong charge
Move against concentration gradient (lower to higher)

Energy is needed

113
Q

Active transport has two mechanisms

A 
Active transport (primary/secondary)
Vesicular transport (vesicul)
114
Q

Na+/K+ pump facilitates

A

Is how cells communicate and neurons send messages

115
Q

Points to remember about na+/k+ pump

A

1) A cell at rest is negative on the inside.
2) The reason it is negative on the inside due to amount of K. Circle K.
3) Once this charge flips due to sodium coming in. This creates a spark. (Action potential). Known as depolarization.
4) repolarization or back to rest. K+

116
Q

Depolarization is because of Na+ what is repolarization.

A

Because of K+. And wanting to go back to rest

117
Q

Why is Na+/k+ called a pump

A

Because it’s actively pumping the opposite ion to the opposite region
every time creating a spark-atp is hydrolyzed

118
Q

What allows batteries to work

A

Na+/k+ pump

119
Q

Without what energy will the pump not work

120
Q

Ratio for pump

A

Always pumping out 3 sodium for every 2 potassium in

121
Q

What cause potassium to be negative in the pump

A

The weight of 3 sodium and 2 potassium

122
Q

What creates spark in Na+/k+ pump, known as

A

As we increase potassium k+ in and decrease the sodium Na+

Depolarization

123
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Net effect of all charged ions on either side of membrane

124
Q

In Na+/k+

All cells are polarized

A

Negative inside
2K+
Positive outside
3Na+

125
Q

ATP energy is used how to move substances in active transport

A

Indirectly

126
Q

How does atp move substances in active transport

A

ATP energy drives an ion pump. Creating a concentration gradient.
The a carrier protein uses the energy to transport another substance.

127
Q

Exocytosis

A

Cell vacuole release contents

128
Q

Endocytosis

A

Taking of matter from the exterior of the membrane to form a vacuole

129
Q

Cams or cellular adhesion molecules

A

Anchors
Arms
Form junctions or desmosome
Stick into blood vessels

130
Q

Cilia

A

Tubes on the outside of a cell long fibers are called microtubules
Move liquid pass surface of cell

131
Q

Flagella

A

Have a tail and head

Used for locomotion

132
Q

Cytoskeleton is made up of

A

Microfilament
Intermediate filament
Microtubules
Forms frame work for organelles and cell shape

133
Q

Microfilaments

A

Changes in cell shape
Muscle contractions
Cell division

134
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Anchor

Formation of nucleus

135
Q

Microtubules

A

Cilia/flagella motility
Chromosome movement
Organelle movement

136
Q

DNA is packaged how in chromatin

A

Supercoiling

137
Q

Grainy threadlike material

138
Q

Form nucleosome core

A

Histone proteins

139
Q

DNA wrapped around nucleosome forms

A

Chromatin fibers

140
Q

G1

A

Growth and metabolism

Protein replication

141
Q

S

A

Synthesis of DNA
prep for division
DNA replication

142
Q

G2

A

Metabolism
Prep
Enzyme proteins for mitosis

143
Q

M phase

A 
Nuclear division 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
telophase 
Cytokinesis
144
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds DNA

145
Q

DNA polymerase

A 
One strand is the template 
Builds complimentary strand 
Bonded with hydrogen 
A-T
C-G
146
Q

Protein synthesis

A

1) DNA serves as templet and is transcripted into pre-MRNA
2) RNA Processes pre-mRNA to (messenger)RNA
3) mRNA leaves nuclear envelope to go to cytoplasm and is translated in ribosome
4) mRNA is read to build protein structure

147
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

Pump

And enzyme for atp

148
Q

How many Na+ out and K+ in

A

3Na+ out

2K+ in

149
Q

IPMAT

A 
Interphase 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase 
Telephase 
Cytokinesis-splitting on cytoplasm
150
Q

Replication

A

Unzipping DNA and create another strand from the first template DNA

Opposite of one strand

151
Q

Genetic Condon matches with

152
Q

AUG

Anticodon?

153
Q

Building protein

Protein synthesis

A

DNA ATG transcribed into UAC MRNA
mRNA leaves the nucleus into the cytoplasm and goes to the ribosome.
Ribosome only makes proteins
MRNA gives message to TRNA to translate it and links the anticodons to an amino acids. To make a protein.

154
Q

Going to protein via mRNA and tRNA would be

A

translation

155
Q

Replication DNA unzipping itself and copying itself happens in

156
Q

Transcription vs translation

A

Protein synthesis

157
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

158
Q

Translation

A

mRNA to protein
Happens at ribosome
And with tRNA

159
Q

TAC

160
Q

mRNA doesn’t go straight to the protein what is invoked

A

Translation

161
Q

in translation what steps occur after TAC

A

AUG the
UAC
Then the amino acid

162
Q

Gene expression

A

DNA contains a sequence of nitrogenous bases which codes for the sequence of amino acids in a protein

163
Q

Each codon is composed of… to form?

A

3 bases to form genetic code

164
Q

MRNA has what kind of base series in DNA

A

Complimentary

165
Q

tRNA carries

A

Particular amino acid and 3 base anticodon complimentary to codon of mRNA

166
Q

What bonds form proteins

Bio (22 decks)

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