Chapter 6-7 Flashcards
1
Q
Function of bones
A
Support Protection Movement Mineral homeostasis Blood production
2
Q
What bones protect
A
Cranial bones
Vertebrae
Pelvic girdle
3
Q
How do bones help with movement
A
Muscles attached to the bones
4
Q
How are bones involved in homeostasis
A
Through minerals Ca++ and PO-4 storage
5
Q
What do bones produce
A
Blood cells hematopoiesis in red bone marrow
6
Q
Spinal abnormalities
A
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
7
Q
Scoliosis
A
Twisted disease
Abnormal rotation of the spine. Results in a lateral curvature. Most often in the thoracic region.
8
Q
Kyphosis
A
Hunchback. Is a dorsally exaggerated curvature. Common in elderly people, because of osteoporosis.
9
Q
Lordosis
A
Sway back. Accentuated lumbar curvature. Can result from spinal tuberculosis, or osteomalacia.
10
Q
What does temporary lordosis come from
A
Those carrying a large load up front. Potbellys pregnancy.
11
Q
Curvature of the cervical and lumbar
A
Concave posteriorly
12
Q
Curvature of the thoracic and sacral
A
Convex posteriorly
13
Q
The spine is made up of what sections of bones
A
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccyx
14
Q
How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar.
A
7, 12, 5
15
Q
Where do the vertebrae become larger and smaller. Why?
A
Become progressively larger from the cervical to lumbar. They must support greater weight as you go down
16
Q
Sacrum
A
Inferior to the lumbar.
Articulates the hip bones
17
Q
What is the terminus vertebrae column
A
Coccyx
18
Q
How do the curvatures of the spine develop?
A
Cervical and lumbar curvature develop first. Then thoracic and sacrum.
19
Q
Is your sacrum a few vertebrae?
A
No, it’s one
20
Q
What does your sacrum hold
A
Your coxal bones together
21
Q
What’s the remnant of our tail bone
A
Coccyx
22
Q
What are the names of the first and second vertebrae? C1, C2?
A
Atlas
Axis
23
Q
C1
A
Atlas
24
Q
C2
A
Axis
25
C1 and C2 together.
Collectively give us the ability to rotate our head.
26
Which sexes skull is heavier
Male
27
Which sex has a squarer chin
Male
28
Which sex has a larger brow ridge and sloping forehead
Male
29
Which sex has a developed ridge where neck muscles attach
Male
30
Which sex has a more pointed chin and wider angle of jaw
Female
31
Which sex has sharp upper margins on the superior of the Orbital cavity
Female
32
Which sex has a more massive and heavier skull
Male
33
Which sex has a low sloped frontal lobe and which has a higher more rounded lobe
Male, female
34
Who has a squarer chin
Male
35
Who has a v shaped chin
Female
36
Who has smoother facial bones
Female
37
Who has square eye orbits
Male
38
Who has rounded eye orbits
Female
39
Who has a larger mastoid process
Male
40
Who has a larger occipital condyle
Males
41
Who has a parabola palate
Female
42
Who has Sharper suborbital margins
Females
43
Who has thicker pelvic bone
Male
44
Who has a tilted forward, broad, shallow, and greater capacity pelvic bone?
Female
45
Who has a smaller and farther apart acetabula
Female
46
Who's pubic arch is broader and more round (80 to 90 degrees)
Female
47
Who has a 50-60 degree pubic arch
Male
48
Who has a wider shorter sacrum and more accentuated sacral curvature
Female
49
Whose coccyx is more movable and projects inferiorly
Female
50
Who has a wide and shallow sciatic notch
Female
51
Who has a more oval wider pelvic inlet
Females
52
Who has a more heart shaped narrow inlet
Males
53
Who has a wider further apart and every pelvic outlet
Female
54
Who has a more narrow and sharper point more medially pelvic outlet
Male
55
Who has a less movable and projects more anteriorly coccyx
Male
56
Who has a narrow and deep sciatic notch
Male
57
The angle of the spinous process
Is the bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae. Ridges that can be felt through the skin on the back of the spine.
58
The angle of the thoracic point
Inferior
59
Why can you feel your lumbar spineous process more than your thoracic
Because lumbar are superior to the back
60
What sections of the spine curvature develop first
Cervical and lumbar
61
What part of the spines curvature develop 2nd
Thoracic and sacrum
62
What bone doesn't bear weight in the lower extremity. does it help with muscle movement
Lateral leg, fibula. Yes
63
What area is not protected by bones
Abdominal pelvic region
64
Ca++, PO-4
Calcium salts
| Makes bones hard
65
Hematopoesis
Creation of new red blood cells in red bone barrow
66
Where are our baby blood cells born or stem cells
In red bone marrow through hematopoiesis
67
Stem cells don't have a
Function yet
68
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
69
What does the diaphysis contain
Medullary cavity or marrow cavity
70
Do infants of adults have more red bone marrow
Infants
71
What is red marrow gradually replaced by
Yellow fatty bone marrow
72
Epiphysis
Ends of long bones
73
Epiphyseal plate
Growth plate made of cartilage
74
What is the nutrient foramen
Site of blood vessel entry into the bone
75
Periosteum
Outer bone
| Protects the bone
76
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage (fish eggs) covering epiphysis
77
Why is cartilage only on the ends of bone
To protect the bones from hitting each other
78
The epiphysis is made up of what kind of bone
Spongy bone
79
What kind of bone in the diaphysis made up of
Compact
80
Why is spongy bone where it is
Because it doesn't need to withstand a lot of forces because it is capped with cartilage
81
Cavity Inside the of the bone
Medullary cavity
82
Medulla
Inside
83
Cortex
Outside
84
What's inside the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
Bone marrow
85
Why are our bones pouros.
Arteries, veins, nerves
86
Two types of bone marrow
Red and yellow
87
Why do infants have more red bone marrow than adults
They are developing at a faster rate
88
Red bone marrow gets replaced with
Yellow bone marrow, fatty bone marrow or adipose tissue
89
What surrounds the bone
Two layers of connective tissue
90
What are the two layers of connective tissue around the bone
Fibrous layer
| Osteogenic layer
91
What is the fibrous layer of connective tissue around the bone
Outer layer. Dense irregular connective tissue.
92
What is the osteogenic layer of connective tissue around the bone
Inner layer. Made up of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
93
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
94
Osteoclasts
Bone remodeling cells
95
What anchors the periosteum to the bone
Perforating fibers
96
What do perforating fibers look like and made of
Sharpies and are made of collagen
97
The periosteum is there to do what?
Protect the bone
98
Protective strong tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
99
Osteon
Smallest functional unit of bone
100
What is the site of ligament and tendon attachment
Periosteum- Two layers of connective tissue around the bone. Fibrous and osteogenic layer
101
What is the large supply of nerves and blood vessels on the bone
Periosteum
102
What lines the medullary cavity
The endosteum
103
Endosteum
Inner layer
104
Where on the bone has an osteogenic layer
The endosteum
105
What layer of the bone contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The periosteum and endosteum
106
What do the concentric rings surround
Are where we give nutrients to in the bone
107
Three main components that make up osteons
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
osteoclasts
108
Osteoblasts
Build new bone. Lays down the cement
109
Osteoclast
Break down, resorb or remodel bone
110
As osteoblastic activities increase
Two much growth hormone or something breaks
111
Osteoclast and osteoblasts are always
In homeostasis
112
Increased osteoclast activity
Brittle bones, osteoporosis
113
Spongy bone has a particular orientation know as
Trabeculae
114
Trabeculae
Network of bony projections that are porous
115
Why is the bone trabeculae
To supply nutrients to the bone
116
Bone tissues matrix mineralized is
25% water
25% protein (collagen)
50% hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate or salts)
117
Why is Ca+PO4- or calcium phosphate a salt
Because they are ionic compounds
118
Lamella
Rings on osteon
119
Osteoblasts
Bone forming cells
120
What do osteoblasts secrete and where are they found
secrete collagen and other organic compounds for bone synthesis. Found on any bone surface
121
Osteocytes are found
Embedded in matrix in lacunae with canaliculi
122
What do osteocytes maintain
Daily activities of bone tissue, nutrient, waste exchange
123
Osteocytes
Are mature bone cells- hard cement
124
How do osteoclast build bone
By secreting collagen- protein fiber found in all bone
125
Matrix synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth
Osteoblasts
126
Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix
Osteocytes
127
Harden bone is a
Osteocytes
128
Bone resorbing cell
Osteoclast
129
Osteoclasts are found
Settled on the bones surface
130
Osteoclast function
Bone resorption, matrix destruction for growth, development, maintenance, repair.
131
If we have a broken bone what comes in to repair it
Osteoclasts
132
As bone is hardened it becomes more and more deposited with
Minerals and collagen fibers
133
Matrix secretes in bone tissue
Ground substance and collagen
134
Calcification
Mineralization
Osephication
Hardening of bone
135
The matrix in the bone is not continuous because
It's where all the vascular passageways penetrate is
136
What determines if a bone is spongy or compact when it matures
Size and distribution of vascular channels
137
Mineralization is
Crystallization develops around collagen fibers
138
Stronger than egg shells, which have no collagen
Mineralization
139
Maturing of bone
Crystallization = calcification = mineralization
140
Most of the bone mass in the body
Compact
141
Bone that appears very dense
Compact
142
Small struts of bone (trabeculae)
Spongy
143
Spongy bone may appear randomly organized but is actually
Oriented in the direction of stresses
144
Only spongy bone to have dipole and surrounded by compact bone
Skull bone
145
Blood vessels run through
(Volkmans) Perforating canals to the (haversian) central canals
146
Canaliculi
Can I lick your eye
| move blood from each ring
147
The central canals of bone tissue characteristics
Center of osteon, is where the blood supply goes in and out
148
Osteocyte lacunae
Look like eyes on the rings (lamella) of the osteon.
149
From the central canals to the canaliculi to the lacunae what is happening
Blood is being drained
150
Canaliculi
House cytoplasmic extensions from the osteocytes so they are in contact for transportation and communication
151
Interstitial lamellae are found
In older bone
152
What happens to osteons during the remodeling process
Gradually broken down and replaced during the remodeling process
153
What tissue is not alive that is around the bone. Why
Cartilage, because it's avascular
154
Is bone alive, why
Yes, because it's highly vascularized
155
Does spongy bone have a true osteon system. Why?
No, because osteoblasts produce an irregular strutwork of trabuculae
156
How do osteocytes receive nutrients
By diffusion through canaliculi
157
Red marrow does what
Fills the spaces between the trabeculae and then creates new blood cells through hematopoietic marrow
158
Do blood vessels move through compact and spongy bone
Yes
159
Do blood vessels pass through yellow marrow cavities, which open to become red marrow cavities
Yes
160
The early embryonic skeleton (4weeks) is composed of
Fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage
161
Hyaline cartilage is fully formed
At four weeks
| Fish eggs
162
What does hyaline cartilage form into during bone formation
Harden bone
163
What bone formations happen at week 4 of development
Ossification and osteogenesis
| Spongy bone and compact bone formation
164
Hyaline cartilage model to endochondral ossification
Initial cartilage is transformed to become endochondral bones
165
Intramembranous ossification
Causes us to have spongy bone. At the site of bone development. Results in the formation of cranial bones and the clavicles (all are flat bones)
166
Ossification begins
In fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells
167
Osteoprogenitor cells are
Osteoblasts- clusters of embryonic cells
168
Osteoprogenitor cells become
Centers of ossification, secrete matrix until they are surrounded.
169
First step of intramembranous ossification
In the messenchymal cell/region or meisoderm. Around week four come up with a center in that hyaline cartilage. That production center has a bunch of osteoblasts
170
intramembranous Ossification center appears where?
The fibrous connective tissue membrane aka hyaline tissue.
171
Step two if intramembranous ossification
Osteoblasts start laying down (liquid cement) bone matrix Aka osteoid within the fiburous membrane.
172
Osteoid
Bone matrix
173
Trapped osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification becomes
Osteocytes
174
intramembranous Ossification step three
Woven bone is created (spongy bone) and periosteum form. So blood vessels can weave around it. What
175
Ossification step four
Form a bone collar. An area that surrounds or outline where the bone should stop. Then bone marrow appears.
176
Endochondral ossification
Inside cartilage hardening.
| Making of compact bone
177
When does endochondral ossification start
Second month or 8 weeks
178
Which happens first endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous Ossification
179
What stage of ossification forms all of the bones below the base of the skull (except clavicle)
Endochondral ossification
180
What uses hyaline cartilage model for bone development
Endochondral ossification
181
What requires hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Endochondral ossification
182
What bone development begins in the primary ossification center
Endochondral ossification
183
Stages of endochondral ossification
Formation of bone collar.
Cavitation of hyaline cartilage.
Internal cavities form by periosteal bud and spongy bone formation.
Formation of medullary cavity.
Second ossification centers in the epiphysis.
Ossification of epiphysis. Hyaline cartilage remains in epiphyseal plates.
184
Endochondral ossification stage 1- week 9
Formation of bone collar
| Formation of primary ossification center within the diaphysis of long bone or cartilage.
185
Endochondral ossification stage 2
Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage. Osteoblasts start laying down that material (deterioration cartilage matrix) and spread toward that primary center toward the epiphysis.
186
Endochondral ossification stage 2
Diaphysis turns into the spongy bone. Hardening the shaft, create two ends of spongy bone that migrates. Blood vessels in diaphysis.Invasion of the internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation.
At 3 months of age.
187
Endochondral ossification step 4
Diaphysis elongated, medullary cavity formed, appearance of secondary ossification centers in epiphysis. Blood vessels in epiphysis.
188
Endochondral ossification step 5
Ossification of the epiphysis and hyaline cartilage only remaining in the epiphyseal plates. Outer edge of the bones still have cartilage, not ossified.
189
Allows for us to have fluid movement in all our joints
Articular cartilage
190
Gap in our bones. Where epiphysis and diaphysis meet
Epiphyseal plate cartilage
| Growth plate
191
Post natal bone growth determined by
hGH and sex hormones
192
What happens if you do have a fracture in the epiphyseal plate
Growth is stunted. Bone will show epiphyseal line fractures in that region
193
When do you completely stop growing or ossifying
25
194
What is the last bone to stop growing
Clavicle
195
Growth in length is determined
By the epiphyseal plate and how much cartilage is left in there
196
Longitudinal or appendicular growth stops and the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse when?
Females 18
| Males 21
197
What happens at the end of adolescence to long bone growth
Epiphyseal plate chondrocytes divide less often and the remains hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is replaced by bone tissue
198
Appositional bone growth
After it stops growing in length it grows in width.
199
Where does appositional bone growth occur
Weight bearing areas
Coxal egion
Femur head in the asitabulum
200
How does appositional bone growth grow
Inside out
201
What happens to the compact bone lining the medullary cavity during appositional growth
It's destroyed
202
What do osteoblasts do during appositional bone growth
Osteoblasts from periosteum continue to add more bone to outer surface.
203
The forces of stress over time on a bone can cause
A thicker periosteum- Appositional bone growth
204
Wolfs law
Forces put on a bone over a period of time can cause bone growth
205
Bone homeostasis remodeling
Replacement of old bone with new
206
What hormones are used and where are they from in Bone homeostasis remodeling.
Calcitonin- thyroid gland
| Parathyroid hormone- parathyroid gland
207
What regulates how much calcium is in our blood at all times
Parathyroid hormones and calcitonin hormone
208
What increases osteoblastic activity in bone homeostasis
Calcitonin from the thyroid.
209
What increases osteoclastic activity during bone homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid gland
210
What does the parathyroid monitor and secrete and where does it pull the nutrients from
Secretes calcium and pulls it from the bone by breaking it down
211
If we have too much calcium (hypercalcium) in the blood stream what happens
Calcitonin is released from the thyroid. It takes extra calcium and moves it to the bones and increases osteoblastic activity
212
Which hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone
213
What is a very metabolically active tissue
Bone
214
How often is the distal head of the femur replaced
Every four months
215
How often is bone replaced
Every 3-10 years
216
What happens if there is too much mineral in the bone
Causes bumps or spurs in the joints interferes with motion
217
What happens if there is too much bone tissue
Bones become thick and heavy
218
Too much Ca++ loss or crystallization makes bones
Brittle and breakable
219
When is bone remodeled
When going from old to new. Or when remodeling due to mechanical stress
220
When is parathyroid secreted
When your blood calcium levels drop
221
Why is it always important to monitor blood calcium
Because we need it for muscle contractions. The heart
222
Stages of bone remodeling
Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth.
223
Where does remodeling of bone occur
At periosteum and endosteum
224
What cells are used to coordinate remodeling
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
225
Falling blood ca levels signal?
Parathyroid gland to release PTH
226
What does PTH stimulate
Osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix which releases ca into the blood
227
Rising blood Ca levels trigger
The thyroid to release calcitonin
228
Calcitonin stimulates what
Calcium phosphate deposition in bone
229
If you have low calcium and your bones are always secreting PTH how are your bones going to look
Brittle
230
A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it is what law
Wolfs law
231
What observations support wolfs law
Long bones are thickest along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest).
Curved bones are the thickest where they are most likely to buckle
232
What happens to the trabeculae in response to mechanical stress
It forms along the lines of stress. Large bony projections form where strong active muscles attach.
233
What minerals are needed for remodeling
Ca2+
PO4-
Magnesium
Meaganese
234
Why is magnesium needed for remodeling
It is needed for osteoblast functions
235
Why is manganese needed for remodeling
Needed for lamellae formation
236
What vitamins are needed for remodeling
```
D, C, A, B12
D- absorbs Ca+
C- matrix/collagen
A- controls how well osteoblasts and osteoclasts work.
B12- for osteoblast metabolism
```
237
Too much blood Ca is and causes?
Hyperclacium
| Heart stops
238
Too little blood Ca is called and causes?
Hypocalcemia and breathing stops
239
Bone serves as what to prevent sudden changes in Ca levels
A buffer
240
What is the main reservoir for Ca ions
Bone tissue
241
Blood levels are regulated very tightly by?
The endocrine system
242
How do phosophate levels tend to move in relation to blood calcium levels
Opposite direction
243
Antagonist
Thyrocalcitonin
244
Bone fractures are classified by four things
Position of the bone after fractures.
Completeness of the break.
Orientation of the bone to the long axis.
If the bone penetrates the skin or not.
245
Comminuted fracture
Bone fragments into three or more pieces
246
Spiral fracture
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone
247
Depressed fracture
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
248
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed
249
Epiphyseal fracture
Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
250
Greenstick fracture
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only one side of the shaft breaks the other bends.
251
Any break in the bone
Fracture
252
Surgical repair of a fracture
Closed reduction
| Open reduction
253
Closed reduction
No incision during surgery
254
Open reduction
Incision during surgery
255
Stages of healing in a bone fracture
1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. Bony callus forms
4. Bone remodeling occurs
256
Hematoma formation
Stage one, healing a bone fracture. Torn blood vessels hemorrhage. A mass of clotted blood forms. Site becomes swollen, painful and inflamed. Cells in area die. Osteoclast breakdown damaged portion.
257
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Stage two, healing a bone fracture. Soft granulation tissue forms. Fibroblasts secrete collagen. New blood vessels form
258
Bony callus forms
Stage three healing a bone fracture. Bone callus- fibrocartilaginous callus, spongy bone which forms into hard callus. Bony callus is very similar to scar tissue.
259
Bone remodeling occurs
Stage 4 bone fracture healing. Replacing spongy bone with compact bone where.m needed.
260
How can remodeling be accelerated.
Through electrical stimuli increase osteoblast activity
261
Rickets
Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency. Bones are softened or weakened.
262
Osteoporosis
Group of disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. Increase osteoclastic activity.
263
Osteoporosis occurs mostly in
Postmenapausal skinny white women
264
What bone is the most vulnerable to osteoporosis
Spongy bone
265
Osteoporosis treatment
Calcium and vitamin d supplements. Increased weight bearing exercise. Hormone replacement therapy.
