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Bio > Chapter 6-7 > Flashcards

Chapter 6-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of bones

A 
Support 
Protection 
Movement 
Mineral homeostasis
Blood production
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2
Q

What bones protect

A

Cranial bones
Vertebrae
Pelvic girdle

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3
Q

How do bones help with movement

A

Muscles attached to the bones

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4
Q

How are bones involved in homeostasis

A

Through minerals Ca++ and PO-4 storage

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5
Q

What do bones produce

A

Blood cells hematopoiesis in red bone marrow

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6
Q

Spinal abnormalities

A

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis

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7
Q

Scoliosis

A

Twisted disease

Abnormal rotation of the spine. Results in a lateral curvature. Most often in the thoracic region.

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8
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunchback. Is a dorsally exaggerated curvature. Common in elderly people, because of osteoporosis.

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9
Q

Lordosis

A

Sway back. Accentuated lumbar curvature. Can result from spinal tuberculosis, or osteomalacia.

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10
Q

What does temporary lordosis come from

A

Those carrying a large load up front. Potbellys pregnancy.

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11
Q

Curvature of the cervical and lumbar

A

Concave posteriorly

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12
Q

Curvature of the thoracic and sacral

A

Convex posteriorly

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13
Q

The spine is made up of what sections of bones

A 
Cervical 
Thoracic 
Lumbar 
Sacral 
Coccyx
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14
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar.

A

7, 12, 5

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15
Q

Where do the vertebrae become larger and smaller. Why?

A

Become progressively larger from the cervical to lumbar. They must support greater weight as you go down

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16
Q

Sacrum

A

Inferior to the lumbar.

Articulates the hip bones

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17
Q

What is the terminus vertebrae column

A

Coccyx

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18
Q

How do the curvatures of the spine develop?

A

Cervical and lumbar curvature develop first. Then thoracic and sacrum.

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19
Q

Is your sacrum a few vertebrae?

A

No, it’s one

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20
Q

What does your sacrum hold

A

Your coxal bones together

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21
Q

What’s the remnant of our tail bone

A

Coccyx

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22
Q

What are the names of the first and second vertebrae? C1, C2?

A

Atlas

Axis

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23
Q

C1

A

Atlas

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24
Q

C2

A

Axis

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25
Q

C1 and C2 together.

A

Collectively give us the ability to rotate our head.

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26
Q

Which sexes skull is heavier

A

Male

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27
Q

Which sex has a squarer chin

A

Male

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28
Q

Which sex has a larger brow ridge and sloping forehead

A

Male

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29
Q

Which sex has a developed ridge where neck muscles attach

A

Male

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30
Q

Which sex has a more pointed chin and wider angle of jaw

A

Female

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31
Q

Which sex has sharp upper margins on the superior of the Orbital cavity

A

Female

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32
Q

Which sex has a more massive and heavier skull

A

Male

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33
Q

Which sex has a low sloped frontal lobe and which has a higher more rounded lobe

A

Male, female

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34
Q

Who has a squarer chin

A

Male

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35
Q

Who has a v shaped chin

A

Female

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36
Q

Who has smoother facial bones

A

Female

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37
Q

Who has square eye orbits

A

Male

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38
Q

Who has rounded eye orbits

A

Female

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39
Q

Who has a larger mastoid process

A

Male

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40
Q

Who has a larger occipital condyle

A

Males

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41
Q

Who has a parabola palate

A

Female

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42
Q

Who has Sharper suborbital margins

A

Females

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43
Q

Who has thicker pelvic bone

A

Male

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44
Q

Who has a tilted forward, broad, shallow, and greater capacity pelvic bone?

A

Female

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45
Q

Who has a smaller and farther apart acetabula

A

Female

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46
Q

Who’s pubic arch is broader and more round (80 to 90 degrees)

A

Female

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47
Q

Who has a 50-60 degree pubic arch

A

Male

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48
Q

Who has a wider shorter sacrum and more accentuated sacral curvature

A

Female

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49
Q

Whose coccyx is more movable and projects inferiorly

A

Female

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50
Q

Who has a wide and shallow sciatic notch

A

Female

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51
Q

Who has a more oval wider pelvic inlet

A

Females

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52
Q

Who has a more heart shaped narrow inlet

A

Males

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53
Q

Who has a wider further apart and every pelvic outlet

A

Female

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54
Q

Who has a more narrow and sharper point more medially pelvic outlet

A

Male

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55
Q

Who has a less movable and projects more anteriorly coccyx

A

Male

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56
Q

Who has a narrow and deep sciatic notch

A

Male

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57
Q

The angle of the spinous process

A

Is the bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae. Ridges that can be felt through the skin on the back of the spine.

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58
Q

The angle of the thoracic point

A

Inferior

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59
Q

Why can you feel your lumbar spineous process more than your thoracic

A

Because lumbar are superior to the back

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60
Q

What sections of the spine curvature develop first

A

Cervical and lumbar

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61
Q

What part of the spines curvature develop 2nd

A

Thoracic and sacrum

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62
Q

What bone doesn’t bear weight in the lower extremity. does it help with muscle movement

A

Lateral leg, fibula. Yes

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63
Q

What area is not protected by bones

A

Abdominal pelvic region

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64
Q

Ca++, PO-4

A

Calcium salts

Makes bones hard

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65
Q

Hematopoesis

A

Creation of new red blood cells in red bone barrow

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66
Q

Where are our baby blood cells born or stem cells

A

In red bone marrow through hematopoiesis

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67
Q

Stem cells don’t have a

A

Function yet

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68
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of a long bone

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69
Q

What does the diaphysis contain

A

Medullary cavity or marrow cavity

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70
Q

Do infants of adults have more red bone marrow

A

Infants

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71
Q

What is red marrow gradually replaced by

A

Yellow fatty bone marrow

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72
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bones

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73
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate made of cartilage

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74
Q

What is the nutrient foramen

A

Site of blood vessel entry into the bone

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75
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer bone

Protects the bone

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76
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage (fish eggs) covering epiphysis

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77
Q

Why is cartilage only on the ends of bone

A

To protect the bones from hitting each other

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78
Q

The epiphysis is made up of what kind of bone

A

Spongy bone

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79
Q

What kind of bone in the diaphysis made up of

A

Compact

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80
Q

Why is spongy bone where it is

A

Because it doesn’t need to withstand a lot of forces because it is capped with cartilage

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81
Q

Cavity Inside the of the bone

A

Medullary cavity

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82
Q

Medulla

A

Inside

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83
Q

Cortex

A

Outside

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84
Q

What’s inside the medullary cavity of the diaphysis

A

Bone marrow

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85
Q

Why are our bones pouros.

A

Arteries, veins, nerves

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86
Q

Two types of bone marrow

A

Red and yellow

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87
Q

Why do infants have more red bone marrow than adults

A

They are developing at a faster rate

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88
Q

Red bone marrow gets replaced with

A

Yellow bone marrow, fatty bone marrow or adipose tissue

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89
Q

What surrounds the bone

A

Two layers of connective tissue

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90
Q

What are the two layers of connective tissue around the bone

A

Fibrous layer

Osteogenic layer

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91
Q

What is the fibrous layer of connective tissue around the bone

A

Outer layer. Dense irregular connective tissue.

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92
Q

What is the osteogenic layer of connective tissue around the bone

A

Inner layer. Made up of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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93
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

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94
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone remodeling cells

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95
Q

What anchors the periosteum to the bone

A

Perforating fibers

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96
Q

What do perforating fibers look like and made of

A

Sharpies and are made of collagen

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97
Q

The periosteum is there to do what?

A

Protect the bone

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98
Q

Protective strong tissue

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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99
Q

Osteon

A

Smallest functional unit of bone

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100
Q

What is the site of ligament and tendon attachment

A

Periosteum- Two layers of connective tissue around the bone. Fibrous and osteogenic layer

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101
Q

What is the large supply of nerves and blood vessels on the bone

A

Periosteum

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102
Q

What lines the medullary cavity

A

The endosteum

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103
Q

Endosteum

A

Inner layer

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104
Q

Where on the bone has an osteogenic layer

A

The endosteum

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105
Q

What layer of the bone contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

The periosteum and endosteum

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106
Q

What do the concentric rings surround

A

Are where we give nutrients to in the bone

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107
Q

Three main components that make up osteons

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
osteoclasts

108
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build new bone. Lays down the cement

109
Q

Osteoclast

A

Break down, resorb or remodel bone

110
Q

As osteoblastic activities increase

A

Two much growth hormone or something breaks

111
Q

Osteoclast and osteoblasts are always

A

In homeostasis

112
Q

Increased osteoclast activity

A

Brittle bones, osteoporosis

113
Q

Spongy bone has a particular orientation know as

A

Trabeculae

114
Q

Trabeculae

A

Network of bony projections that are porous

115
Q

Why is the bone trabeculae

A

To supply nutrients to the bone

116
Q

Bone tissues matrix mineralized is

A

25% water
25% protein (collagen)
50% hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate or salts)

117
Q

Why is Ca+PO4- or calcium phosphate a salt

A

Because they are ionic compounds

118
Q

Lamella

A

Rings on osteon

119
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

120
Q

What do osteoblasts secrete and where are they found

A

secrete collagen and other organic compounds for bone synthesis. Found on any bone surface

121
Q

Osteocytes are found

A

Embedded in matrix in lacunae with canaliculi

122
Q

What do osteocytes maintain

A

Daily activities of bone tissue, nutrient, waste exchange

123
Q

Osteocytes

A

Are mature bone cells- hard cement

124
Q

How do osteoclast build bone

A

By secreting collagen- protein fiber found in all bone

125
Q

Matrix synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth

A

Osteoblasts

126
Q

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

127
Q

Harden bone is a

A

Osteocytes

128
Q

Bone resorbing cell

A

Osteoclast

129
Q

Osteoclasts are found

A

Settled on the bones surface

130
Q

Osteoclast function

A

Bone resorption, matrix destruction for growth, development, maintenance, repair.

131
Q

If we have a broken bone what comes in to repair it

A

Osteoclasts

132
Q

As bone is hardened it becomes more and more deposited with

A

Minerals and collagen fibers

133
Q

Matrix secretes in bone tissue

A

Ground substance and collagen

134
Q

Calcification
Mineralization
Osephication

A

Hardening of bone

135
Q

The matrix in the bone is not continuous because

A

It’s where all the vascular passageways penetrate is

136
Q

What determines if a bone is spongy or compact when it matures

A

Size and distribution of vascular channels

137
Q

Mineralization is

A

Crystallization develops around collagen fibers

138
Q

Stronger than egg shells, which have no collagen

A

Mineralization

139
Q

Maturing of bone

A

Crystallization = calcification = mineralization

140
Q

Most of the bone mass in the body

A

Compact

141
Q

Bone that appears very dense

A

Compact

142
Q

Small struts of bone (trabeculae)

A

Spongy

143
Q

Spongy bone may appear randomly organized but is actually

A

Oriented in the direction of stresses

144
Q

Only spongy bone to have dipole and surrounded by compact bone

A

Skull bone

145
Q

Blood vessels run through

A

(Volkmans) Perforating canals to the (haversian) central canals

146
Q

Canaliculi

A

Can I lick your eye

move blood from each ring

147
Q

The central canals of bone tissue characteristics

A

Center of osteon, is where the blood supply goes in and out

148
Q

Osteocyte lacunae

A

Look like eyes on the rings (lamella) of the osteon.

149
Q

From the central canals to the canaliculi to the lacunae what is happening

A

Blood is being drained

150
Q

Canaliculi

A

House cytoplasmic extensions from the osteocytes so they are in contact for transportation and communication

151
Q

Interstitial lamellae are found

A

In older bone

152
Q

What happens to osteons during the remodeling process

A

Gradually broken down and replaced during the remodeling process

153
Q

What tissue is not alive that is around the bone. Why

A

Cartilage, because it’s avascular

154
Q

Is bone alive, why

A

Yes, because it’s highly vascularized

155
Q

Does spongy bone have a true osteon system. Why?

A

No, because osteoblasts produce an irregular strutwork of trabuculae

156
Q

How do osteocytes receive nutrients

A

By diffusion through canaliculi

157
Q

Red marrow does what

A

Fills the spaces between the trabeculae and then creates new blood cells through hematopoietic marrow

158
Q

Do blood vessels move through compact and spongy bone

A

Yes

159
Q

Do blood vessels pass through yellow marrow cavities, which open to become red marrow cavities

A

Yes

160
Q

The early embryonic skeleton (4weeks) is composed of

A

Fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage

161
Q

Hyaline cartilage is fully formed

A

At four weeks

Fish eggs

162
Q

What does hyaline cartilage form into during bone formation

A

Harden bone

163
Q

What bone formations happen at week 4 of development

A

Ossification and osteogenesis

Spongy bone and compact bone formation

164
Q

Hyaline cartilage model to endochondral ossification

A

Initial cartilage is transformed to become endochondral bones

165
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Causes us to have spongy bone. At the site of bone development. Results in the formation of cranial bones and the clavicles (all are flat bones)

166
Q

Ossification begins

A

In fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells

167
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are

A

Osteoblasts- clusters of embryonic cells

168
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells become

A

Centers of ossification, secrete matrix until they are surrounded.

169
Q

First step of intramembranous ossification

A

In the messenchymal cell/region or meisoderm. Around week four come up with a center in that hyaline cartilage. That production center has a bunch of osteoblasts

170
Q

intramembranous Ossification center appears where?

A

The fibrous connective tissue membrane aka hyaline tissue.

171
Q

Step two if intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts start laying down (liquid cement) bone matrix Aka osteoid within the fiburous membrane.

172
Q

Osteoid

A

Bone matrix

173
Q

Trapped osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification becomes

A

Osteocytes

174
Q

intramembranous Ossification step three

A

Woven bone is created (spongy bone) and periosteum form. So blood vessels can weave around it. What

175
Q

Ossification step four

A

Form a bone collar. An area that surrounds or outline where the bone should stop. Then bone marrow appears.

176
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Inside cartilage hardening.

Making of compact bone

177
Q

When does endochondral ossification start

A

Second month or 8 weeks

178
Q

Which happens first endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification

A

Intramembranous Ossification

179
Q

What stage of ossification forms all of the bones below the base of the skull (except clavicle)

A

Endochondral ossification

180
Q

What uses hyaline cartilage model for bone development

A

Endochondral ossification

181
Q

What requires hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

A

Endochondral ossification

182
Q

What bone development begins in the primary ossification center

A

Endochondral ossification

183
Q

Stages of endochondral ossification

A

Formation of bone collar.
Cavitation of hyaline cartilage.
Internal cavities form by periosteal bud and spongy bone formation.
Formation of medullary cavity.
Second ossification centers in the epiphysis.
Ossification of epiphysis. Hyaline cartilage remains in epiphyseal plates.

184
Q

Endochondral ossification stage 1- week 9

A

Formation of bone collar

Formation of primary ossification center within the diaphysis of long bone or cartilage.

185
Q

Endochondral ossification stage 2

A

Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage. Osteoblasts start laying down that material (deterioration cartilage matrix) and spread toward that primary center toward the epiphysis.

186
Q

Endochondral ossification stage 2

A

Diaphysis turns into the spongy bone. Hardening the shaft, create two ends of spongy bone that migrates. Blood vessels in diaphysis.Invasion of the internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation.
At 3 months of age.

187
Q

Endochondral ossification step 4

A

Diaphysis elongated, medullary cavity formed, appearance of secondary ossification centers in epiphysis. Blood vessels in epiphysis.

188
Q

Endochondral ossification step 5

A

Ossification of the epiphysis and hyaline cartilage only remaining in the epiphyseal plates. Outer edge of the bones still have cartilage, not ossified.

189
Q

Allows for us to have fluid movement in all our joints

A

Articular cartilage

190
Q

Gap in our bones. Where epiphysis and diaphysis meet

A

Epiphyseal plate cartilage

Growth plate

191
Q

Post natal bone growth determined by

A

hGH and sex hormones

192
Q

What happens if you do have a fracture in the epiphyseal plate

A

Growth is stunted. Bone will show epiphyseal line fractures in that region

193
Q

When do you completely stop growing or ossifying

A

25

194
Q

What is the last bone to stop growing

A

Clavicle

195
Q

Growth in length is determined

A

By the epiphyseal plate and how much cartilage is left in there

196
Q

Longitudinal or appendicular growth stops and the epiphysis and diaphysis fuse when?

A

Females 18

Males 21

197
Q

What happens at the end of adolescence to long bone growth

A

Epiphyseal plate chondrocytes divide less often and the remains hyaline cartilage of the epiphyseal plates is replaced by bone tissue

198
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

After it stops growing in length it grows in width.

199
Q

Where does appositional bone growth occur

A

Weight bearing areas
Coxal egion
Femur head in the asitabulum

200
Q

How does appositional bone growth grow

A

Inside out

201
Q

What happens to the compact bone lining the medullary cavity during appositional growth

A

It’s destroyed

202
Q

What do osteoblasts do during appositional bone growth

A

Osteoblasts from periosteum continue to add more bone to outer surface.

203
Q

The forces of stress over time on a bone can cause

A

A thicker periosteum- Appositional bone growth

204
Q

Wolfs law

A

Forces put on a bone over a period of time can cause bone growth

205
Q

Bone homeostasis remodeling

A

Replacement of old bone with new

206
Q

What hormones are used and where are they from in Bone homeostasis remodeling.

A

Calcitonin- thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone- parathyroid gland

207
Q

What regulates how much calcium is in our blood at all times

A

Parathyroid hormones and calcitonin hormone

208
Q

What increases osteoblastic activity in bone homeostasis

A

Calcitonin from the thyroid.

209
Q

What increases osteoclastic activity during bone homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid gland

210
Q

What does the parathyroid monitor and secrete and where does it pull the nutrients from

A

Secretes calcium and pulls it from the bone by breaking it down

211
Q

If we have too much calcium (hypercalcium) in the blood stream what happens

A

Calcitonin is released from the thyroid. It takes extra calcium and moves it to the bones and increases osteoblastic activity

212
Q

Which hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

213
Q

What is a very metabolically active tissue

A

Bone

214
Q

How often is the distal head of the femur replaced

A

Every four months

215
Q

How often is bone replaced

A

Every 3-10 years

216
Q

What happens if there is too much mineral in the bone

A

Causes bumps or spurs in the joints interferes with motion

217
Q

What happens if there is too much bone tissue

A

Bones become thick and heavy

218
Q

Too much Ca++ loss or crystallization makes bones

A

Brittle and breakable

219
Q

When is bone remodeled

A

When going from old to new. Or when remodeling due to mechanical stress

220
Q

When is parathyroid secreted

A

When your blood calcium levels drop

221
Q

Why is it always important to monitor blood calcium

A

Because we need it for muscle contractions. The heart

222
Q

Stages of bone remodeling

A

Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth.

223
Q

Where does remodeling of bone occur

A

At periosteum and endosteum

224
Q

What cells are used to coordinate remodeling

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

225
Q

Falling blood ca levels signal?

A

Parathyroid gland to release PTH

226
Q

What does PTH stimulate

A

Osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix which releases ca into the blood

227
Q

Rising blood Ca levels trigger

A

The thyroid to release calcitonin

228
Q

Calcitonin stimulates what

A

Calcium phosphate deposition in bone

229
Q

If you have low calcium and your bones are always secreting PTH how are your bones going to look

A

Brittle

230
Q

A bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it is what law

A

Wolfs law

231
Q

What observations support wolfs law

A

Long bones are thickest along the shaft (where bending stress is greatest).
Curved bones are the thickest where they are most likely to buckle

232
Q

What happens to the trabeculae in response to mechanical stress

A

It forms along the lines of stress. Large bony projections form where strong active muscles attach.

233
Q

What minerals are needed for remodeling

A

Ca2+
PO4-
Magnesium
Meaganese

234
Q

Why is magnesium needed for remodeling

A

It is needed for osteoblast functions

235
Q

Why is manganese needed for remodeling

A

Needed for lamellae formation

236
Q

What vitamins are needed for remodeling

A 
D, C, A, B12 
D- absorbs Ca+ 
C- matrix/collagen
A- controls how well osteoblasts and osteoclasts work.
B12- for osteoblast metabolism
237
Q

Too much blood Ca is and causes?

A

Hyperclacium

Heart stops

238
Q

Too little blood Ca is called and causes?

A

Hypocalcemia and breathing stops

239
Q

Bone serves as what to prevent sudden changes in Ca levels

A

A buffer

240
Q

What is the main reservoir for Ca ions

A

Bone tissue

241
Q

Blood levels are regulated very tightly by?

A

The endocrine system

242
Q

How do phosophate levels tend to move in relation to blood calcium levels

A

Opposite direction

243
Q

Antagonist

A

Thyrocalcitonin

244
Q

Bone fractures are classified by four things

A

Position of the bone after fractures.
Completeness of the break.
Orientation of the bone to the long axis.
If the bone penetrates the skin or not.

245
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

Bone fragments into three or more pieces

246
Q

Spiral fracture

A

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone

247
Q

Depressed fracture

A

Broken bone portion is pressed inward

248
Q

Compression fracture

A

Bone is crushed

249
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

250
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Only one side of the shaft breaks the other bends.

251
Q

Any break in the bone

A

Fracture

252
Q

Surgical repair of a fracture

A

Closed reduction

Open reduction

253
Q

Closed reduction

A

No incision during surgery

254
Q

Open reduction

A

Incision during surgery

255
Q

Stages of healing in a bone fracture

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
256
Q

Hematoma formation

A

Stage one, healing a bone fracture. Torn blood vessels hemorrhage. A mass of clotted blood forms. Site becomes swollen, painful and inflamed. Cells in area die. Osteoclast breakdown damaged portion.

257
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus

A

Stage two, healing a bone fracture. Soft granulation tissue forms. Fibroblasts secrete collagen. New blood vessels form

258
Q

Bony callus forms

A

Stage three healing a bone fracture. Bone callus- fibrocartilaginous callus, spongy bone which forms into hard callus. Bony callus is very similar to scar tissue.

259
Q

Bone remodeling occurs

A

Stage 4 bone fracture healing. Replacing spongy bone with compact bone where.m needed.

260
Q

How can remodeling be accelerated.

A

Through electrical stimuli increase osteoblast activity

261
Q

Rickets

A

Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet or by vitamin D deficiency. Bones are softened or weakened.

262
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Group of disease in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit. Increase osteoclastic activity.

263
Q

Osteoporosis occurs mostly in

A

Postmenapausal skinny white women

264
Q

What bone is the most vulnerable to osteoporosis

A

Spongy bone

265
Q

Osteoporosis treatment

A

Calcium and vitamin d supplements. Increased weight bearing exercise. Hormone replacement therapy.

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