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Chapter 4 BIO Flashcards

1
Q

Primary tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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2
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells that are similar in structure and oer

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3
Q

Four basic types of tissues are

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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4
Q

Linings for protection, coordination, synthesis, absorption, elimination

A

Epithelial

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5
Q

Supportive or structure tissue

A

Connective

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6
Q

For movement

Highly specialized connective tissue

A

Muscle tissue

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7
Q

For control and coordination

Highly specialized epithelial tissue

A

Nervous tissue

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8
Q

Cells performing a related function

A

Tissues

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9
Q

Lining or covering of organs

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

Protein and tissue

A

Connective

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11
Q

Tissues are classified by

A

Number of cell layers

Cell shape for

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12
Q

Simple layer

A

One layer

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13
Q

Stratified layer

A

More than one layer

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14
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial

A

Single layer of cells of varying heights

Each cell touches the basement membrane

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15
Q

Shapes of cells

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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16
Q

Glandular epithelial tissue

A

Secretion
One or a group of cells

Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland

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17
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Ducts lead to body surfaces.

Sweat glands, salivary glands are synthesized and stored for release then decreased into the duct system

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18
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Are ductless
Hormones are synthesized/stored for release, then secreted into the tissue fluid and diffused into blood stream.
Thyroid/parathyroid glands

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19
Q

Unicellular glands

A

Exocrine
Single cell glands
Goblet cells

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20
Q

Sebaceous glands produce and are a

A

Sebum which is oil

Are an exocrine gland

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21
Q

Gland Secreted directly into blood stream

A

Endocrine

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22
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial

A

Goblet cells

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23
Q

Goblet cells

A

Exocrine glands
Mucus
In your digestive tract(not stomach)/respiratory tract

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24
Q

Exocrine glands multicellular and

A

Simple glands
Compound glands
Merocrine glands
Holocrine glands

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25
Simple glands
Exocrine multicellular | Have single duct
26
Compound glands
Exocrine multicellular | Have branched ducts
27
Merocrine glands
Exocytosis | Going from inside out through secretory vesicles
28
Holocrine gland
Forms secretory material and bursts Gland looks hollow Active when hallow
29
Connective tissue characteristics
1) Cells, Extracellular Matrix 2) Embryological origin 3) inverted and vascular
30
connective tissue examples
Bone Cartilage Blood Connective tissue proper (matrix)
31
Cells in connective tissue
Fewer rarely touching surrounded by matrix
32
Cells in the body always have what around them
Supporting material
33
What does the matrix have in it
Proteins lipids and nutrients for the main cells to feed off of
34
``` Out of Bone Cartilage Connective tissue proper Blood Which one is different ```
Blood, because it's cells floating around and doesn't give support
35
Chondro
Cartilage
36
Osteo
Bone
37
Fibro
Connective
38
Why is blood in the category of connective tissue
Because it come from the embryological origin of the meisoderm
39
Three layers of tissue in embryologic origin
Exctoderm Meisoderm Endoderm
40
Exctoderm turns into
Brain Nervous system Spinal chord
41
Mesioderm turns into
Everything connective tissue
42
Endoderm turns into
Your hallow gut | Internal organs
43
Extra cellular matrix is made up of
Ground substance (gelatinous glycoproteins) Structural fibers (Proteins, collagen, elastin, reticulum)
44
Which connective tissue isn't vascular
Cartilage | I capillary beds
45
Vascular
Direct blood supply
46
What does the ground substance do in connective tissue matrix
Supports cells, binds them May be solid fluid or gel Interstitial fluid Glycoproteins called proteoglycans
47
Matrix is hard where
In bone
48
Interstitial fluid
Matrix | In between tissue
49
Which protein in the matrix of connective tissue looks like a bottle brush
Glycoproteins called proteoglycan
50
Glycoproteins called proteoglycan is made up
Individual bristle are made up of chondroitin being held together by hyaluronic acid
51
Hyaluronic acids
Sugar Makes up proteoglycan | Gelatinous, separates cells, traps extracellular fluid, lubricates joints, filler
52
Chondroitin sulfate
``` Make up proteoglycan Can be mineralized Protein Is found in Improves Cartilage Bones Skin Blood vessels ```
53
Dermatin sulfate
Harder protein Is found in Skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves Make up proteoglycan
54
Keratin sulfate
``` Make up proteoglycan Still harder Bone, cartilage, cornea of eyes Water proofing protein Pg 142 ```
55
Stratified squamous has an extra layer in some areas of? Why
Keratin protein to help water proof
56
What fibers are embedded in the ground substance of the matrix and what do they do
Protein fibers | Used for structural support, adhesion, and to connect to cells
57
Fibers that provide strength and support
Collagen Elastic Reticular
58
Collagen fibers
Big rope Polymerized, gigantic molecules. Tough and flexible
59
Collagen fibers are found where in the body
Bone Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
60
Protein collagen has what kind of fibers
Parallel bundle fibers
61
Elastic fibers
``` Branched smaller and thinner than collagen Very flexible but also strong Require special stains to be seen Can be stretched 150% Found in cartilage ear lobe ```
62
Reticular fibers
Thin, less polymerized collagen fibers Require special stains to be seen Network of fibers like mesh Support area
63
Polymerized
Chemical reaction where two or more molecules combine forming larger molecules
64
Types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood
65
Three main components of the structural matrix of connective tissue
Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Reticular fibers
66
Reticular fibers are_____ is blank compared to elastic and _____ to collagen
More sturdy than elastic but not as strong as collagen
67
Connective tissue diseases
May involve the joints Primarily affect other organs The immune system seems to be activated
68
Marfan tissue has to do with what tissue
Connective tissue | Extra elasticity
69
Nervous tissue is
Highly specialized epithelial cells
70
Nervous tissues convert what
Stimuli into electrochemical signals for transfer of information
71
All nerves for now look like
A hand palm-cell body Fingers- dendrites (highly branched/carry incoming signal) Forarm-axon (long, usually one strand/carry outgoing signal)
72
Muscle types
Cardiac Skeletal Smooth
73
Muscle tissue has a
High degree of cellularity Contain contractile proteins Well vascularized Special type of connective tissue
74
Striated muscle tissue
Skeletal and cardiac
75
Skeletal muscle
``` Attached to bones Mulitnucleate Voluntary Fibers are parallel and cylindrical Look like sausage Has striations ```
76
Cardiac muscle
``` Most of the heart wall Single nucleus normally Involuntary Branched cylinders connected by intercalated Sushi crab and purple tic tacs Has striations and branches inbetween ```
77
Branches inbetween cardiac muscle called
Intercalated discs | Only in cardiac muscle
78
Intercalated discs do what
Make sure that each fiber in the cardiac muscles contracts at the same time
79
Non striated muscle
Smooth muscle
80
Smooth muscle is
``` Located In the walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, bladder) Involuntary Single nucleus Spindle shaped No striations ```
81
Epithelium membranes
A particular epithelium membrane and it's under connective tissue support In the skin and trachea
82
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
83
Pleura
Lungs
84
Pericardium
Heart
85
Peritoneum
Abdominal
86
Visceral
Closer to the surface
87
Parietal
Further away from the surface
88
Serous membrane
Line closed body cavities and their organs
89
Tissue injury and repair
Signs of it Inflammation Organization restores blood supply Regeneration and fibrosis
90
Inflammation
``` Redness Swelling Heat Pain Loss of function (Not all of them) ```
91
Organization restores blood supply
Blood clot replaced by granulated tissue
92
Regeneration and fibrosis
Epithelium regenerates | Fibrous connective tissue matures and contracts
93
Can you have inflammation without bleeding
Yes
94
Inflammation
Blood vessels dilating in that area and causing a rush of fluid platelets and white blood cells
95
What is vasodilation
Inflammation | Blood vessels dilated
96
Fluid and platelets are sent to what
Kill and close and injury to tissue
97
Granulated tissue is
Scar tissue
98
Scar tissue eventually
Regenerates and makes fibrotic connections
99
Is scar tissue stronger or weaker than original
Weaker because it doesn't have the same functions of elasticity and flexibility as the original tissue Think whiplash Can't move neck the same/prone to disc issues
100
What happens to cells during development
Some cells loose their ability to divide with specialization Son cells maintain the ability to replace
101
Cells that maintain the ability to replace others
Stem cells | Tissue repair
102
Stems cells
Immature undifferentiated cells. Hide in protected areas in skin/gi tract to replace cells.
103
Tissue repair
New cells come from parenchyma (functioning portion) or stroma (connective tissue)
104
If parenchyma cell proliferate then..??
Repair is nearly complete; if not, then we get scar tissue formation
105
What conditions affect repair
Nutrition Blood circulation Age
106
How does nutrition affect repair in the body
Adequate protein in the diet for repair | Necessary vitamins and other nutrients
107
How does Blood circulation affect repair
Transports oxygen, nutrients, antibodies and other defensive molecules and cells to the site. White blood cells remove debris that would otherwise interfere with healing
108
How does age affect repair
Young people heal faster and have less obvious scars. Have better nutritional status, blood supply and higher metabolism.
109
epithelial tissue characteristics
``` Cellularity Polarity Specialized contacts- tight junctions and desmosomes Supported by connective tissue Innervated but avascular Regeneration ```
110
Cellularity in epithelial tissue
Densely packed
111
Polarity in epithelial tissue
Apical surface | Basal surface
112
How is the epithelial tissue supported by connective tissue
``` Basal lamina (epithelial glue) Reticular lamina (connective tissue glue) Basement membrane- basal and reticular lamina together ```

Bio (22 decks)

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