Chapter 4 BIO Flashcards
Primary tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Tissues
A group of cells that are similar in structure and oer
Four basic types of tissues are
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Linings for protection, coordination, synthesis, absorption, elimination
Epithelial
Supportive or structure tissue
Connective
For movement
Highly specialized connective tissue
Muscle tissue
For control and coordination
Highly specialized epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Cells performing a related function
Tissues
Lining or covering of organs
Epithelial
Protein and tissue
Connective
Tissues are classified by
Number of cell layers
Cell shape for
Simple layer
One layer
Stratified layer
More than one layer
Pseudostratified epithelial
Single layer of cells of varying heights
Each cell touches the basement membrane
Shapes of cells
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Glandular epithelial tissue
Secretion
One or a group of cells
Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland
Exocrine gland
Ducts lead to body surfaces.
Sweat glands, salivary glands are synthesized and stored for release then decreased into the duct system
Endocrine glands
Are ductless
Hormones are synthesized/stored for release, then secreted into the tissue fluid and diffused into blood stream.
Thyroid/parathyroid glands
Unicellular glands
Exocrine
Single cell glands
Goblet cells
Sebaceous glands produce and are a
Sebum which is oil
Are an exocrine gland
Gland Secreted directly into blood stream
Endocrine
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial
Goblet cells
Goblet cells
Exocrine glands
Mucus
In your digestive tract(not stomach)/respiratory tract
Exocrine glands multicellular and
Simple glands
Compound glands
Merocrine glands
Holocrine glands
Simple glands
Exocrine multicellular
Have single duct
Compound glands
Exocrine multicellular
Have branched ducts
Merocrine glands
Exocytosis
Going from inside out through secretory vesicles
Holocrine gland
Forms secretory material and bursts
Gland looks hollow
Active when hallow
Connective tissue characteristics
1) Cells, Extracellular Matrix
2) Embryological origin
3) inverted and vascular
connective tissue examples
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Connective tissue proper (matrix)
Cells in connective tissue
Fewer rarely touching surrounded by matrix
Cells in the body always have what around them
Supporting material
What does the matrix have in it
Proteins lipids and nutrients for the main cells to feed off of
Out of Bone Cartilage Connective tissue proper Blood Which one is different
Blood, because it’s cells floating around and doesn’t give support
Chondro
Cartilage
Osteo
Bone
Fibro
Connective
Why is blood in the category of connective tissue
Because it come from the embryological origin of the meisoderm
Three layers of tissue in embryologic origin
Exctoderm
Meisoderm
Endoderm
Exctoderm turns into
Brain
Nervous system
Spinal chord
Mesioderm turns into
Everything connective tissue
Endoderm turns into
Your hallow gut
Internal organs
Extra cellular matrix is made up of
Ground substance (gelatinous glycoproteins)
Structural fibers
(Proteins, collagen, elastin, reticulum)
Which connective tissue isn’t vascular
Cartilage
I capillary beds
Vascular
Direct blood supply
What does the ground substance do in connective tissue matrix
Supports cells, binds them
May be solid fluid or gel
Interstitial fluid
Glycoproteins called proteoglycans
Matrix is hard where
In bone
Interstitial fluid
Matrix
In between tissue
Which protein in the matrix of connective tissue looks like a bottle brush
Glycoproteins called proteoglycan
Glycoproteins called proteoglycan is made up
Individual bristle are made up of chondroitin being held together by hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acids
Sugar Makes up proteoglycan
Gelatinous, separates cells, traps extracellular fluid, lubricates joints, filler
Chondroitin sulfate
Make up proteoglycan Can be mineralized Protein Is found in Improves Cartilage Bones Skin Blood vessels
Dermatin sulfate
Harder protein
Is found in Skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves
Make up proteoglycan
Keratin sulfate
Make up proteoglycan Still harder Bone, cartilage, cornea of eyes Water proofing protein Pg 142
Stratified squamous has an extra layer in some areas of? Why
Keratin protein to help water proof
What fibers are embedded in the ground substance of the matrix and what do they do
Protein fibers
Used for structural support, adhesion, and to connect to cells
Fibers that provide strength and support
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
Collagen fibers
Big rope
Polymerized, gigantic molecules.
Tough and flexible
Collagen fibers are found where in the body
Bone
Cartilage
Tendons
Ligaments
Protein collagen has what kind of fibers
Parallel bundle fibers
Elastic fibers
Branched smaller and thinner than collagen Very flexible but also strong Require special stains to be seen Can be stretched 150% Found in cartilage ear lobe
Reticular fibers
Thin, less polymerized collagen fibers
Require special stains to be seen
Network of fibers like mesh
Support area
Polymerized
Chemical reaction where two or more molecules combine forming larger molecules
Types of connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Three main components of the structural matrix of connective tissue
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
Reticular fibers are_____ is blank compared to elastic and _____ to collagen
More sturdy than elastic but not as strong as collagen
Connective tissue diseases
May involve the joints
Primarily affect other organs
The immune system seems to be activated
Marfan tissue has to do with what tissue
Connective tissue
Extra elasticity
Nervous tissue is
Highly specialized epithelial cells
Nervous tissues convert what
Stimuli into electrochemical signals for transfer of information
All nerves for now look like
A hand
palm-cell body
Fingers- dendrites (highly branched/carry incoming signal)
Forarm-axon (long, usually one strand/carry outgoing signal)
Muscle types
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
Muscle tissue has a
High degree of cellularity
Contain contractile proteins
Well vascularized
Special type of connective tissue
Striated muscle tissue
Skeletal and cardiac
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones Mulitnucleate Voluntary Fibers are parallel and cylindrical Look like sausage Has striations
Cardiac muscle
Most of the heart wall Single nucleus normally Involuntary Branched cylinders connected by intercalated Sushi crab and purple tic tacs Has striations and branches inbetween
Branches inbetween cardiac muscle called
Intercalated discs
Only in cardiac muscle
Intercalated discs do what
Make sure that each fiber in the cardiac muscles contracts at the same time
Non striated muscle
Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle is
Located In the walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, bladder) Involuntary Single nucleus Spindle shaped No striations
Epithelium membranes
A particular epithelium membrane and it’s under connective tissue support
In the skin and trachea
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
Pleura
Lungs
Pericardium
Heart
Peritoneum
Abdominal
Visceral
Closer to the surface
Parietal
Further away from the surface
Serous membrane
Line closed body cavities and their organs
Tissue injury and repair
Signs of it
Inflammation
Organization restores blood supply
Regeneration and fibrosis
Inflammation
Redness Swelling Heat Pain Loss of function (Not all of them)
Organization restores blood supply
Blood clot replaced by granulated tissue
Regeneration and fibrosis
Epithelium regenerates
Fibrous connective tissue matures and contracts
Can you have inflammation without bleeding
Yes
Inflammation
Blood vessels dilating in that area and causing a rush of fluid platelets and white blood cells
What is vasodilation
Inflammation
Blood vessels dilated
Fluid and platelets are sent to what
Kill and close and injury to tissue
Granulated tissue is
Scar tissue
Scar tissue eventually
Regenerates and makes fibrotic connections
Is scar tissue stronger or weaker than original
Weaker because it doesn’t have the same functions of elasticity and flexibility as the original tissue
Think whiplash
Can’t move neck the same/prone to disc issues
What happens to cells during development
Some cells loose their ability to divide with specialization
Son cells maintain the ability to replace
Cells that maintain the ability to replace others
Stem cells
Tissue repair
Stems cells
Immature undifferentiated cells. Hide in protected areas in skin/gi tract to replace cells.
Tissue repair
New cells come from parenchyma (functioning portion) or stroma (connective tissue)
If parenchyma cell proliferate then..??
Repair is nearly complete; if not, then we get scar tissue formation
What conditions affect repair
Nutrition
Blood circulation
Age
How does nutrition affect repair in the body
Adequate protein in the diet for repair
Necessary vitamins and other nutrients
How does Blood circulation affect repair
Transports oxygen, nutrients, antibodies and other defensive molecules and cells to the site.
White blood cells remove debris that would otherwise interfere with healing
How does age affect repair
Young people heal faster and have less obvious scars. Have better nutritional status, blood supply and higher metabolism.
epithelial tissue characteristics
Cellularity Polarity Specialized contacts- tight junctions and desmosomes Supported by connective tissue Innervated but avascular Regeneration
Cellularity in epithelial tissue
Densely packed
Polarity in epithelial tissue
Apical surface
Basal surface
How is the epithelial tissue supported by connective tissue
Basal lamina (epithelial glue) Reticular lamina (connective tissue glue) Basement membrane- basal and reticular lamina together
