Chapter 2 BIO Powerpoint Flashcards
All living and non living things are made of
Matter
Matter
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Types of matter
Liquid, solids and gas
Difference between mass and weight
Mass is the amount of matter an object contains
Weight is the measure of the force of gravity on mass
Mass is the same everywhere
Weight varies
What is energy
The capacity to do work
What types of energy are there
Potential and kinetic
What is potential energy
Stored or inactive energy
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Forms of energy
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Mechanical
Radiant
Chemical energy
The making or breaking of chemical bonds
Electrical energy
The movement of charged particles
Mechanical energy
Movement of matter
Radiant energy
Light or other electromagnetic radiation
Synthesis
Synthesis is a type of reaction where you’re taking something small and putting it into a bigger complex molecule
So you use energy to build it
It’s an anabolic reaction
Decomposition is what kind of reaction
Catabolic reaction, where you’re taking something big and breaking it down.
Energy is always released
Chemical reactions are
The formation, rearrangement or breaking of bonds
Types of chemical reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
A+B -> C
Chemical reaction
A+B are reactants
C is the product
In decomposition is released energy always used for another purpose?
No
Glycogen into glucose molecules is an example of
Decomposition
Catabolic reaction
Amino acids join to form a protein molecule what is this
Synthesis
Anabolic reaction
Bonds contain
Energy
When you break bonds you
Release energy
When you break molecules and give off energy what also is created in your body
Heat
What do a majority of the reactions in the body contain
Synthesis (Anabolic) and decomposition (catabolic) reactions
Chemical exchange reactions
When synthesis and decomposition occur in the same reaction
AB + CD AD + CB Shows?
An exchange reaction
Breaking down by taking A and putting together
ATP + Glucose Glucose-6 phosphate + ADP is?
Example of an exchange reaction
ATP transfers it phosphate to form glucose phosphate
Solvent
Medium in which things are mixed
Solute
Various other components in mix
Colloids
Heterogeneous mixtures that appear translucent or milky Smaller particles Clumps of similar molecules Scatter light Particles do not settle out
Jell-o and cell cytoplasm are
Colloids
Suspensions
Heterogeneous mixture with larger often visible particles
Particles settle out due to gravity if particles aren’t in motion
Blood (red blood cells suspended in plasma) are
Suspensions
Mineral water is an example of what mixture and why
Solution
Particles are very tiny do not settle out or scatter light
Gelatin is an example of what type of mixture and why
Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light, do not settle out
Blood is an example of what mixture and why?
Suspension
Are very large, settle out and may scatter light
Concentration is what
Amount of solute particles
What are
Mg/dl
Molarity- miles/liters
Ways to solve concentration of a solute in a solvent
Mole
Total atomic weight of a molecule
Strongest to weakest bonds
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Van der walls= hydrophobic
What bond shares electrons
Covalent
How many bonds can a covalent bond have
Single, double or triple
What does the valent shell do
Determine the properties of bonding for an atom
Which bonds have an unequal sharing depending on weight
Covalent
Types of covalent bonds
Non polar and polar
If electrons are shared equally what type of covalent bond is it?
Nonpolar
O=C=O is
Non polar covalent bond sharing between carbon and oxygen
CO2
No polls created
Non polar bond
What bond creates polls show
Polar bonds
H2O is what kind of bond
Polar covalent
Looks like an upside Mickey Mouse
Ionic bonds happen when
Electrons are separated and transferred from one atom to another forming positive and negative ions
Types of ionic bonds
Cations
Anions
Cations are
The electron donor
Have a positive charge
Positive because they loose a negative
Anions are
Electron acceptor
Have a negative charge
Why do ionic bonds occur
Because one atom has an extra electron
Oppositely charged ions do what
Attract each other
Na+ Cl- is what
An ionic bond
Table salt
The atom that takes an electron becomes _____ and the atom that gives an electron becomes____
Negative
Positive
Bonds in order of stability
Greatest to least
Nonpolar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds
Ionic bonds
Ionic bonds do what with electrons
Completely transfer electrons
Polar covalent bonds do what with electrons
Unequally share electrons
Nonpolar covalent bonds do what with electrons
Equally share electrons
Ionic bond charge
Charged particles
Polar covalent bonds charge
Slight negative on one end of molecule
Slight positive charge on the other end
Nonpolar covalent bonds charge
Charged balanced
Hydrogen bonds are
Easier to break
Have weak attractions between different molecules which contain polar covalent bonds
Water contains what kind of bond
Covalently bound hydrogen
What gives water its tension
Covalently bound hydrogen bonds
Synthesis
Building - anabolic
Consuming energy
Decomposition
Catabolic breaking bonds
Releases energy
OIL RIG
Oxidation is lost
Reduction is gained
what happens when an atom looses an electron
Becomes unstable and wants to bond
Unstable atom is
Free radical
Antioxidants
Combine with unstable atoms in body
Blueberry Pom
Reactant losing electrons and positive hydrogen ions
Are electron donor
Oxidized
Energy is released
Decreased potential energy
Reactant gaining electrons and positive hydrogen ions are
Electron acceptor
It’s positive charge is Reduced
Energy is absorbed
Increased in potential energy
Energy flows is chemical reactions
Exergonic
Endergonic
Exergonic reaction
Release energy
Energy may be usable
Releases waste heat-exothermic
endergonic reaction
require energy-endothermic
Products have more potential energy in bonds than reactants
Endergonic reaction
Products have less energy in their chemical bonds than the reactants
Exergonic reactions
All chemical reactions are…
Theoretically reversible
When is it more difficult to reverse a reaction
When energy is released during reaction
Energy must be added back to reverse the reaction
All chemical reactions tend toward
An equilibrium/homeostasis
When chemical reactants are in equilibrium
the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal
The products and reactants are in balanced proportions
What causes a proportionate shift in other components of the reaction
Change in energy
Change in concentrations of reactants or products
Factors influencing rate of reactions
Molecular collisions
Probability of collisions
Molecular collisions are required
For chemical reactions to occur
The probability of collisions is affected by
Temp
Particle size
concentration
catalyst
How does temp affect molecular collisions
Changes in kinetic energy
Hotter particles move faster
How does particle size affect collisions
Smaller particles move faster
Bigger particles move slower
How does concentration affect probability molecular collisions
Collisions are more likely to occur when more molecules are present
More molecules more collisions
Higher concentration faster reaction
Catalyst influence the probability of collisions
Bring reactants together more rapidly or in more favorable orientations for reactions to take place or both
Speeds up reactions
10 pizzas vs 1 pizza
Higher Concentration
Smell travels faster
Catalyst is only used in the body every single time as an _____ in our body
Enzyme
What is a catalyst/enzyme
Speeds up a reaction
By lowering the energy required for it to work
Enzyme
Lowers activation energy speeding up reactions
ASE is?
An enzyme in the body
All chemical reactions tend towards what kind of state
Equilibrium state
Reversibility of chemical reactions refers to
All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible
All chemical reactions tend toward an equilibrium state
Inorganic compounds
Gases
Water
Pretty much smaller
Organic compounds
Anything with carbon atoms
Except gases
What carbon atoms are inorganic compounds
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbides
What type of compounds are h2o
O2
CO2
N2
Inorganic
What type of compounds are various ion
Inorganic
Ion
Charged particles
What happens when a cation or anion dissolve in our blood and disassociate
Electrolyte
Sodium chloride is an
Electrolyte
Na and Cl
Sodium chloride
Separate in a solvent like blood what is formed
An electrolyte
Properties of water
High heat capacity High heat of vaporization (212 degrees) Polarity Reactivity Lubrication and cushioning
Why does water have a high heat capacity
Because it takes a lot of kinetic energy in it to change its temp
What does waters high heat capacity contribute to?
Temperature stability
Water has special properties why?
Due to its ability to form hydrogen bonds
How is sweating a similar transition to gas phase
Because it takes energy away from the body
The change from liquid to gas phase of water requires?
Breaking many hydrogen bonds
What is a polar covalent
Water h2o
Mickey Mouse
Waters Polarity/solvent properties
Polar covalent bond
Water is a good solvent
Water brings solute molecules into close proximity making reactions more likely
What is considered a universal solvent and neutral
Water
Reactivity of water
A lot of chemical reactions take place in water
It is added or removed from molecules in breakdown or synthesis reactions
Lubrication and cushions of water
Water is found in serous and mucous fluids in body to help lubricate parts
Found in cerebrospinal fluid
And amniotic fluid
What special property is amniotic fluid and example of the
Lubrication and cushioning of water
What are ions
Salt
Ions are called
Electrolytes
Contain cations and anions
NaCl
Ca2CO3
Examples of salts
Ionic compounds
What dissociate (ionize) into component ions when dissolved in water
Salts
Electrolytes are
Anything with a charge particle
What are Na and Cl separately
Ions
Ph scale measures
How many hydrogen ions are in some type of solution
[ ] what does this label
Concentration on ph scale
acids and bases are
Compounds which break their ionic bonds when dissolved in h2o
To break an ionic bond/compound
water molecules must be able to stabilize the ions that result from breaking the ionic bond
Why do ionic bonds break when dissolved in water
Polar water attracts polar molecules and ions. It pushes out non polar non charged substances.
Positive poles of water are attracted to anions and negative poles to cations
So the water molecules pull the ions.
Acids do what when dissolved in waye h2o
Donate a hydrogen to the solution (H+ Donor)
Separate to release hydrogen ions (h+) and anions (negatively charged ion)
HCl hydrochloric H2CO3 carbonic H2SO4 sulfuric H3PO4 phosphoric Are examples of?
Acids
Bases do what in a solution
Accept protons
(h+ acceptor)
Separate into hydroxyl ion or more cations (positively charged ion)
Anions
Negatively charged ion
Cation
Positively charge ion
Dissociate
Molecules or ionic compounds separating or splitting into smaller particles such as
Ions
Radicals
Atoms
What is measured in ph units
Concentration of hydrogen ions
Ph ranges from
0-14
Nuetral ph is
7 [h+]=[oh-]
Concentration of hydrogen ions equals concentration of hydroxide ions
1 ph unit charge equals how much of a change in [h+] hydrogen concentration
10x
Below ph7 solutions are
Why?
Acidic
Have more h+ ions
Above ph7 solutions are
Why
Basic
Have more OH- ions
Ph number
the higher?
The lower?
Higher more basic
Lower more acidic
Ph scale is measuring
How many hydrogen ions are in a solution
14 on ph scale
Basic
0 on ph scale
Acid
Structure and function are
Complimentary
Our body has to maintain an acid and base balance at
Why?
7.35-7.45 ph maintained
Important for internal homeostasis
What in our body is very sensitive to ph
Biochemical reactions
Biochemical reactions
Transformation of one molecule to another inside a cell.
Mediated by enzymes
What 3 homeostatic mechanism do humans use to regulate acid base balance
Buffers
Respiratory system
Renal system
Buffer
Example Blood in our body
Anything that resists changes in pH despite things dissolving in it
Blood because of water is resisting the changes in ph in our bodies
Respiratory system and renal maintain ph
Due to excretion of excess ions maintain our ph
Organic compounds always contain
Hydrogen
carbon
oxygen
Organic compounds sometimes contain
Sulfur
nitrogen
phosphorus
Carbon can form how many covalent bonds
4
Why does carbon form 4 covalent bonds
Because it has four in its valence shell and needs four more to complete its octet
Carbon atoms can form chains with
Other carbons
What do polar organic compounds dissolve well in?
Why
In water
Water surrounds polar site of organic compound molecules
Striping the molecule set from the solute turning it into a solvent
The individual particles of the solute (coco) separate from their neighbors and move between the spaces of the solvent particles
Covalent bond is
A chemical bond that shares electrons between atoms
Organic compound
Any compound composed of atoms (always containing C,H,O, sometimes S,N,P) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is an example of
Transfers energy in a cell
When the covalent bonds in the organic compound (atp) are broken down and released
Are organic molecules large or small
Large
What do organic molecules make
Good structural components
subunits of organic molecules
Simple molecules= Monomers Monomers join together to form macromolecules Macromolecules= Polymers
Monomers are made up of
Simple molecules
Polymers are a series of
Monomers
Monomers join together to make up
Macromolecules
Monomers is a
Molecule that is able to bond in long chains
Polymers means
Many monomers
Polymers are sometimes known as
Macromolecules or large sized molecules
Molecules Monomers Macromolecules Polymers Are
Organic compounds
Four classes of polymers
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Anything that's a Sugar Starch Glycogen Cellulose Chitin
Sugar (saccharide)
Monosaccharide- Simple sugars, Make up Disaccharide. Which make up poly saccharide
Starch
Long chains of these organic compounds.
Vegetables
Glycogen
Stored form of glucose (carb)
When you have too much glucose it’s stored as
Glycogen
Quaternary structure
Two or more proteins aggregated together
Secondary structure
Alpha helix and Beta pleated Sheets
Fatty acids with more than one double bond between carbon atoms
Polysaturated
Fatty acids with one double bind between carbon atoms
Monosaturated
Fatty acids with all single bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated
Sex hormones come from
Steroids
What regulates inflammation
Eicosanoids
Major components of cell membranes
Phosolipids
Used for energy storage and insulation
Triglycerides
Fatty acids with all single bonds between carbon atoms
Saturated
96 percent of body weight is made up of how many elements
Four elements
Reactions where you release energy
Exergonic
Prostaglandins
Proteins
Ph is a concentration unit used to measure the concentration of
Hydrogen ions in a solution
Molecular chaperones aid in the desired folding of
Proteins
the function of micro RNA is to
Turn some genes on and other off, controlling genetic expressions
Transfer genetic code to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Sugar contains all the following except Calcium Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen
Calcium
And organic compound that has twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms is most likely a
Carbohydrates
A release of energy
Catabolic reactions
Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in Ph when what are added to a solution
Proton donors or proton acceptor
Exergonic
Chemical reactions that release energy
Nucleotides
Building blocks of rna and DNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
DNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
RNA
Important cholesterol based molecule
Steroids
Dipoles
Orient themselves towards other dipole molecules
Water
Not electrically balanced
Play essential roles in chemical reactions
What bonds are found in inorganic compounds
Ionic
Elements are unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
True
Glucose is an example of
Monosaccharides
How isotopes differ from each other
By the number of neutrons contained
Lipids and energy
Good source of stored energy
Perferred source of energy for fueling cellular activity
Oxygen is in proteins and fats
True
The lower the ph level the lower the hydrogen ion concentration
True
Metabolism
Term used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining living state of cells and the organism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Molecule
Group of atoms
Smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound
Compounds
Two or more elements
Element
Is a substance consisting of atoms that all have the same atomic number
Chemically the simplest substances and cannot be broken down
Water as an inorganic compound
Does not contain carbon atom in its molecules making it inorganic
Carbon is the universal element of
Organic compounds
How many monosaccharides does it take to make a poly
10s to 100s
Triglycerides
storage for of fats for energy
Non polar
Hydrophobic
Glycerol head and 3 fatty acid side chains
Triglycerides
Solid at room temp and only one bond between those carbon chains
Saturated fat
Lard
Butter
Unsaturated fatty acids
Double bond
More fluid at room temp
Phospholipids
Modified triglycerides
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
Phospholipids
Polar head non polar tail
Hydrophoilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Phospholipids
Has polar and non polar regions
Amphipathic
Dipole
A molecule in which a concentration of positive electric charge is separated from a concentration of negative charge
Buffer
Constantly resisting the changes in ph
Steroid hormones and prostaglandins are examples of what kind of important polymers
Lipids
Polymers
Organic compounds
Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
disaccharide
Dehydration
Water molecule removed during bond
Add water molecule to liberate the monosaccharides
Hydrolysis
4 rings of carbon atoms Non polar Fat soluble Hydrophobic Cholesterol derived
Steroid
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Regulate blood clotting, inflammation
Immune reaction, labor
Eicosanoids
Local hormones
Contains
C, H, O, N, S
Proteins
12-18% body mass
Proteins
Amino acids are building block of
Proteins
How many amino acids to build a protein
20
Cholesterol, prostaglandins and leukotrines are
Lipids
Proteins are to help with.
Structural
Proteins found in
Skeletal muscle
Amino acids bormallly end in
INE
Bond that holds together amino acids
Peptide
C,H,O
WHAT compound
Organic compounds
Bond that comes together by dehydration synthesis
Peptide
What denatures proteins
Tempature
PH
Ends in ASE most of the time
Enzymes
Apoenzyme
Globular proteins that are organic catalyst
Tertiary structure
Three dimensional structure resulting from folding
