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Chp 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Every time you hear receptor what system are we talking about? Afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

are found in areas where there are any physical changes to the area. Are always keeping track of any physical changes

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

any changes in heat

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4
Q

Modality

A

each input is a specific type of sensation: temperature, pain, pressure, touch, body position, equilibrium, hearing, vision, smell, taste
individual sensory neurons generally carry only one modality

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5
Q

individual sensory neurons generally carry only one

A

modality

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6
Q

Selectivity of Receptors

A

sensory neurons respond strongly to one type of stimulus and weakly or not at all to other types

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7
Q

some respond accidentally to other types of stimuli – rubbing one’s eyes mechanically stimulates the eyes’ light receptors in the retina is an example of

A

Selectivity of Receptors

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8
Q

transduction

A

requires a sensory receptor cell or organ which responds to specific stimuli and converts them into receptor/generator potentials

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9
Q

integration generally occurs?

A

in the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus

A

mechanorecpetors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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11
Q

types of sensory receptors classified by location

A

exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
proprioreceptors

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical pressure or stretching

generate action potentials when deformed

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13
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature

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14
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain due to physical or chemical damage to nearby tissue

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15
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light strikes retinal receptor cells

generates action potentials in response to light energy

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

certain specific chemical molecules are detected in the mucous fluids of the GI & respiratory tracts, or in the blood or other body fluids

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17
Q

Exteroceptors

A

located at or near the body’s surface

provide information about the external environment

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18
Q

Thermoreceptor sends temp to where in the brain

A

hypothalamus cause it deals with temperature

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19
Q

Interoceptors (visceroceptors)

A

found in blood vessels, connective tissues, and organs

provide information about the internal environment

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20
Q

If there was physical damage or chemical damage to the tissue like stomach acid eroding up will alert what receptor

A

nociceptor

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21
Q

Photoreceptors are found

A

in our eyes

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22
Q

Proprioceptors

A

located in muscles, tendons, joints and the internal ear

provide information about gravity, body and limb positions and skeletal muscle movements

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23
Q

Changes in any kind of chemical composition of things internally. PH of blood stream triggers what receptor

A

Chemoreceptors

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24
Q

Baroreceptors are found where

A

In the cardiovascular system

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25
Baroreceptors keep track of
all of the pressure in blood vessels
26
Receptors found on joint endings, tendons and internal ear. That tell us our balance and send signals to the cerebellum
proprioceptors
27
Anesthesia means
lack of sensation. Blocking the afferent pathway from being read or intergrated
28
gas agents that affect the brain or spinal cord from receiving any messages
general anesthesia
29
Anesthesia that only effects that peripheral nerve
local anesthesia
30
Can be ingested or applied topically. | Nonsteriodal antiinflamittory. Ibprofen... advil.
Analgesia
31
Can start to mimic our own bodies natural endorphants
analgesic
32
anagesic reduce
the perception of pain by blocking the nociceptors from sending the messages to the brain
33
the bodies natural ability to block nociceptors
endorphins
34
endorphins suppress
pain
35
Local anesthesia
– drugs injected near peripheral nerves inhibit the opening of gated sodium channels, preventing local transmission of action potentials
36
Analgesia vs anethesia
analgesia reduce the perception of pain by blocking nociceptors. anesthesia nerves inhibit the opening of gated sodium channels, preventing local transmission of action potentials
37
Paresthesias
abnormal sensations (burning, tingling, numbness) not related to normal stimulation, e.g., mechanical pressure on nerves in your leg puts your foot “to sleep”
38
alerts you to thinking nerve pain on the efferent or afferent pathway
parasthesias
39
dermatome
is if you were to follow the spinal cord and nerve roots that come off of it. Each area has a pattern where the nerve innervates the skin. Only for cutaneous branches of the spinal nerve.
40
why are dermatomes important for a clinical setting
to determine which level is effected if you have nerve damage
41
Reflex Activity 5 Steps
1) Receptor 2) Sensory neuron 3) Integrating center 4) Motor Neuron 5) Effector
42
Is the reflex arch ipsilateral or contralateral
ipsilateral, because it never crosses over to the other side of the spinal cord. The afferent and efferent pathways are on the same side.
43
Stretch receptors are know as and found
golgi tendon organ inborn in all of our muscles. Rectus femoris. Along the muscle are these stretch receptors cause an automatic contraction to protect the muscle.
44
dendrites or other sensory structures respond to changes in the environment
receptor (step 1)
45
conducts an impulse from a receptor to its axon terminals
sensory neuron (step 2)
46
some region within the CNS simple - monosynaptic (2 cells only: sensory and motor neurons) complex – polysynaptic (> 2 cells: interneurons involved)
integrating center (step 3)
47
impulses from integrating center to an effector
motor neuron (step 4)
48
body part (muscle or gland) which responds to the motor nerve impulse
effector (step 5)
49
Areas of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of each pair of spinal nerves Each pair also provides some service to the region of the spinal nerve above and the spinal nerve below (redundancy)
dermatomes
50
contain both sensory and motor fibers
mixed nerves
51
endoneurium
around individual processes
52
perineurium
around fascicles | individual nerve fibers with their endoneurium
53
epineurium
outermost covering around entire peripheral nerve
54
First 2 pairs of nerves originate from the
(olfactory, optic) | forebrain
55
Remaining 10 pairs of nerves originate from the
brain stem
56
are spinal nerves motor or sensory
both
57
each pair of spinal nerves serve
a particular region of the body
58
dorsal ramus - supplies
supplies posterior body trunk
59
ventral ramus - supplies the
rest of body trunk and the limbs
60
meningeal branch - supplies the
meninges and blood vessels within meninges
61
a rapid, predictable, automatic response to a stimulus
reflex
62
is unlearned, unpremeditated, and involuntary
reflex
63
reflexes are involved in
homeostasis
64
two fundamental types of reflexes
somatic and autonomic
65
somatic reflexes
produce contraction of skeletal muscle
66
autonomic (visceral) reflexes
generally, they are not perceived consciously | produce responses by smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands to adjust conditions of the internal environment
67
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs
receptors
68
contraction of the skeletal muscle reduces tension
on the muscle spindle
69
Remember that if a muscle is being stretched, the stretch is caused by the contraction of its
antagonist
70
This sensory proprioception information contributes to maintaining
proper muscle tone
71
flexor reflex causes an
automatic withdrawal from the dangerous stimulus
72
Flexor reflexes are
polysynaptic, ipsilateral, and segmental
73
crossed extensor reflexes.m flexion of a body part is often balanced by
extension of the same body part on the opposite side of the body
74
Cranial Nerve I | name and function
olfactory- carries afferent impulses for the sense of smell
75
olfactory fibers run through
the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex
76
Cranial Nerve II | name and function
Optic- by carrying afferent impulses for vision
77
Otic nerve pathway
pass through the optic canals. converge at the optic chiasma. Continue to the thalamus where they synapse
78
Cranial Nerve III | name and function
Oculomotor- Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape
79
Cranial Nerve IV | name and function
trochlear- Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball
80
Trochlear nerve pathway
Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle
81
Cranial Nerve V | name and function
Trigeminal-Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face ophthalmic, (V1) and maxillary (V2), and supplies motor fibers mandibular (V3) for mastication
82
Cranial Nerve VI name and function
Abdcuens- Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle
83
Cranial Nerve VII | name and function
Facial nerve- Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
84
Mixed nerve with five major branches
facial
85
Cranial Nerve VIII. Name and function
Vestibulocochlear- Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance) Functions are solely sensory – equilibrium and hearing
86
Cranial Nerve IX | name and function
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx
87
Cranial Nerve X Name and function
Vagus-The Vagus is a mixed nerve Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs Its sensory function is in taste
88
The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck
vagus
89
Cranial Nerve XI name and function
Accessory Primarily a motor nerve Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck
90
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal | Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech
91
Adaptation by Sensory Receptors is due to
a change in sensitivity to a long-lasting stimulus primarily by rapidly-adapting phasic receptors little adaptation by slowly-adapting tonic receptors
92
primarily by rapidly-adapting phasic receptors
pressure, touch, hearing, smell adapt very quickly, i.e., respond less if the stimulus remains constant allows us to shut out background “noise”
93
little adaptation by slowly-adapting tonic receptors
pain, body position, chemicals in the blood or CSF adapt slowly, continue to respond even when the stimulus remains constant continuous input is useful for some modalities because the body needs to make continuous responses to that kind of information
94
how many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord
31
95
All are mixed (m/s) nerves
Spinal Nerves
96
Thousands of fibers per spinal nerve Each pair serves a particular region of the body Each pair also provides some service to the region supplied by the spinal nerve above it and the spinal nerve below it (redundancy)
spinal nerves
97
dorsal ramus supplies
posterior body trunk
98
ventral ramus supplies
the rest of body trunk and the limbs
99
what nerves are very short, they divide almost immediately
spinal nerves
100
meningeal branch - supplies
the meninges and blood vessels within meninges
101
Patellar Reflex
monosynaptic ipsilateral (same side) segmental (at one level of the spinal cord) polysynaptic component – for reciprocal inhibition of the antagonist
102
input from the Golgi tendon organs are sent to the
cerebellum and the cortex
103
Golgi deep tendon reflex inhibits the
agonist
104
Golgi deep tendon reflex excites the
antagonist
105
a pull on the limb, extending it, will trigger the reflex
flexor
106
an increase in muscle tension in the tendon activates receptors in what organ
(Golgi tendon organ)

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