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Chp 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Every time you hear receptor what system are we talking about? Afferent or efferent

A

afferent

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2
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

are found in areas where there are any physical changes to the area. Are always keeping track of any physical changes

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

any changes in heat

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4
Q

Modality

A

each input is a specific type of sensation: temperature, pain, pressure, touch, body position, equilibrium, hearing, vision, smell, taste
individual sensory neurons generally carry only one modality

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5
Q

individual sensory neurons generally carry only one

A

modality

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6
Q

Selectivity of Receptors

A

sensory neurons respond strongly to one type of stimulus and weakly or not at all to other types

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7
Q

some respond accidentally to other types of stimuli – rubbing one’s eyes mechanically stimulates the eyes’ light receptors in the retina is an example of

A

Selectivity of Receptors

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8
Q

transduction

A

requires a sensory receptor cell or organ which responds to specific stimuli and converts them into receptor/generator potentials

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9
Q

integration generally occurs?

A

in the cerebral cortex

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10
Q

types of sensory receptors classified by stimulus

A

mechanorecpetors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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11
Q

types of sensory receptors classified by location

A

exteroreceptors
interoreceptors
proprioreceptors

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12
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical pressure or stretching

generate action potentials when deformed

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13
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature

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14
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain due to physical or chemical damage to nearby tissue

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15
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light strikes retinal receptor cells

generates action potentials in response to light energy

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16
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

certain specific chemical molecules are detected in the mucous fluids of the GI & respiratory tracts, or in the blood or other body fluids

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17
Q

Exteroceptors

A

located at or near the body’s surface

provide information about the external environment

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18
Q

Thermoreceptor sends temp to where in the brain

A

hypothalamus cause it deals with temperature

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19
Q

Interoceptors (visceroceptors)

A

found in blood vessels, connective tissues, and organs

provide information about the internal environment

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20
Q

If there was physical damage or chemical damage to the tissue like stomach acid eroding up will alert what receptor

A

nociceptor

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21
Q

Photoreceptors are found

A

in our eyes

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22
Q

Proprioceptors

A

located in muscles, tendons, joints and the internal ear

provide information about gravity, body and limb positions and skeletal muscle movements

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23
Q

Changes in any kind of chemical composition of things internally. PH of blood stream triggers what receptor

A

Chemoreceptors

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24
Q

Baroreceptors are found where

A

In the cardiovascular system

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25
Q

Baroreceptors keep track of

A

all of the pressure in blood vessels

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26
Q

Receptors found on joint endings, tendons and internal ear. That tell us our balance and send signals to the cerebellum

A

proprioceptors

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27
Q

Anesthesia means

A

lack of sensation. Blocking the afferent pathway from being read or intergrated

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28
Q

gas agents that affect the brain or spinal cord from receiving any messages

A

general anesthesia

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29
Q

Anesthesia that only effects that peripheral nerve

A

local anesthesia

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30
Q

Can be ingested or applied topically.

Nonsteriodal antiinflamittory. Ibprofen… advil.

A

Analgesia

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31
Q

Can start to mimic our own bodies natural endorphants

A

analgesic

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32
Q

anagesic reduce

A

the perception of pain by blocking the nociceptors from sending the messages to the brain

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33
Q

the bodies natural ability to block nociceptors

A

endorphins

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34
Q

endorphins suppress

A

pain

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35
Q

Local anesthesia

A

– drugs injected near peripheral nerves inhibit the opening of gated sodium channels, preventing local transmission of action potentials

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36
Q

Analgesia vs anethesia

A

analgesia reduce the perception of pain by blocking nociceptors. anesthesia nerves inhibit the opening of gated sodium channels, preventing local transmission of action potentials

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37
Q

Paresthesias

A

abnormal sensations (burning, tingling, numbness) not related to normal stimulation, e.g., mechanical pressure on nerves in your leg puts your foot “to sleep”

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38
Q

alerts you to thinking nerve pain on the efferent or afferent pathway

A

parasthesias

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39
Q

dermatome

A

is if you were to follow the spinal cord and nerve roots that come off of it. Each area has a pattern where the nerve innervates the skin. Only for cutaneous branches of the spinal nerve.

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40
Q

why are dermatomes important for a clinical setting

A

to determine which level is effected if you have nerve damage

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41
Q

Reflex Activity 5 Steps

A

1) Receptor
2) Sensory neuron
3) Integrating center
4) Motor Neuron
5) Effector

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42
Q

Is the reflex arch ipsilateral or contralateral

A

ipsilateral, because it never crosses over to the other side of the spinal cord. The afferent and efferent pathways are on the same side.

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43
Q

Stretch receptors are know as and found

A

golgi tendon organ
inborn in all of our muscles. Rectus femoris.
Along the muscle are these stretch receptors cause an automatic contraction to protect the muscle.

44
Q

dendrites or other sensory structures respond to changes in the environment

A

receptor (step 1)

45
Q

conducts an impulse from a receptor to its axon terminals

A

sensory neuron (step 2)

46
Q

some region within the CNS
simple - monosynaptic (2 cells only: sensory and motor neurons)
complex – polysynaptic (> 2 cells: interneurons involved)

A

integrating center (step 3)

47
Q

impulses from integrating center to an effector

A

motor neuron (step 4)

48
Q

body part (muscle or gland) which responds to the motor nerve impulse

A

effector (step 5)

49
Q

Areas of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of each pair of spinal nerves
Each pair also provides some service to the region of the spinal nerve above and the spinal nerve below (redundancy)

A

dermatomes

50
Q

contain both sensory and motor fibers

A

mixed nerves

51
Q

endoneurium

A

around individual processes

52
Q

perineurium

A

around fascicles

individual nerve fibers with their endoneurium

53
Q

epineurium

A

outermost covering around entire peripheral nerve

54
Q

First 2 pairs of nerves originate from the

A

(olfactory, optic)

forebrain

55
Q

Remaining 10 pairs of nerves originate from the

A

brain stem

56
Q

are spinal nerves motor or sensory

A

both

57
Q

each pair of spinal nerves serve

A

a particular region of the body

58
Q

dorsal ramus - supplies

A

supplies posterior body trunk

59
Q

ventral ramus - supplies the

A

rest of body trunk and the limbs

60
Q

meningeal branch - supplies the

A

meninges and blood vessels within meninges

61
Q

a rapid, predictable, automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

62
Q

is unlearned, unpremeditated, and involuntary

A

reflex

63
Q

reflexes are involved in

A

homeostasis

64
Q

two fundamental types of reflexes

A

somatic and autonomic

65
Q

somatic reflexes

A

produce contraction of skeletal muscle

66
Q

autonomic (visceral) reflexes

A

generally, they are not perceived consciously

produce responses by smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands to adjust conditions of the internal environment

67
Q

muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs

A

receptors

68
Q

contraction of the skeletal muscle reduces tension

A

on the muscle spindle

69
Q

Remember that if a muscle is being stretched, the stretch is caused by the contraction of its

A

antagonist

70
Q

This sensory proprioception information contributes to maintaining

A

proper muscle tone

71
Q

flexor reflex causes an

A

automatic withdrawal from the dangerous stimulus

72
Q

Flexor reflexes are

A

polysynaptic, ipsilateral, and segmental

73
Q

crossed extensor reflexes.m flexion of a body part is often balanced by

A

extension of the same body part on the opposite side of the body

74
Q

Cranial Nerve I

name and function

A

olfactory- carries afferent impulses for the sense of smell

75
Q

olfactory fibers run through

A

the olfactory bulb and terminate in the primary olfactory cortex

76
Q

Cranial Nerve II

name and function

A

Optic- by carrying afferent impulses for vision

77
Q

Otic nerve pathway

A

pass through the optic canals. converge at the optic chiasma. Continue to the thalamus where they synapse

78
Q

Cranial Nerve III

name and function

A

Oculomotor- Functions in raising the eyelid, directing the eyeball, constricting the iris, and controlling lens shape

79
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

name and function

A

trochlear- Primarily a motor nerve that directs the eyeball

80
Q

Trochlear nerve pathway

A

Fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures; innervate the superior oblique muscle

81
Q

Cranial Nerve V

name and function

A

Trigeminal-Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of the face ophthalmic, (V1) and maxillary (V2), and supplies motor fibers mandibular (V3) for mastication

82
Q

Cranial Nerve VI name and function

A

Abdcuens- Primarily a motor nerve innervating the lateral rectus muscle

83
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

name and function

A

Facial nerve-
Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

84
Q

Mixed nerve with five major branches

A

facial

85
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII. Name and function

A

Vestibulocochlear- Two divisions – cochlear (hearing) and vestibular (balance)
Functions are solely sensory – equilibrium and hearing

86
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

name and function

A

Glossopharyngeal
Nerve IX is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory functions

Motor – innervates part of the tongue and pharynx, and provides motor fibers to the parotid salivary gland

Sensory – fibers conduct taste and general sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx

87
Q

Cranial Nerve X Name and function

A

Vagus-The Vagus is a mixed nerve

Most motor fibers are parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and visceral organs

Its sensory function is in taste

88
Q

The only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck

A

vagus

89
Q

Cranial Nerve XI name and function

A

Accessory
Primarily a motor nerve
Supplies fibers to the larynx, pharynx, and soft palate
Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, which move the head and neck

90
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal

Innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which contribute to swallowing and speech

91
Q

Adaptation by Sensory Receptors is due to

A

a change in sensitivity to a long-lasting stimulus

primarily by rapidly-adapting phasic receptors

little adaptation by slowly-adapting tonic receptors

92
Q

primarily by rapidly-adapting phasic receptors

A

pressure, touch, hearing, smell
adapt very quickly, i.e., respond less if the stimulus remains constant
allows us to shut out background “noise”

93
Q

little adaptation by slowly-adapting tonic receptors

A

pain, body position, chemicals in the blood or CSF
adapt slowly, continue to respond even when the stimulus remains constant
continuous input is useful for some modalities because the body needs to make continuous responses to that kind of information

94
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord

A

31

95
Q

All are mixed (m/s) nerves

A

Spinal Nerves

96
Q

Thousands of fibers per spinal nerve

Each pair serves a particular region of the body

Each pair also provides some service to the region supplied by the spinal nerve above it and the spinal nerve below it (redundancy)

A

spinal nerves

97
Q

dorsal ramus supplies

A

posterior body trunk

98
Q

ventral ramus supplies

A

the rest of body trunk and the limbs

99
Q

what nerves are very short, they divide almost immediately

A

spinal nerves

100
Q

meningeal branch - supplies

A

the meninges and blood vessels within meninges

101
Q

Patellar Reflex

A

monosynaptic
ipsilateral (same side)
segmental (at one level of the spinal cord)
polysynaptic component – for reciprocal inhibition of the antagonist

102
Q

input from the Golgi tendon organs are sent to the

A

cerebellum and the cortex

103
Q

Golgi deep tendon reflex inhibits the

A

agonist

104
Q

Golgi deep tendon reflex excites the

A

antagonist

105
Q

a pull on the limb, extending it, will trigger the reflex

A

flexor

106
Q

an increase in muscle tension in the tendon activates receptors in what organ

A

(Golgi tendon organ)

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