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Chapter 5 Bio Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The skin is composed of what kind of tissue.

A

epithelial and connective tissue working together for specific purpose

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2
Q

Largest organ in body

A

Skins

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3
Q

Physiology of skin

A 
Regulate temp
Protection
Sensation
Communication 
Excretion
Immunity
Blood reservoir 
Synthesis for vitamin d
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4
Q

How does skin regulate body temp

A

Insulates and radiates

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5
Q

How does skin protect the body

A

Physical barrier and conserves water

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6
Q

Sensation and the skin

A

Has varied sensory nerve endings

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7
Q

How does skin communicate

A

To other humans by signals and expressions and touch

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8
Q

How doe the skin excrete

A

In sweat (h2o, salts, small organic compounds)

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9
Q

How does skin help with immunity

A

Phagocytes in the epidermis are important for the immune system for defense

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10
Q

Phagocytes

A

Type of cell in the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria

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11
Q

How does the skin affect blood

A

It is a major reservoir for it

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12
Q

Why does the skin synthesis vitamin d

A

To absorb calcium

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13
Q

What is the architecture of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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14
Q

Epidermis

A

Epithelium

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15
Q

Dermis

A

Areolar and dense irregular fibrous connective tissue

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16
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue. Consists of collagenous and elastic fibers

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17
Q

Hypodermis

A

Beneath the dermis

The subcutaneous layer next to, adipose layer, muscle or bone.

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18
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Fat

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19
Q

What is a stratified squamous epithelium

A

The epidermis

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20
Q

4 cell types found in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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21
Q

Keratinocytes in the epidermis

A

90%
Filled with keratin (protein)
Waterproof barrier

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22
Q

Melanocytes in the epidermis

A

8%
Produce melanin
Pass melanin to keratinocytes

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23
Q

Langerhans cells in the epidermis

A

Phagocytes

Easily damaged by in light

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24
Q

Merkel cells in the epidermis

A

In the deepest layer of hairless skin

sensory transduction- touch

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25
Q

Epidermis cell layers

A 
Stratum basale 
Stratum spinosum 
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
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26
Q

Stratum basale

A

Base
Single layer of cubiodal/columnar cells.
Holds stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells.
Stem cells to keratinocytes, mitosis pushes the other layers to the top.

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27
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

On top of basale layer
8-10 layers of closely packed cells.
Where cell junctions and spot desmosomes are.
Made up of langerhans cells.

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28
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

2nd layer from the surface
3-5 layers of flattened with keratohyaline granules.
Beginning break down of nucleus, cell death initiated.

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29
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Not always found, only in thick skin (palms, feet). 3-5 layers of clear flat dead cells with keratin.

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30
Q

Stratum cornermen

A

Top layer of epithelial cell layers
20-30 layers of flattened dead keratin filled cells
Continuously shed and replaced.

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31
Q

How long does it take for each cell to form and move from the stratum basale to the surface

A

2-4 weeks

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32
Q

What is the papillary region or layer?

A

Outer layer of the Dermis structure

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33
Q

Areolar is

A

Makes up the connective tissues and elastic fibers of the dermis structure

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34
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Is the mound like projections in the dermis structure that increases the surface area for nutrition from capillaries

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35
Q

Capillaries

A

Any fine branching blood vessel.
Or
A tube that has and internal diameter of hairlike thickness

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36
Q

Some papillae contain

A

Meissners corpuscles, are for light touch.

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37
Q

Reticular region makes up how much of the dermis

A

80%

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38
Q

The reticular region of the dermis is

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue.

Contains collagen, elastic fibers in a network surrounding various cells.

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39
Q

What do the fibers in the reticular region of the dermis do?

A

Give strength, elasticity, and extensibility.

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40
Q

What are tears in the reticular region of the dermis?

A

Stretch marks- long red or white streaks

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41
Q

Skin pigments

A

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

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42
Q

Melanin color is from

A

Yellow to black

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43
Q

What is melanin made by

A

Melanocytes

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44
Q

Where is melanin common

A

In mucous membranes, penis, nipples, areolas, face, extremities

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45
Q

What are the similarities and differences of melanocytes in all races

A

Similar in all races but the amount and type of melanin produced and distributed to the keratinocytes varies

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46
Q

What are freckles and lover spots

A

Melanocyte clusters

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47
Q

What is melanin synthesized from

A

Tyrosine (amino acid)

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48
Q

What does if radiation do to melanin

A

Increase enzyme activity (negative feedback)

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49
Q

Melanin production protects the body against?

A

UV radiation

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50
Q 
Come
Let us
Get 
Sun 
Burned
A 
Epidermal cell layers 
Corneum 
LUcidum 
Granulosum 
Spinosum 
Basale
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51
Q

Melanin ends in an IN so you know it’s a

A

Protein

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52
Q

Melanin is secreted by

A

melanocytes

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53
Q

Melanocytes is found where

A

In the dermis and the stratum basale

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54
Q

Why are melanocytes activated, migrate through the layers of the dermis and secrete melanin

A

UV light

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55
Q

What determines how many melanocytes you have and how much Melanie and you produce

A

Race, ancestry, background, individually

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56
Q

What areas are darker on individuals

A

Genitals
Elbows
Gums
Freckles

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57
Q

freckles are concentrated areas of? So there are a lot of what in that region?

A

Melanin and melanocytes

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58
Q

Melanin is made from

A

Amino acid called tyrosine

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59
Q

In order for Melanin to show up we need

A

UV radiation and tyrosine

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60
Q

The more melanin you have the more it’s protecting you from

A

UV radiation

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61
Q

Absence of melanin

A

Albinism and vitiligo

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62
Q

Albinism

A

The inability to produce or activate melanin

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63
Q

Why does albinism happening

A

Because they don’t have the ability to produce tyrosine

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64
Q

Albinism happens and is what kind of trait

A

At birth

Recessive trait

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65
Q

What color are albinos eyes

A

Pink

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66
Q

What is I colored hair color related to

A

Melanin because it give the pigment

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67
Q

Vitiligo is what type of condition

A

Autoimmune

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68
Q

Autoimmune is?

A

When the body attacks healthy cells

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69
Q

Vitiligo happens when

A

Melanin is decreased and the melanocytes are attacked

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70
Q

Carotene is a skin pigment that is found in carrots because that’s

A

Beta carotene

71
Q

Carotene is what color

A

Orange yellow

72
Q

Carotene is used for what pigment

A

Vision

So you can see colors better

73
Q

People from Asian descendants have carotene and what

A

Their stratum corneum
Fatty areas of dermis
And in their subcutaneous layers

74
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Protein that carries oxygen on the red blood cells

75
Q

Why does the fingernail turn white when you press on it

A

Because it cuts off the hemoglobin- the oxygen supply

76
Q

Because the skin is translucent in some areas what can we see

A

The hemoglobin

77
Q

Why is Caucasian skin tinted red to pink

A

depending on the dermal capillary blood flow

78
Q

Where’s the best place to see if somebody has low hemoglobin

A

Under their eye

If their pale

79
Q

Blood is red when

A

Oxygenated

80
Q

Blood is dark red or purple when

A

Deoxygenated

81
Q

How can blood appear through the skin

A

Blue green or purple

82
Q

What can give clues to persons oxygenation status

A

The relative color of the skin and expose mucous membranes

83
Q

Erythema is the term for

A

Redness

84
Q

Why would we have erythema

A

Inflammation, exercise, embarrassment, high blood pressure, certain drugs.

85
Q

Pallor is when

A

Your skin is pale

Due to cold temp, stress or anemia

86
Q

Cyanosis is

A

When your skin is bluish because there is no oxygen

87
Q

Cyanosis happens

A

In babies when they don’t breath. Heavy smokers or people with emphysema

88
Q

Jaundice causes the skin to turn

A

Yellow and orange

89
Q

Jaundice happens from what

A

Your liver not being able to break down red blood cells

90
Q

Cancer is

A

Abnormal cell growth

91
Q

Malignant means

A

Serious

92
Q

Basal cell carcinoma comes from

A

The stratum basale or bottom layer of the epidermis

93
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is coming from

A

The stratum spinosum

94
Q

If you see oma it means

A

Cancer

95
Q

An autograft is

A

From the same person and donated from a different site

96
Q

An isograft comes from

A

A I denticle twin

97
Q

A homografts comes from

A

Another human

98
Q

A heterograft comes from

A

An animal

99
Q

What does chemotherapy do

A

Suppress the immune system

100
Q

How do they get skin grafts to attach

A

By suppressing the immune system

101
Q

Why do they suppress the immune system

A

So the body doesn’t recognize that it’s not it’s own

102
Q

Rule of 9s

A

What is used to classify burn victims

Each area of the body is designated a percentage

103
Q

Rule of nines percentage for anterior and posterior head and neck

A

9%

104
Q

Road nine’s for anterior and posterior upper limbs

A

18%

105
Q

Rule of nines for interior and posterior trunk

A

36%

106
Q

Rule of nines for perineum

A

1%

107
Q

Rule of nines for anterior and posterior lower limbs

A

36%

108
Q

What is hairs function

A

Protection
Lubricant
sexual characteristics touch receptor

109
Q

How does hair protect

A

Increase surface area helps prevent evaporative for heat loss.
Increased length helps prevent sunburn in heat stroke.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, nostrils and ears help protect against insects and particles.

110
Q

How does hair help prevent evaporated heat lost

A

It’s increase surface area

111
Q

How does hair help again sunburn and heat stroke

A

It’s increased length

112
Q

What hairs help protect against insects and foreign particles

A

Nostril hair
eyebrows
eyelashes and ear hair

113
Q

How is hair a lubricant

A

It is a dry lubricant for moving limbs

114
Q

How is hair a touch receptor

A

It responds to changes in positions

115
Q

What affects hairs rate of growth and replacement

A

Hereditary, Diet, illness, fever, blood loss, surgery, drugs, chemotherapy

116
Q

Where are touch receptors on the hair

A

The hair folicule

117
Q

Hair can show a person’s

A

Nutritional status, age, and how well they’re doing overall

118
Q

Hair anatomy consists of

A

Shaft, root, follicle, sheath, bulb, sebaceous gland, arrector pili.

119
Q

What is the hair shaft made up of

A

Medulla- inner layer
Cortex- middle layer
Cuticle- outer layer

120
Q

What is the madulla on the hair shaft

A

The inner layer

121
Q

What is the cortex on the hair shaft

A

The middle layer contains pigments and air spaces

122
Q

What is the cuticle of the hair shaft

A

The outermost layer made up of hard keratin

123
Q

What is the root of the hair

A

Similar to the shaft but within the dermis

124
Q

What is the follicle of the hair

A

Surrounds the root

125
Q

What is the sheath of the hair

A

It supports the shaft and the root

126
Q

What is the bulb of the hair

A

And enlarged layered structure at the base where the hair is generated

127
Q

What makes up the Bulb

A

The Papilla and matrix

128
Q

What is the papilla of the hair

A

Makes up the bulb is Areola connective tissue and blood vessels supply nutrients

129
Q

What is the matrix of the hair

A

Makes up the bulb, is germination layer of papilla (stratum basale) builds hair shaft

130
Q

What does the sebaceous gland of the hair do

A

Release oil

131
Q

What is the arrector pili of the hair

A

Smooth muscle

132
Q

What has a root that is embedded within the dermis and there is a follicle that comes out of it and everything that we see is the shaft

A

Hair

133
Q

What gives hair pigment

A

Melanin

134
Q

What causes brown and black hair to have its color

A

Melanin deposit it into the shaft

135
Q

What causes red and blonde hair

A

Ariens of melanin with iron and sulfur in the molecule

136
Q

What causes grey hair

A

Some loss of melanocytes reduces melanin deposits

137
Q

What causes white hair

A

Air bubbles that accumulate in the cortex

138
Q

What is hirsutism

A

Abnormal hair growth due to excess testosterone

139
Q

Testosterone causes

A

Deeper voice, male pattern of hair, muscle mass

140
Q

Male pattern baldness comes from

A

Their moms it’s a genetic predisposition,. testosterone inhibits scalp hair growth.

141
Q

Where are sebaceous glands

A

Connected to the hair folicles located in the dermis

142
Q

Where do you sebaceous glands secrete

A

Most directly into the folicles some directly onto skin

143
Q

What are the shape of sebaceous glands

A

Idiffer depending on location

144
Q

What type a gland is a sebaceous gland

A

Halocrine gland

145
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete

A

Sebum or oil

146
Q

What is sebum

A

That’s, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts

147
Q

What does oil do

A

Keeps hair from drying and prevents water from evaporating on the skin, keep skin soft and supple and inhibits growth of many bacteria

148
Q

What are sudoriferous glands

A

Sweat glands

149
Q

What is sweat

A

A plasma filtrate consisting of water, salts, urea, uric acids, amino acids, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, absorbent acid and pheromones.

150
Q

Is the pH of sweat

A

Between four and six

151
Q

What does sweat do

A

Inhibit most bacterial growth due to its salty and acidic solution. Also maintains body temperature

152
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands a merocrine process

A

Eccrine sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands

153
Q

What are the majority of the body sweat glands

A

Eccrine

154
Q

When are your apocrine sweat glands developed/located

A 
During puberty
Axillary 
Genitals 
Areolae of the breast 
Stress/BO
155
Q

Where are Eccrine sweat glands most abundant

A

On the palms and soles and the fore head

156
Q

Where is the secretory portion of the Eccrine sweat glands located

A

The dermis

157
Q

What does the eccrine sweat gland look like

A

Squiggly ball

158
Q

What is your eccrine sweat glands lifetime performance influenced by

A

Environmental experience in infancy

159
Q

When do

Aprocrine sweat glands secrete more

A

During emotional stress or sexual arousal

160
Q

What are the modified sudoriferous sweat glands

A

Ceruminous glands

Mammary glands

161
Q

What does the ceruminous gland do

A

Protect against bugs by producing a bitter waxy antibacterial secretion cerumen

162
Q

Mammary glands do what

A

Produce milk are hormonally regulated by estrogens, prolactin and oxytocin

163
Q

Sudoriferous

A

Sweat gland

164
Q

Cystic fibrosis is

A

Genetic condition where they are producing too much mucus and all other exocrine secretions which causes clogging

165
Q

What are nails

A

Tightly packed hard keratinized cells

166
Q

What is the nail matrix

A

Under the root of nail, site of nail growth

167
Q

What does the nail matrix do

A

Transforms normal skin cells into nail cells which push forward

168
Q

What is the eponychium

A

The cuticle of the nail

169
Q

What is the ABCD rule of skin

A

Asymmetry
Border regularity
Color: several present
Diameter greater than 6mm

170
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

From the stratum basale and least malignant

171
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

From the stratum spinosum prognosis good if removed early

172
Q

Melanoma

A

Melanocyte cancer. Highly metastatic. Resistant to chemotherapy

173
Q

Metastic

A

Process of spreading

Bio (22 decks)

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