Chapter 5 Bio Flashcards
1
Q
The skin is composed of what kind of tissue.
A
epithelial and connective tissue working together for specific purpose
2
Q
Largest organ in body
A
Skins
3
Q
Physiology of skin
A
Regulate temp Protection Sensation Communication Excretion Immunity Blood reservoir Synthesis for vitamin d
4
Q
How does skin regulate body temp
A
Insulates and radiates
5
Q
How does skin protect the body
A
Physical barrier and conserves water
6
Q
Sensation and the skin
A
Has varied sensory nerve endings
7
Q
How does skin communicate
A
To other humans by signals and expressions and touch
8
Q
How doe the skin excrete
A
In sweat (h2o, salts, small organic compounds)
9
Q
How does skin help with immunity
A
Phagocytes in the epidermis are important for the immune system for defense
10
Q
Phagocytes
A
Type of cell in the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria
11
Q
How does the skin affect blood
A
It is a major reservoir for it
12
Q
Why does the skin synthesis vitamin d
A
To absorb calcium
13
Q
What is the architecture of the skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
14
Q
Epidermis
A
Epithelium
15
Q
Dermis
A
Areolar and dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
16
Q
Areolar connective tissue
A
Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue. Consists of collagenous and elastic fibers
17
Q
Hypodermis
A
Beneath the dermis
The subcutaneous layer next to, adipose layer, muscle or bone.
18
Q
Adipose tissue
A
Fat
19
Q
What is a stratified squamous epithelium
A
The epidermis
20
Q
4 cell types found in the epidermis
A
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
21
Q
Keratinocytes in the epidermis
A
90%
Filled with keratin (protein)
Waterproof barrier
22
Q
Melanocytes in the epidermis
A
8%
Produce melanin
Pass melanin to keratinocytes
23
Q
Langerhans cells in the epidermis
A
Phagocytes
Easily damaged by in light
24
Q
Merkel cells in the epidermis
A
In the deepest layer of hairless skin
sensory transduction- touch
25
Epidermis cell layers
```
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
```
26
Stratum basale
Base
Single layer of cubiodal/columnar cells.
Holds stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells.
Stem cells to keratinocytes, mitosis pushes the other layers to the top.
27
Stratum spinosum
On top of basale layer
8-10 layers of closely packed cells.
Where cell junctions and spot desmosomes are.
Made up of langerhans cells.
28
Stratum granulosum
2nd layer from the surface
3-5 layers of flattened with keratohyaline granules.
Beginning break down of nucleus, cell death initiated.
29
Stratum lucidum
Not always found, only in thick skin (palms, feet). 3-5 layers of clear flat dead cells with keratin.
30
Stratum cornermen
Top layer of epithelial cell layers
20-30 layers of flattened dead keratin filled cells
Continuously shed and replaced.
31
How long does it take for each cell to form and move from the stratum basale to the surface
2-4 weeks
32
What is the papillary region or layer?
Outer layer of the Dermis structure
33
Areolar is
Makes up the connective tissues and elastic fibers of the dermis structure
34
Dermal papillae
Is the mound like projections in the dermis structure that increases the surface area for nutrition from capillaries
35
Capillaries
Any fine branching blood vessel.
Or
A tube that has and internal diameter of hairlike thickness
36
Some papillae contain
Meissners corpuscles, are for light touch.
37
Reticular region makes up how much of the dermis
80%
38
The reticular region of the dermis is
Dense, irregular connective tissue.
| Contains collagen, elastic fibers in a network surrounding various cells.
39
What do the fibers in the reticular region of the dermis do?
Give strength, elasticity, and extensibility.
40
What are tears in the reticular region of the dermis?
Stretch marks- long red or white streaks
41
Skin pigments
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin
42
Melanin color is from
Yellow to black
43
What is melanin made by
Melanocytes
44
Where is melanin common
In mucous membranes, penis, nipples, areolas, face, extremities
45
What are the similarities and differences of melanocytes in all races
Similar in all races but the amount and type of melanin produced and distributed to the keratinocytes varies
46
What are freckles and lover spots
Melanocyte clusters
47
What is melanin synthesized from
Tyrosine (amino acid)
48
What does if radiation do to melanin
Increase enzyme activity (negative feedback)
49
Melanin production protects the body against?
UV radiation
50
```
Come
Let us
Get
Sun
Burned
```
```
Epidermal cell layers
Corneum
LUcidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
```
51
Melanin ends in an IN so you know it's a
Protein
52
Melanin is secreted by
melanocytes
53
Melanocytes is found where
In the dermis and the stratum basale
54
Why are melanocytes activated, migrate through the layers of the dermis and secrete melanin
UV light
55
What determines how many melanocytes you have and how much Melanie and you produce
Race, ancestry, background, individually
56
What areas are darker on individuals
Genitals
Elbows
Gums
Freckles
57
freckles are concentrated areas of? So there are a lot of what in that region?
Melanin and melanocytes
58
Melanin is made from
Amino acid called tyrosine
59
In order for Melanin to show up we need
UV radiation and tyrosine
60
The more melanin you have the more it's protecting you from
UV radiation
61
Absence of melanin
Albinism and vitiligo
62
Albinism
The inability to produce or activate melanin
63
Why does albinism happening
Because they don't have the ability to produce tyrosine
64
Albinism happens and is what kind of trait
At birth
| Recessive trait
65
What color are albinos eyes
Pink
66
What is I colored hair color related to
Melanin because it give the pigment
67
Vitiligo is what type of condition
Autoimmune
68
Autoimmune is?
When the body attacks healthy cells
69
Vitiligo happens when
Melanin is decreased and the melanocytes are attacked
70
Carotene is a skin pigment that is found in carrots because that's
Beta carotene
71
Carotene is what color
Orange yellow
72
Carotene is used for what pigment
Vision
| So you can see colors better
73
People from Asian descendants have carotene and what
Their stratum corneum
Fatty areas of dermis
And in their subcutaneous layers
74
What is hemoglobin
Protein that carries oxygen on the red blood cells
75
Why does the fingernail turn white when you press on it
Because it cuts off the hemoglobin- the oxygen supply
76
Because the skin is translucent in some areas what can we see
The hemoglobin
77
Why is Caucasian skin tinted red to pink
depending on the dermal capillary blood flow
78
Where's the best place to see if somebody has low hemoglobin
Under their eye
| If their pale
79
Blood is red when
Oxygenated
80
Blood is dark red or purple when
Deoxygenated
81
How can blood appear through the skin
Blue green or purple
82
What can give clues to persons oxygenation status
The relative color of the skin and expose mucous membranes
83
Erythema is the term for
Redness
84
Why would we have erythema
Inflammation, exercise, embarrassment, high blood pressure, certain drugs.
85
Pallor is when
Your skin is pale
| Due to cold temp, stress or anemia
86
Cyanosis is
When your skin is bluish because there is no oxygen
87
Cyanosis happens
In babies when they don't breath. Heavy smokers or people with emphysema
88
Jaundice causes the skin to turn
Yellow and orange
89
Jaundice happens from what
Your liver not being able to break down red blood cells
90
Cancer is
Abnormal cell growth
91
Malignant means
Serious
92
Basal cell carcinoma comes from
The stratum basale or bottom layer of the epidermis
93
Squamous cell carcinoma is coming from
The stratum spinosum
94
If you see oma it means
Cancer
95
An autograft is
From the same person and donated from a different site
96
An isograft comes from
A I denticle twin
97
A homografts comes from
Another human
98
A heterograft comes from
An animal
99
What does chemotherapy do
Suppress the immune system
100
How do they get skin grafts to attach
By suppressing the immune system
101
Why do they suppress the immune system
So the body doesn't recognize that it's not it's own
102
Rule of 9s
What is used to classify burn victims
| Each area of the body is designated a percentage
103
Rule of nines percentage for anterior and posterior head and neck
9%
104
Road nine's for anterior and posterior upper limbs
18%
105
Rule of nines for interior and posterior trunk
36%
106
Rule of nines for perineum
1%
107
Rule of nines for anterior and posterior lower limbs
36%
108
What is hairs function
Protection
Lubricant
sexual characteristics touch receptor
109
How does hair protect
Increase surface area helps prevent evaporative for heat loss.
Increased length helps prevent sunburn in heat stroke.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, nostrils and ears help protect against insects and particles.
110
How does hair help prevent evaporated heat lost
It's increase surface area
111
How does hair help again sunburn and heat stroke
It's increased length
112
What hairs help protect against insects and foreign particles
Nostril hair
eyebrows
eyelashes and ear hair
113
How is hair a lubricant
It is a dry lubricant for moving limbs
114
How is hair a touch receptor
It responds to changes in positions
115
What affects hairs rate of growth and replacement
Hereditary, Diet, illness, fever, blood loss, surgery, drugs, chemotherapy
116
Where are touch receptors on the hair
The hair folicule
117
Hair can show a person's
Nutritional status, age, and how well they're doing overall
118
Hair anatomy consists of
Shaft, root, follicle, sheath, bulb, sebaceous gland, arrector pili.
119
What is the hair shaft made up of
Medulla- inner layer
Cortex- middle layer
Cuticle- outer layer
120
What is the madulla on the hair shaft
The inner layer
121
What is the cortex on the hair shaft
The middle layer contains pigments and air spaces
122
What is the cuticle of the hair shaft
The outermost layer made up of hard keratin
123
What is the root of the hair
Similar to the shaft but within the dermis
124
What is the follicle of the hair
Surrounds the root
125
What is the sheath of the hair
It supports the shaft and the root
126
What is the bulb of the hair
And enlarged layered structure at the base where the hair is generated
127
What makes up the Bulb
The Papilla and matrix
128
What is the papilla of the hair
Makes up the bulb is Areola connective tissue and blood vessels supply nutrients
129
What is the matrix of the hair
Makes up the bulb, is germination layer of papilla (stratum basale) builds hair shaft
130
What does the sebaceous gland of the hair do
Release oil
131
What is the arrector pili of the hair
Smooth muscle
132
What has a root that is embedded within the dermis and there is a follicle that comes out of it and everything that we see is the shaft
Hair
133
What gives hair pigment
Melanin
134
What causes brown and black hair to have its color
Melanin deposit it into the shaft
135
What causes red and blonde hair
Ariens of melanin with iron and sulfur in the molecule
136
What causes grey hair
Some loss of melanocytes reduces melanin deposits
137
What causes white hair
Air bubbles that accumulate in the cortex
138
What is hirsutism
Abnormal hair growth due to excess testosterone
139
Testosterone causes
Deeper voice, male pattern of hair, muscle mass
140
Male pattern baldness comes from
Their moms it's a genetic predisposition,. testosterone inhibits scalp hair growth.
141
Where are sebaceous glands
Connected to the hair folicles located in the dermis
142
Where do you sebaceous glands secrete
Most directly into the folicles some directly onto skin
143
What are the shape of sebaceous glands
Idiffer depending on location
144
What type a gland is a sebaceous gland
Halocrine gland
145
What do sebaceous glands secrete
Sebum or oil
146
What is sebum
That's, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts
147
What does oil do
Keeps hair from drying and prevents water from evaporating on the skin, keep skin soft and supple and inhibits growth of many bacteria
148
What are sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
149
What is sweat
A plasma filtrate consisting of water, salts, urea, uric acids, amino acids, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, absorbent acid and pheromones.
150
Is the pH of sweat
Between four and six
151
What does sweat do
Inhibit most bacterial growth due to its salty and acidic solution. Also maintains body temperature
152
What are the two types of sweat glands a merocrine process
Eccrine sweat glands
| Apocrine sweat glands
153
What are the majority of the body sweat glands
Eccrine
154
When are your apocrine sweat glands developed/located
```
During puberty
Axillary
Genitals
Areolae of the breast
Stress/BO
```
155
Where are Eccrine sweat glands most abundant
On the palms and soles and the fore head
156
Where is the secretory portion of the Eccrine sweat glands located
The dermis
157
What does the eccrine sweat gland look like
Squiggly ball
158
What is your eccrine sweat glands lifetime performance influenced by
Environmental experience in infancy
159
When do
| Aprocrine sweat glands secrete more
During emotional stress or sexual arousal
160
What are the modified sudoriferous sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
| Mammary glands
161
What does the ceruminous gland do
Protect against bugs by producing a bitter waxy antibacterial secretion cerumen
162
Mammary glands do what
Produce milk are hormonally regulated by estrogens, prolactin and oxytocin
163
Sudoriferous
Sweat gland
164
Cystic fibrosis is
Genetic condition where they are producing too much mucus and all other exocrine secretions which causes clogging
165
What are nails
Tightly packed hard keratinized cells
166
What is the nail matrix
Under the root of nail, site of nail growth
167
What does the nail matrix do
Transforms normal skin cells into nail cells which push forward
168
What is the eponychium
The cuticle of the nail
169
What is the ABCD rule of skin
Asymmetry
Border regularity
Color: several present
Diameter greater than 6mm
170
Basal cell carcinoma
From the stratum basale and least malignant
171
Squamous cell carcinoma
From the stratum spinosum prognosis good if removed early
172
Melanoma
Melanocyte cancer. Highly metastatic. Resistant to chemotherapy
173
Metastic
Process of spreading
