Chapter 5 Bio Flashcards
The skin is composed of what kind of tissue.
epithelial and connective tissue working together for specific purpose
Largest organ in body
Skins
Physiology of skin
Regulate temp Protection Sensation Communication Excretion Immunity Blood reservoir Synthesis for vitamin d
How does skin regulate body temp
Insulates and radiates
How does skin protect the body
Physical barrier and conserves water
Sensation and the skin
Has varied sensory nerve endings
How does skin communicate
To other humans by signals and expressions and touch
How doe the skin excrete
In sweat (h2o, salts, small organic compounds)
How does skin help with immunity
Phagocytes in the epidermis are important for the immune system for defense
Phagocytes
Type of cell in the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria
How does the skin affect blood
It is a major reservoir for it
Why does the skin synthesis vitamin d
To absorb calcium
What is the architecture of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
Epidermis
Epithelium
Dermis
Areolar and dense irregular fibrous connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue
Loose irregularly arranged connective tissue. Consists of collagenous and elastic fibers
Hypodermis
Beneath the dermis
The subcutaneous layer next to, adipose layer, muscle or bone.
Adipose tissue
Fat
What is a stratified squamous epithelium
The epidermis
4 cell types found in the epidermis
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Keratinocytes in the epidermis
90%
Filled with keratin (protein)
Waterproof barrier
Melanocytes in the epidermis
8%
Produce melanin
Pass melanin to keratinocytes
Langerhans cells in the epidermis
Phagocytes
Easily damaged by in light
Merkel cells in the epidermis
In the deepest layer of hairless skin
sensory transduction- touch
Epidermis cell layers
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Base
Single layer of cubiodal/columnar cells.
Holds stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells.
Stem cells to keratinocytes, mitosis pushes the other layers to the top.
Stratum spinosum
On top of basale layer
8-10 layers of closely packed cells.
Where cell junctions and spot desmosomes are.
Made up of langerhans cells.
Stratum granulosum
2nd layer from the surface
3-5 layers of flattened with keratohyaline granules.
Beginning break down of nucleus, cell death initiated.
Stratum lucidum
Not always found, only in thick skin (palms, feet). 3-5 layers of clear flat dead cells with keratin.
Stratum cornermen
Top layer of epithelial cell layers
20-30 layers of flattened dead keratin filled cells
Continuously shed and replaced.
How long does it take for each cell to form and move from the stratum basale to the surface
2-4 weeks
What is the papillary region or layer?
Outer layer of the Dermis structure
Areolar is
Makes up the connective tissues and elastic fibers of the dermis structure
Dermal papillae
Is the mound like projections in the dermis structure that increases the surface area for nutrition from capillaries
Capillaries
Any fine branching blood vessel.
Or
A tube that has and internal diameter of hairlike thickness
Some papillae contain
Meissners corpuscles, are for light touch.
Reticular region makes up how much of the dermis
80%
The reticular region of the dermis is
Dense, irregular connective tissue.
Contains collagen, elastic fibers in a network surrounding various cells.
What do the fibers in the reticular region of the dermis do?
Give strength, elasticity, and extensibility.
What are tears in the reticular region of the dermis?
Stretch marks- long red or white streaks
Skin pigments
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin
Melanin color is from
Yellow to black
What is melanin made by
Melanocytes
Where is melanin common
In mucous membranes, penis, nipples, areolas, face, extremities
What are the similarities and differences of melanocytes in all races
Similar in all races but the amount and type of melanin produced and distributed to the keratinocytes varies
What are freckles and lover spots
Melanocyte clusters
What is melanin synthesized from
Tyrosine (amino acid)
What does if radiation do to melanin
Increase enzyme activity (negative feedback)
Melanin production protects the body against?
UV radiation
Come Let us Get Sun Burned
Epidermal cell layers Corneum LUcidum Granulosum Spinosum Basale
Melanin ends in an IN so you know it’s a
Protein
Melanin is secreted by
melanocytes
Melanocytes is found where
In the dermis and the stratum basale
Why are melanocytes activated, migrate through the layers of the dermis and secrete melanin
UV light
What determines how many melanocytes you have and how much Melanie and you produce
Race, ancestry, background, individually
What areas are darker on individuals
Genitals
Elbows
Gums
Freckles
freckles are concentrated areas of? So there are a lot of what in that region?
Melanin and melanocytes
Melanin is made from
Amino acid called tyrosine
In order for Melanin to show up we need
UV radiation and tyrosine
The more melanin you have the more it’s protecting you from
UV radiation
Absence of melanin
Albinism and vitiligo
Albinism
The inability to produce or activate melanin
Why does albinism happening
Because they don’t have the ability to produce tyrosine
Albinism happens and is what kind of trait
At birth
Recessive trait
What color are albinos eyes
Pink
What is I colored hair color related to
Melanin because it give the pigment
Vitiligo is what type of condition
Autoimmune
Autoimmune is?
When the body attacks healthy cells
Vitiligo happens when
Melanin is decreased and the melanocytes are attacked
Carotene is a skin pigment that is found in carrots because that’s
Beta carotene
Carotene is what color
Orange yellow
Carotene is used for what pigment
Vision
So you can see colors better
People from Asian descendants have carotene and what
Their stratum corneum
Fatty areas of dermis
And in their subcutaneous layers
What is hemoglobin
Protein that carries oxygen on the red blood cells
Why does the fingernail turn white when you press on it
Because it cuts off the hemoglobin- the oxygen supply
Because the skin is translucent in some areas what can we see
The hemoglobin
Why is Caucasian skin tinted red to pink
depending on the dermal capillary blood flow
Where’s the best place to see if somebody has low hemoglobin
Under their eye
If their pale
Blood is red when
Oxygenated
Blood is dark red or purple when
Deoxygenated
How can blood appear through the skin
Blue green or purple
What can give clues to persons oxygenation status
The relative color of the skin and expose mucous membranes
Erythema is the term for
Redness
Why would we have erythema
Inflammation, exercise, embarrassment, high blood pressure, certain drugs.
Pallor is when
Your skin is pale
Due to cold temp, stress or anemia
Cyanosis is
When your skin is bluish because there is no oxygen
Cyanosis happens
In babies when they don’t breath. Heavy smokers or people with emphysema
Jaundice causes the skin to turn
Yellow and orange
Jaundice happens from what
Your liver not being able to break down red blood cells
Cancer is
Abnormal cell growth
Malignant means
Serious
Basal cell carcinoma comes from
The stratum basale or bottom layer of the epidermis
Squamous cell carcinoma is coming from
The stratum spinosum
If you see oma it means
Cancer
An autograft is
From the same person and donated from a different site
An isograft comes from
A I denticle twin
A homografts comes from
Another human
A heterograft comes from
An animal
What does chemotherapy do
Suppress the immune system
How do they get skin grafts to attach
By suppressing the immune system
Why do they suppress the immune system
So the body doesn’t recognize that it’s not it’s own
Rule of 9s
What is used to classify burn victims
Each area of the body is designated a percentage
Rule of nines percentage for anterior and posterior head and neck
9%
Road nine’s for anterior and posterior upper limbs
18%
Rule of nines for interior and posterior trunk
36%
Rule of nines for perineum
1%
Rule of nines for anterior and posterior lower limbs
36%
What is hairs function
Protection
Lubricant
sexual characteristics touch receptor
How does hair protect
Increase surface area helps prevent evaporative for heat loss.
Increased length helps prevent sunburn in heat stroke.
Eyebrows, eyelashes, nostrils and ears help protect against insects and particles.
How does hair help prevent evaporated heat lost
It’s increase surface area
How does hair help again sunburn and heat stroke
It’s increased length
What hairs help protect against insects and foreign particles
Nostril hair
eyebrows
eyelashes and ear hair
How is hair a lubricant
It is a dry lubricant for moving limbs
How is hair a touch receptor
It responds to changes in positions
What affects hairs rate of growth and replacement
Hereditary, Diet, illness, fever, blood loss, surgery, drugs, chemotherapy
Where are touch receptors on the hair
The hair folicule
Hair can show a person’s
Nutritional status, age, and how well they’re doing overall
Hair anatomy consists of
Shaft, root, follicle, sheath, bulb, sebaceous gland, arrector pili.
What is the hair shaft made up of
Medulla- inner layer
Cortex- middle layer
Cuticle- outer layer
What is the madulla on the hair shaft
The inner layer
What is the cortex on the hair shaft
The middle layer contains pigments and air spaces
What is the cuticle of the hair shaft
The outermost layer made up of hard keratin
What is the root of the hair
Similar to the shaft but within the dermis
What is the follicle of the hair
Surrounds the root
What is the sheath of the hair
It supports the shaft and the root
What is the bulb of the hair
And enlarged layered structure at the base where the hair is generated
What makes up the Bulb
The Papilla and matrix
What is the papilla of the hair
Makes up the bulb is Areola connective tissue and blood vessels supply nutrients
What is the matrix of the hair
Makes up the bulb, is germination layer of papilla (stratum basale) builds hair shaft
What does the sebaceous gland of the hair do
Release oil
What is the arrector pili of the hair
Smooth muscle
What has a root that is embedded within the dermis and there is a follicle that comes out of it and everything that we see is the shaft
Hair
What gives hair pigment
Melanin
What causes brown and black hair to have its color
Melanin deposit it into the shaft
What causes red and blonde hair
Ariens of melanin with iron and sulfur in the molecule
What causes grey hair
Some loss of melanocytes reduces melanin deposits
What causes white hair
Air bubbles that accumulate in the cortex
What is hirsutism
Abnormal hair growth due to excess testosterone
Testosterone causes
Deeper voice, male pattern of hair, muscle mass
Male pattern baldness comes from
Their moms it’s a genetic predisposition,. testosterone inhibits scalp hair growth.
Where are sebaceous glands
Connected to the hair folicles located in the dermis
Where do you sebaceous glands secrete
Most directly into the folicles some directly onto skin
What are the shape of sebaceous glands
Idiffer depending on location
What type a gland is a sebaceous gland
Halocrine gland
What do sebaceous glands secrete
Sebum or oil
What is sebum
That’s, cholesterol, proteins, inorganic salts
What does oil do
Keeps hair from drying and prevents water from evaporating on the skin, keep skin soft and supple and inhibits growth of many bacteria
What are sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands
What is sweat
A plasma filtrate consisting of water, salts, urea, uric acids, amino acids, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, absorbent acid and pheromones.
Is the pH of sweat
Between four and six
What does sweat do
Inhibit most bacterial growth due to its salty and acidic solution. Also maintains body temperature
What are the two types of sweat glands a merocrine process
Eccrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
What are the majority of the body sweat glands
Eccrine
When are your apocrine sweat glands developed/located
During puberty Axillary Genitals Areolae of the breast Stress/BO
Where are Eccrine sweat glands most abundant
On the palms and soles and the fore head
Where is the secretory portion of the Eccrine sweat glands located
The dermis
What does the eccrine sweat gland look like
Squiggly ball
What is your eccrine sweat glands lifetime performance influenced by
Environmental experience in infancy
When do
Aprocrine sweat glands secrete more
During emotional stress or sexual arousal
What are the modified sudoriferous sweat glands
Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands
What does the ceruminous gland do
Protect against bugs by producing a bitter waxy antibacterial secretion cerumen
Mammary glands do what
Produce milk are hormonally regulated by estrogens, prolactin and oxytocin
Sudoriferous
Sweat gland
Cystic fibrosis is
Genetic condition where they are producing too much mucus and all other exocrine secretions which causes clogging
What are nails
Tightly packed hard keratinized cells
What is the nail matrix
Under the root of nail, site of nail growth
What does the nail matrix do
Transforms normal skin cells into nail cells which push forward
What is the eponychium
The cuticle of the nail
What is the ABCD rule of skin
Asymmetry
Border regularity
Color: several present
Diameter greater than 6mm
Basal cell carcinoma
From the stratum basale and least malignant
Squamous cell carcinoma
From the stratum spinosum prognosis good if removed early
Melanoma
Melanocyte cancer. Highly metastatic. Resistant to chemotherapy
Metastic
Process of spreading
