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Muscles Chapter Flashcards

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1
Q

circumduction is

A

ball and socket

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2
Q

circumduction is found in how many places

A

2

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3
Q

What motion can your axis and occipital condyles do

A

gliding

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4
Q

Muscles fibers/cells look like

A

twizzlers(licorice)

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5
Q

Strings of twizzlers, single one

A

muscle fiber or muscle cell

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6
Q

bundle muscle fibers/cells are covered by and called

A

covered by perimysium, bundle called fascicle

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7
Q

my, myo, myology, sarco means

A

muscle

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8
Q

A bunch of fascicles are wrapped up in the

A

epimysium

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9
Q

epimysium with many bundles of fascicles are

A

muscles

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10
Q

what is the extension of the muscle stuck to the bone

A

tendon

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11
Q

thin skin that covers whole muscle

A

epimysium

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12
Q

smallest functional unit of muscle

A

sarcomere

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13
Q

location differences between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle.

A

skeleton,
hallow organs/gi tract/blood vessels,
heart.

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14
Q

skeletal muscle apperance

A

striations

multinucliated

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15
Q

cardiac muscle appearance

A

striations, intercalated discs (vertical lines)

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16
Q

smooth muscle appearance

A

no striations

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17
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

smooth and cardiac

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18
Q

voluntary muscles

A

skeletal

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19
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

motion, posture, stabilization, thermogenesis

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20
Q

Motion and muscle tissue

A

external (walking, running, talking and looking) and internal (heartbeat, blood pressure, digestion, elimination) body part movements

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21
Q

Thermogenesis and muscle tissue (creation of heat)

A

generating heat by normal contractions and by shivering

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22
Q

Muscles are always in a state of

A

partial contraction

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23
Q

Posture and muscle tissue

A

slight muscle contraction maintains body posture

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24
Q

Stabilization and musc

A

stabilize joints- muscles have tone even at rest

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25
Q

When contracting muscles you are always doing what as well

A

relaxing the opposing force

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26
Q

every single muscle in our body has an…

A

agonist and antagonist

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27
Q

an antagonist is there

A

to stabilize the agonist

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28
Q

movement is one of our and how does it have to do with muscle

A

necessary life functions…

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29
Q

Functional characteristics

A 
Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Conductivity
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30
Q

Excitability/irritability

A

the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus (chemical signal molecules)

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31
Q

Contractility

A

ability of muscle tissue to shorten

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32
Q

Ability to work in muscle.

A

Excitability or irritability

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33
Q

Extensibility

A

the ability to be stretched without damage
most muscles are arranged in functionally opposing pairs – as one contracts, the other relaxes, which permits the relaxing muscle to be stretched back

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34
Q

Elasticity

A

the ability to return to its original shape

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35
Q

Conductivity (impulse transmission)

A

the ability to conduct excitation over length of muscle

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36
Q

Thin Filaments (Myofibrils – Sarcomeres -Myofilaments)

A

actin (plus some tropomyosin & troponin)

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37
Q

Thick Filaments (Myofibrils – Sarcomeres -Myofilaments)

A

Myosin

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38
Q

Elastic filaments (Myofibrils – Sarcomeres -Myofilaments)

A

titin (connectin) attaches myosin to the Z discs (very high mol. wt.)

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39
Q

Elasticity is only described with what muscles?

A

Smooth (blood vessels)

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40
Q

The ability of a muscle to return back to its shape

A

elasticity

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41
Q

Do you measure elasticity

A

yes

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42
Q

Conductivity relates to

A

the nervous system and its ability to conduct excitation

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43
Q

miogram

A

measures the conductivity of a muscle

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44
Q

ability to spread message across muscle fiber

A

conductivity

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45
Q

sarcomeres are made up of

A

a lot of protein components

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46
Q

Sarcomeres in visual are

A

overlapping of actin and myosin overlapping the z lines of a muscle fiber contraction

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47
Q

Tropomyosin is the what in the story

A

chasity belt

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48
Q

troponin is the what in the story

A

lock

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49
Q

Key to get into the lock

A

Calcium and Atp

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50
Q

The functional unit of striated muscle contraction

A

Sarcomere

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51
Q

The foundation of the muscle cell’s contractile organelle, myofibril

A

Sarcomere

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52
Q

The myofilaments between two adjacent Z discs

The regular geometric arrangement of the actin and myosin produces the visible banding pattern (striations)

A

Sarcomere

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53
Q

Rod-like tail with two heads

Tails point to the M line

A

Myosin

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54
Q

Each head contains ATPase and an actin-binding site; point to the Z line

A

Myosin

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55
Q

Splitting ATP releases energy which causes the head to “ratchet” and pull on actin fibers

A

Myosin

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56
Q

Each thick filament contains many myosin units woven together

A

Myosin

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57
Q

Two G actin strands are arranged into helical strands

A

Actin

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58
Q

Each G actin has a binding site for myosin

A

Actin

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59
Q

Two tropomyosin filaments spiral around the actin strands

A

Actin

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60
Q

Troponin regulatory proteins (“switch molecules”) may bind to actin and tropomyosin & have Ca2+ binding sites

A

Actin

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61
Q

what has actin binding sites

A

myosin

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62
Q

what has myosin binding site

A

actin

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63
Q

Triads

A

2 terminal cisternae + 1 T tubule

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64
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SER):

A

modified smooth ER, stores Ca2+ ions

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65
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

large flattened sacs of the SER

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66
Q

Transverse (T) tubules

A

: inward folding of the sarcolemma

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67
Q

where motor neurons communicate with the muscle fibers

A

The Neuromuscular Junction:

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68
Q

composed of an axon terminal, a synapse and a motor end plate

A

The Neuromuscular Junction:

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69
Q

the end of the motor neuron’s branches (axon)

A

axon terminal

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70
Q

the specialized region of the muscle cell plasma membrane adjacent to the axon terminal

A

motor end plate

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71
Q

Synapse:

A

point of communication is a small gap

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72
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

the space between axon terminal & motor end plate

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73
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

membrane-enclosed sacs in the axon terminals containing the neurotransmitter

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74
Q

Neurotransmitter:

A

: the chemical signal molecule that diffuses across the synapse, i.e., acetylcholine, ACh)

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75
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors:

A

integral membrane proteins which bind ACh

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76
Q

Binding of the neurotransmitter (ACh) … in excitation

A

Binding of the neurotransmitter (ACh) causes the ligand-gated Na+ channels to open

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77
Q

Opening of the Na+ channels…. in excitation

A

Opening of the Na+ channels depolarizes the sarcolemma (cell membrane)

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78
Q

Initial depolarization causes

A

adjacent voltage-gated Na+ channels to open; Na+ ions flow in, beginning an action potential

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79
Q

Action potential

A

a large transient depolarization of the membrane potential

transmitted over the entire sarcolemma (and down the T tubules)

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80
Q

Repolarization

A

the return to polarization due to the closing voltage-gated Na+ channels and the opening of voltage gated K+ channels

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81
Q

when you hear troponin you think

A

calcium

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82
Q

Where does atp bind to

A

myosin

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83
Q

Refractory period

A

the time during membrane repolarization when the muscle fiber cannot respond to a new stimulus (a few milliseconds)

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84
Q

All-or-none response

A

once an action potential is initiated it results in a complete contraction of the muscle cell

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85
Q

Structure covering all of the muscular fibers

A

SER

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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86
Q

What is the job of the SER sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

to be a storage center for calcium

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87
Q

Where does the calcium come from that is stored in SER

A

Diet

Parathyroid Horomone breaks down bone for calcium

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88
Q

What happens the minute we have an chemical or electrical signal sent to our sarcomere

A

we open up these gates that are attached to the SER called T (Transverse) Tubules

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89
Q

SR opens up the T tubules and sends calcium to

A

troponin for muscle contraction

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90
Q

Crossbridge

A

myosin/actin getting together

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91
Q

The actual binding of the myosin and actin sites is called

A

powerstroke

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92
Q

What two things do you need to have myosin and actin to couple

A

atp and calcium

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93
Q

Whats telling the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release that calcium

A

the nervous system

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94
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Is a specific neuromuscular joint that sends a signal to muscle to release calcium

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95
Q

When you see acetylcholine

A

Muscle contraction

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96
Q

Sarcolema

A

Membrane of the muscle that is in “contact” with axons of the neuromuscular contractions

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97
Q

The way that any cell in our body conducts impulses

A

is to change the ionic composition

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98
Q

The way to change the ionic composition and conduct impulses

A

3Na 2K pump

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99
Q

All acetylcholine doing on the muscle is

A

opening sodium channels

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100
Q

When we open sodium channels we…

A

are going against the concentration gradient and sending more 3 sodium out and bringing 2 potassium in

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101
Q

Depolarization

A

Send sodium out bringing potassium in

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102
Q

Sodium channels open causing

A

the disruption of whats at rest and that continues to send that impulse or spark all the way down that muscle fiber so it can activate the SER to open and release calcium through the T tubules, attaching to troponin, moving tropomyosin . Then myosin and actin can combine.

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103
Q

At rest inside the cell there is more

A

potassium

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104
Q

If the cell isnt at rest then we create an action potential that

A

goes all the way down to those t tubles

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105
Q

What is the neurotransmitter called that sends the message from the nuerons to the muscles?

A

acetylcholine

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106
Q

acetylcholine has do do with

A

sending nervous systems mesaage to the muscle side

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107
Q

Where does the neurotransmitter acetylcholine go?

A

across the synaptic cleft to its receptor on the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma)

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108
Q

What happens as soon as acetylcholine reaches that recpetor

A

Opens sodium channels causing to open sodium channels on the muscle side and creates a spark

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109
Q

9 volt batteries are like our

A

cells

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110
Q

At rest our cells are at

A

-70 milivolts

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111
Q

Why are our cells at -70 milivolts at rest

A

because of the concentration of potassium ions on the inside of that cell

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112
Q

we have ionic distribution that is what in our cells at all times

A

uneven

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113
Q

At rest on the inside of the cell it is what charge

A

negative

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114
Q

circle K means

A

at rest K is more in the middle causing it to be negative

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115
Q

acetylcholine causes what?

A

that switch in K being predominant in a cell to Na being predominant

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116
Q

When we open up sodium channels with acetylcholine what happens

A

causes sodium to flow rapidly into the cell making the charge from positive to neg

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117
Q

Flipping of the charge in a cell from K- to Na+ is called what

A

action potential or spark.

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118
Q

Depolarization

A

The opening of sodium channels,, whole wave going through.

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119
Q

Repolarization

A

Going back to rest by opening up K channels,sending more K in. Causing the concentration to equalize

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120
Q

Impulse in a cell happens around the

A

entire membrane

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121
Q

All or none response

A

Charge goes all the way or not at all

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122
Q

if only a few sodium channels open what happens

A

you’re not going to produce a strong enough impulse for calcium to diffuse into the cell to attach to troponin so no muscle contraction happens.

123
Q

The action potential (excitation) travels over

A

the sarcolemma, including T-tubules

124
Q

Voltage sensors on the T-tubules cause corresponding SR receptors to

A

open gated channels and release Ca2+ ions

125
Q

Excitability is measuring

A

responded to the nervous system

126
Q

Excitation and coupling both require?

A

ATP and Ca+

127
Q

Thin and thick filaments slide past each other to

A

shorten each sarcomere and, thus, each myofibril and shorten the muscle

128
Q

The “on-off switch”: allows myosin

A

to bind to actin

129
Q

An action potential causes

A

the release of Ca2+ ions (from the cisternae of the SR)

130
Q

Ca2+ combines with troponin, causing a change in

A

the position of tropomyosin, allowing actin to bind to myosin and be pulled (“slide”)

131
Q

Ca2+ pumps on the SR remove calcium ions from the sarcoplasm when

A

the stimulus ends

132
Q

Cross bridge attachment

A

Myosin heads bind to actin

133
Q

The working stroke.

A

myosin changes shape (pulls actins toward M line); releases ADP + Pi

134
Q

Cross bridge detachment.

A

Myosin heads bind to a new ATP; releases actin

135
Q

“Cocking” of the myosin head

A

ATP is hydrolyzed (split) to ADP + Pi; this provides potential energy for the next stroke

136
Q

The “ratchet action” repeats the process

A

shortening all the sarcomeres and the myofibrils, until Ca2+ ions are removed from the sarcoplasm or the ATP supply is exhausted

137
Q

The action potential (excitation) travels over

A

the sarcolemma, including T-tubules

138
Q

Voltage sensors on the T-tubules cause corresponding SR receptors

A

to open gated channels and release Ca2+ ions

139
Q

Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin

A

to move out of its blocking position

140
Q

Myosin forms cross bridges to actin, the

A

power stroke occurs, filaments slide, muscle shortens

141
Q

Calsequestrin and calmodulin help

A

regulate Ca2+ levels inside muscle cells

142
Q

Acetylcholinesterase: an

A

enzyme that rapidly breaks down acetylcholine is located in the neuromuscular junction

143
Q

Prevents continuous excitation (generation of more action potentials)

A

Acetylcholinesterase:

144
Q

Many drugs and diseases interfere with events in the

A

neuromuscular junction

145
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

loss of function at ACh receptors (autoimmune disease?)

146
Q

Curare (poison arrow toxin)

A

binds irreversibly to and blocks the ACh receptors

147
Q

One power stroke shortens a muscle about

A

1%

148
Q

Normal muscle contraction shortens a muscle by about

A

35%

149
Q

cross bridge (ratchet effect) cycle repeats

A

continue repeating power strokes, continue pulling

increasing overlap of fibers; Z lines come together

150
Q

How many myosin molecules are attached at any time

A

about half the myosin molecules

151
Q

Cross bridges are maintained until Ca2+ levels

A

decrease

152
Q

Ca2+ is released in response to the

A

the action potential delivered by the motor neuron

153
Q

Ca2+ ATPase pumps Ca2+ ions back into the

A

SR, using more ATP

154
Q

RIGOR MORTIS

A

Ca2+ ions leak from SR causing binding of actin and myosin and some contraction of the muscles

155
Q

Rigor Mortis lasts

A

Lasts ~24 hours, then enzymatic tissue disintegration eliminates it in another 12 hoursq

156
Q

The Motor Unit

A

Motor Neuron + Muscle Fibers to which it connects (Synapses)

157
Q

The size of Motor Units varies:

A

Small and large

158
Q

Small motor unit

A

two muscle fibers/unit (larynx, eyes)

159
Q

large motor unit

A

hundreds to thousands/unit (biceps, gastrocnemius, lower back muscles)

160
Q

The individual muscle cells/fibers of each motor unit are spread throughout

A

the muscle for smooth efficient operation of the muscle as a whole

161
Q

Myogram:

A

a recording of muscle contraction

162
Q

Stimulus:

A

nerve impulse or electrical charge

163
Q

Twitch:

A

: a single contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit (one nerve signal)

164
Q
  1. latent period:
A

delay between stimulus and response

165
Q

Myogram stages

A
  1. latent period
  2. contraction phase
  3. relaxation phase
  4. refractory period
166
Q
  1. contraction phase:
A

tension or shortening occurs

167
Q
  1. relaxation phase:
A

relaxation or lengthening

168
Q

refractory period

A

time interval after excitation when muscle will not respond to a new stimulus

169
Q

All or None Rule:

A

all the muscle fibers of a motor unit contract all the way when stimulated

170
Q

Contraction force can be altered in 3 ways:

A
  1. changing the frequency of stimulation (temporal summation)
  2. changing the stimulus strength (recruitment)
  3. changing the muscle’s length
171
Q

Twitch does not provide much

A

force

172
Q

Force of muscle contraction varies depending on

A

How much tension is needed

173
Q

sliding filament happens at what level

A

sarcomere

174
Q

bare zone or m line is for what

A

to allow for the overlapping of the sarcomere

175
Q

sliding filament theory

A

m line allowing for overlapping and bringing of the z lines together

176
Q

calcium is the on and off site of the

A

troponin

177
Q

Power stoke needs what to happen

A

atp

178
Q

Cocking is also called

A

the ratchet movement

179
Q

ratchet effect

A

binding to actin dropping down until we get that overlap together

180
Q

The only way acetylcholine can be broken down is with

A

acetylcholineesterase

181
Q

acetylcholineesterase does what

A

take acetylcholine off that receptor thus stoping contractions

182
Q

When would you want to use acetylcholineesterase

A

muscle relaxer block the receptors of acetylcholine

183
Q

Can you just isolate one muscle when you take a muscle relaxor

A

acetylcholine

184
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune. loss of function of the acetylcholine receptors. Person has muscle weakness.

185
Q

muscles never push they only

A

pull

186
Q

muscles are always named based

A

based on the distal end of the point (the insertion) coming to the origin

187
Q

Contraction is talking about the insertion point of that muscle

A

coming closer to the origin

188
Q

Rigor mortis explain how

A

within 24 hrs the binding of calcium on to troponin moving tropomyosin causing actin and mysoin to be stuck together our body stays in state of contraction

189
Q

Rigor mortis doesn’t stop until

A

atp is diffused

190
Q

The entire bicep contracting as one unit is

A

multiple motor units

191
Q

These motor unit nerves…

A

branch out to make sure it covers all the muscle fibers throughout any muscle

192
Q

The size of the motor unit depends on

A

how strong that contraction needs to be

193
Q

Temporal (wave) summation

A

contractions repeated before complete relaxation, leads to progressively stronger contractions

194
Q

unfused (incomplete) tetanus

A

frequency of stimulation allows only incomplete relaxation

195
Q

fused (complete) tetanus

A

frequency of stimulation allows no relaxation

196
Q

Treppe: the staircase effect

A

“warming up” of a muscle fiber

197
Q

Multiple Motor Unit Recruitment (Summation)

A

The stimulation of more motor units leads to a more forceful muscle contraction

198
Q

The Size Principle

A

As greater force is required, the nervous system will stimulate more motor units, and motor units with larger fibers and larger numbers of fibers to achieve the desired strength of contraction.

199
Q

Stretch: Length-Tension Relationship

A

Stretch (sarcomere length) determines the number of cross bridges

200
Q

extensive overlap of actin with myosin is what tension

A

less tension

201
Q

optimal overlap of actin with myosin is what tension

A

most tension

202
Q

Twitch

A

single contraction of ALL the muscle fibers in one motor unit aka bicep curl

203
Q

Biceps curl is what

A

one single contraction or twitch

204
Q

Refractory period

A

you wont be able to repsond to signals saying to conract

205
Q

When you see contraction what is happening

A

sliding filament shortening and pulling towards each other

206
Q

Depending on the motor unit size affects the

A

time of the muscle twitch

207
Q

reduced overlap of actin with myosin is what tension

A

less tension

208
Q

charlie horse or spazam is what kind of summation

A

unfused incomplete tetanus

209
Q

Summation or production of contractions without allowing it to completely relax will always

A

intensify that contraction. causing it to become more forceful of a contraction

210
Q

Summation

A

multiple motor unit recruitment

211
Q

In summation… The more motor units we involve

A

the more forceful movement or stronger the contraction

212
Q

3 motor units recruited

A

large fibers

213
Q

Optimal overlap

A

most cross bridges available for the power stroke and least structural interference

214
Q

Can sarcomeres be different lengths?

A

yes

215
Q

Optimal length - Lo has what number of cross bridges

A

maximum number

216
Q

normal working muscle range in optimal length

A

70 - 130%

217
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

Muscle does not shorten

Tension increases

218
Q

Isotonic Contraction:

A

tension does not change

Muscle (length) shortens

219
Q

Types of skeletal muscle contractions

A

isomeric and isotonic contractions

220
Q

Muscle Tone

A

Regular small contractions caused by spinal reflexes

221
Q

what helps maintain posture

A

muscle tone

222
Q

where is muscle tone found in the body

A

e.g., neck, back and leg muscles

223
Q

Muscle tone responds to

A

Respond to tendon stretch receptor sensory input

224
Q

Muscle tone activates

A

Activate different motor units over time

225
Q

Muscle tone provides

A

Provide constant tension development

226
Q

How are the muscles in muscle tone

A

muscles are firm

but do not shorten

227
Q

Three ways to replenish ATP:

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate energy storage system
  2. Anaerobic Glycolysis – Lactic Acid system
  3. Aerobic Respiration
228
Q

Muscle metabolism energy availability

A

Not much ATP is available at any given moment
ATP is needed for cross bridges and Ca++ removal
Maintaining ATP levels is vital for continued activity

229
Q

Direct Phosphorylation – Creatine Phosphate System or CrP is stored in

A

cell

230
Q

Direct Phosphorylation – Creatine Phosphate System Allows for?

A

atp replenishment

231
Q

How much Direct Phosphorylation – Creatine Phosphate System is avaliable

A

Only a small amount available (10-30 seconds worth)

232
Q

is O2 required in an anaerobic system

A

no

233
Q

How efficient is Anaerobic Glycolysis – Lactic Acid System

A

Very inefficient, does not create much ATP

234
Q

how long is Anaerobic Glycolysis – Lactic Acid System useful

A

useful in short term situations (30 sec - 1 min)

235
Q

what does Anaerobic Glycolysis – Lactic Acid System produces as a by product

A

lactic acid

236
Q

Aerobic System uses…

A

Uses oxygen for ATP production

237
Q

The Oxygen in the aerobic system comes from the

A

RBCs in the blood and the myoglobin storage depot

238
Q

What substrates does aerobic system use

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

239
Q

What is aerobic system good for

A

Good for long term exercise

240
Q

Aerobic system may provide what percentage of ATP needed during these periods

A

May provide 90-100% of the needed ATP during these periods

241
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

The amount of oxygen needed to restore muscle tissue (and the body) to the pre-exercise state

242
Q

what must be restored after any vigorous exercise

A

Muscle O2, ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen levels, and a normal pH

243
Q

Circulating lactic acid is converted/recycled back to

A

glucose by the liver

244
Q

Factors Affecting theForce of Contraction

A
  1. Number of muscle fibers contracting (recruitment)
  2. Size of the muscle
  3. Frequency of stimulation
  4. Degree of muscle stretch when the contraction begins
  5. Series elastic elements
245
Q

Series Elastic Elements

A

All of the noncontractile structures of a muscle:

internal load and external load

246
Q

All of the noncontractile structures of a muscle:

A

Connective tissue coverings and tendons

Elastic elements of sarcomeres

247
Q

Internal load:

A

force generated by myofibrils on the series elastic elements

248
Q

External load:

A

force generated by series elastic elements on load

249
Q

Muscle Fiber Type: Speed of Contraction

A

Slow oxidative fibers
Fast oxidative fibers
Fast glycolytic fibers

250
Q

Slow oxidative fibers

A

contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue resistant (red)

251
Q

Fast oxidative fibers

A

contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance to fatigue

252
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers

A

contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and are easily fatigued (white)

253
Q

I-band

A
  • actin filaments,
254
Q

A-band -

A

myosin filaments which may overlap with actin filaments,

255
Q

H-band -

A

zone of myosin filaments only (no overlap with actin filaments) within the A-band,

256
Q

Z-line -

A

zone of apposition of actin filaments belonging to two neighbouring sarcomeres (mediated by a protein called alpha-actinin),

257
Q

M-line -

A

band of connections between myosin filaments

258
Q

Parallel muscles

A

Long strap like muscles with parallel fascicles.

259
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Fascicles that radiate out from a small to wider point of attachment like a blade in a fan.

260
Q

Pennate muscles

A

Feather like in appearance. Uniquely different types of fascicle attachments that in some ways resemble a old plume pen

261
Q

Fusiform muscles

A

Fascicles that may be close to parallel in the centre or ‘belly’ of the muscle but converge to a tendon at one or both ends

262
Q

Spiral muscles

A

Such as the latissimus dorsi, have fibres that twist between their points of attachment

263
Q

Circular muscles

A

Often circle body tubes or openings such as the mouth and anus

264
Q

Prime mover

A

Used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement.

265
Q

Agonist

A

Same as the prime mover. Directly performs a specific movement

266
Q

Synergists

A

Are muscles that contract at the same time as the prime movers. They complement prime mover actions so that the prime moves produces a more effective movement

267
Q

Antagonists

A

Are muscles that when contracting, directly oppose prime movers. They are relaxed while the prime mover is contracting

268
Q

First class lever

A

Fulcrum lies between the effort and the load

269
Q

Second class lever

A

Load is in the middle

270
Q

Third class lever

A

The effort is in the middle

271
Q

What can affect tension

A

how many fibers are there (myosin and actin crossing over) and size of muscle

272
Q

Fewest cross bridges

A

more lag space and streched out… less tension

273
Q

When sarcomere is stretched out

A

less tension reduces overlap

274
Q

More overlapping causes

A

less tension not optimal for contraction. Cant bring them any closer togther

275
Q

The length of muscle fiber

A

determines the tension in the muscle

276
Q

Tone or tonicity

A

muscles being in a slight state of contraction

277
Q

Creatine Phosphate energy storage system

A

where atp comes from in the muscles

278
Q

Fatigue

A

no energy loss of atp

279
Q

when we run out of oxygen in order for me to contract we take an alternate pathway we

A

break down sugar to get ATP anarobic glycolysis

280
Q

byproduct of anarobic glycolysis

A

lactic acid

281
Q

myglobin is

A

specifically where the oxygen is stored in the muscle

282
Q

glycolisis is

A

the breakdown of glycogen

283
Q

distrophin

A

develops sarcolemma

284
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy:

A

Inherited lack of functional gene for formation of a protein, dystrophin, that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcolemma

Onset in early childhood, victims rarely live to adulthood

285
Q

DO…

A

CHP
8 MOTIONS KNEE SHOUDLDER JOINTS
9 ACTIONS AND GROUPS
10 CHART UNDER LAB

286
Q

Muscle tissue develops from

A

Cembryonic mesoderm called myoblasts (except the muscles of the iris of the eye and the arrector pili muscles in the skin)

287
Q

Multinucleated skeletal muscles form by

A

fusion of myoblasts

288
Q

With age, connective tissue _____ and muscle fibers_____

A

increase

decrease

289
Q

When older muscles become

A

Muscles become stringier and more sinewy

290
Q

By age 80, how much muscle mass is lost (sarcopenia)

A

50%

291
Q

What reverses scrapopenia

A

regular exercise

292
Q

Body strength per unit muscle mass, however, is the

A

same in both sexes

293
Q

Atherosclerosis may

A

block distal arteries, leading to intermittent claudication and causing severe pain in leg muscles

294
Q

Men’s skeletal muscle makes up

A

42% of body mass

295
Q

Women’s skeletal muscle makes up

A

36% of their body mass

296
Q

Muscular development reflects

A

neuromuscular coordination

297
Q

Athletics and training can improve

A

neuromuscular control

298
Q

Satellite (stem) cells can

A

fuse to form new skeletal muscle fibers

299
Q

Smooth muscle has good

A

regenerative ability

300
Q

Cardiac cells lack

A

satellite cells

301
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscle myoblasts do not

A

not fuse but develop gap junctions at an early embryonic stage

302
Q

Multinucleated skeletal muscles form by

A

fusion of myoblasts

303
Q

The growth factor agrin stimulates the clustering of ACh

A

receptors at newly forming motor end plates

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