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ZZ2. histology (danica) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

constitutes the CNS

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

make up the peripheral NS

A

nerves, sensory organs

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3
Q

transmit and process sensory information and coordinate bodily functions

A

CNS, PNS

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4
Q

function as the control center

A

brain and spinal cord (CNS)

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5
Q

what carries incoming and outgoing signals

A

Nerve pathways of the PNS

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6
Q

receive data and feedback from the sensory organs and from nerves throughout the body, process the information, and send commands back out

A

CNS

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7
Q

receives information from the body’s environment and generates instructions, thereby controlling all the activities of the human body

A

CNS

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8
Q

conveys this two-way information flow into and out of the CNS

A

PNS

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9
Q

The central parts of the CNS are occupied by spaces called

A

ventricles with CSF

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10
Q

Where is the brain and what forms it?

A

Neurocranium

  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
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11
Q

placed within the vertebral column

A

spinal cord

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12
Q

transmits signals to and from the brain and commands reflexes

A

spinal cord

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13
Q

elongated cylinder of neuron cell bodies, bundles of axons protected by CT

A

spinal cord

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14
Q

signals speed in and out of the spinal cord via ______ that branch out to supply the limbs, torso, and pelvis

A

spinal nerves

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15
Q

Incoming signals demanding a simple,
immediate response which spinal cord can shootout a reflex command without bothering the brain

A

Reflex arc

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16
Q

made of neuron cell bodies found in the cerebral cortex and the central portion of the spinal cord

A

gray matter

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17
Q

made of axons, which combine and build neural pathways

A

white matter

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18
Q

where the instructions generate

A

gray matter

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19
Q

the path through which the instructions travel toward the organs

A

white matter

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20
Q

conducts information from the CNS to the target tissues, and from the target tissues to the CNS

A

PNS

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21
Q

Nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs to CNS

A

ascending, afferent, or sensory nerve fibers

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22
Q

Fibers that carry information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles and glands)

A

descending, efferent motor, or secretory nerve fibers

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23
Q

cluster of neural tissue outside of the CNS, made of neuronal cell bodies

A

ganglion

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24
Q

ganglia can be both?

A

sensory and autonomic

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25
Q

They are associated with spinal nerves and some cranial nerves. Name the nerves.

A

Sensory ganglia
Cranial Nerves (V, VII, IX, X)

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26
Q

voluntary control over our movements and responses

A

somatic nervous system

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27
Q

Major somatic peripheral nerves

A
  1. median nerve
  2. sciatic nerve
  3. femoral nerve
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28
Q

controls all the internal organs unconsciously, through the associated smooth muscle and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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29
Q

producing the “flight or fight“ state as it is part of the ANS which is mostly active during stress

A

Sympathetic NS

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30
Q

Parasympathetic dominates during rest and is more active in these activities (2)

A
  1. rest and digest
  2. feed and breed
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31
Q

Spinal nerves are divided into?

A

8 cervical nerves
12 thoracic nerves
5 lumbar nerves
5 sacral nerves
1 coccygeal nerve

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32
Q

branches of one spinal nerve may join with other nerves to form meshes where information is shared

A

plexuses

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33
Q

send signals along secondary nerve branches to areas of complex function or movement

A

plexuses

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34
Q

Cervical plexuses (C1-C4) innervates? (7)

A
  1. back of the head
  2. pericardium
  3. diaphragm via great auricular
  4. transverse cervical nerve
  5. lesser occipital
  6. supraclavicular
  7. phrenic nerves
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35
Q

brachial plexus (C5-T1) innervates upper limb nerves such as?

A
  1. median
  2. ulnar radial
  3. musculocutaneous
  4. axillary nerves
36
Q

lumbar plexus innervates the muscles and skin of the abdomen and pelvis, and thigh muscles via? (7)

A
  1. iliohypogastric
  2. ilioinguinal
  3. genitofemoral
  4. lateral femoral cutaneous
  5. obturator
  6. femoral nerves
37
Q

sacral plexus innervates the muscles and skin of?

A

pelvis, posterior thigh, lower leg and foot

38
Q

three structures of brain stem

A

a. the medulla oblongata
b. the pons
c. the midbrain

39
Q

connects the spinal cord to the higher-thinking centers of the brain

A

brain stem

40
Q

continuous with the spinal cord and connects to the pons above

A

medulla oblongata

41
Q

connects the pons to the diencephalon and forebrain

A

midbrain or mesencephalon

42
Q

pons helps control?

A

breathing rhythym

43
Q

medulla oblongata functions (4)

A
  1. respiration
  2. digestion
  3. circulation
  4. reflexes (swallowing, coughing, and sneezing)
44
Q

midbrain contributes to?

A
  1. motor control
  2. vision
  3. hearing
  4. vision and hearing-related reflexes
45
Q

region of the forebrain, connected to both the midbrain and the cerebrum

A

diencephalon

46
Q

forms most of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

47
Q

consists of two symmetrical egg-shaped masses, with neurons that radiate out through the cerebral cortex

A

diencephalon

48
Q

part of the brain which determines which signals require conscious awareness, and which should be available for learning and memory

A

thalamus

49
Q

helps to process sensory impulses of smell, taste, and vision and manages emotions such as pain and pleasure, aggression and amusement

A

hypothalamus

50
Q

the visceral control center, regulating the endocrine system and internal functions that sustain the body day to day

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

translates nervous system signals into activating or inhibiting hormones that it sends to the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

52
Q

Functions of hypothalamus

A
  1. manages the autonomic nervous system
  2. signals sleep cycles
  3. circadian rhythm
  4. regulates food consumption
  5. monitors and adjusts body chemistry and temperature
53
Q

Four lobes of cerebral cortex

A

1) Frontal lobe
2) Temporal lobe
3) Occipital lobe
4) Parietal lobe

54
Q

In a spinal cord cross-section, the axon pathways appear as “white matter”, what makes it white?

A

myelin sheaths

55
Q

white matter forms three columns (funiculi) on each side of the spinal cord (3)

A
  1. posterior (dorsal)
  2. anterior (ventral)
  3. lateral columns
56
Q

tracts which carry sensory input up to the brain

A

ascending

57
Q

tracts that send motor commands downward to the body

A

descending

58
Q

involve circuits of sensory nerve fibers that feed information to the spinal cord and connect directly to motor nerve fibers without the need of brain

A

Spinal Reflex (process: Reflex arc))

59
Q

rapid, involuntary, predictable response to a stimulus

A

reflex

60
Q

Give three examples of Reflex Arc

A
  1. coughing
  2. sneezing
  3. swallowing
61
Q

area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a single spinal sensory nerve root

A

dermatome

62
Q

Give three examples of sensation in which dermatome transmit signals from to the spinal cord

A
  1. pain symptoms
  2. touch
  3. temperature
63
Q

charged cells conducting electrical signals to pass information through the body

A

neurons

64
Q

produce a fatty material called myelin which is a good insulator along the Axon of the Neuron cell

A

Schwann cells

65
Q

a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord which immune system attack the myelin sheath

A

Multiple sclerosis

66
Q

Name the most common neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Epinephrine
  3. Norepinephrine
  4. Serotonin
67
Q

stimulate electrical signals in other neurons and encourage responses from body cells

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

68
Q

discourage signals and cellular responses

A

inhibitory transmitters

69
Q

produce a watery medium within the skull known as cerebrospinal fluid

A

ventricles (chambers)

70
Q

absorbs and disperses excessive mechanical forces which might otherwise cause serious injury in the brain

A

CSF

71
Q

protective membrane which envelops the brain

A

meninges

72
Q

CSF is produced in clusters of thin-walled capillaries called?

A

Choroid plexus

73
Q

contains proteins and glucose that provide energy for brain cell function as well as lymphocytes that guard against infection

A

cerebrospinal fluid

74
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for raising particular memories when you smell certain scent?

A

limbic system

75
Q

Limbic system both processes (2)?

A
  1. memory
  2. olfaction
76
Q

Constitutes limbic system

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. amygdala
  3. cingulate gyrus
  4. dentate gyrus
77
Q

specific part of the brain which gives us conscious control of our actions

A

cerebrum

78
Q

part of the brain which mediate sensations, manages emotions, and commands whole
internal systems

A

diencephalon

79
Q

part of the brain responsible for adjusting body movements, speech coordination, and balance

A

cerebellum

80
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for relaying signals from the spinal cord and directs basic internal functions and reflexes?

A

brainstem

81
Q

What is the seat of consciousness and where does high intellectual functions occur?

A

Cerebrum

82
Q

the largest brain structure and part of the forebrain that not only processes sensory and motor information but enables consciousness, our ability to consider ourselves, and the outside world

A

cerebrum

83
Q

a middle region of cerebellum connecting the 2 hemispheres

A

vermis

84
Q

Primary functions of cerebellum

A

maintain posture and balance

85
Q

Within the cerebellum, central white stem is found that spread branches and subbranches through the hemisphere. What is it called?

A

Arbor vitae

86
Q

Name the five sensory organs.

A
  1. hearing
  2. olfaction
  3. gustation
  4. tactile perception
  5. vision
87
Q
A

ZZ2. histology (danica) (17 decks)

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