Module 3-A. Bones, Cartilage, and Joints

Question 1

A dynamic organ that functions to provide support, protection, and also act as a reservoir of mineral salts and growth factors.

Answer 1

Bone

Question 2

Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis

Answer 2

Articular cartilage

Question 3

where two bone surfaces meet

Answer 3

Articulation

Question 4

Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

Answer 4

Canaliculi

Question 5

Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as Haversian Canal

Answer 5

Central canal

Question 6

Dense bone that forms the cortical region of bone

Answer 6

Compact bone

Question 7

Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

Answer 7

Diaphysis

Question 8

Layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone found in flat bones

Answer 8

Diploë

Question 9

Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

Answer 9

Endosteum

Question 10

Sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

Answer 10

Epiphyseal plate

Question 11

Wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

Answer 11

Epiphysis

Question 12

Opening or depression in a bone

Answer 12

Hole

Question 13

Spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

Answer 13

Lacunae

Question 14

Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

Answer 14

Medullary cavity

Question 15

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Answer 15

Nutrient foramen

Question 16

the process of bone formation in which a cartilage model becomes almost entirely replaced by bone preceding the formation of the actual bone

Answer 16

Endochondral ossification

Question 17

the microscopically dense parallel array of bone

Answer 17

Lamellar bone

Question 18

this is the process of bone formation in which bones are directly laid in opposition on top of the bone that has just formed

Answer 18

Membranous ossification

Question 19

is the process that is responsible for changing the size and shape of bony tissue

Answer 19

Modelling

Question 20

Mesenchymal cells that contribute to bone production and can be seen lining bone surfaces

Answer 20

Osteoblasts

Question 21

Smaller elongated cells contained within small cavities in bone called lacunae

Answer 21

Osteocytes

Question 22

Hematopoietic derived, multinucleated cells that resorb bone

Answer 22

Osteoclasts

Question 23

A tubular functional unit of lamellar cortical bone

Answer 23

Osteons

Question 24

The process that is responsible for bony tissue maintenance

Answer 24

Remodelling

Question 25

Bone that forms multi-directional, anastomosing struts within the marrow cavity

Answer 25

Trabecular bone

Question 26

Rapidly deposited randomly arranged arrays of bone

Answer 26

Woven bone

Question 27

Give the functions of bones

Answer 27

1. Support 2. Protection 3. Assisting movement 4. Mineral homeostasis 5. Blood cell porduction

Question 28

Cells that are involved in growing bone:

Answer 28

Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes

Question 29

the 'stem' cells of bone, and are the source of new osteoblasts

Answer 29

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 30

lining the surface of bone, secrete collagen and the organic matrix of bone

Answer 30

Osteoblasts

Question 31

maintain bone tissue

Answer 31

Osteocytes

Question 32

develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells

Answer 32

Osteocytes

Question 33

the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone

Answer 33

Osteoblasts

Question 34

the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell

Answer 34

Osteocytes

Question 35

undifferentiated bone cells with high mitotic activity that are capable of division

Answer 35

osteogenic cell

Question 36

cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown

Answer 36

osteoclast

Question 37

osteocytes can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through?

Answer 37

canaliculi

Question 38

location of immature osteogenic cells

Answer 38

deep layers of periosteum and marrow

Question 39

osteoclast are derived from?

Answer 39

monocytes, macrophages

Question 40

responsible for the constant but subtle reshaping of bone

Answer 40

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 41

basic unit of compact bone

Answer 41

osteon (Haversian system)

Question 42

has large open spaces (marrow spaces) and plates of bone called trabeculae

Answer 42

cancellous bone

Question 43

large multinucleated cells, with a 'ruffled border'

Answer 43

osteoclasts

Question 44

enzyme secreted by osteoclast that acidifies the matrix

Answer 44

carbonic anhydrase

Question 45

found in the shafts of long bones which makes up 80% of all bone

Answer 45

compact bone

Question 46

osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called?

Answer 46

lamella

Question 47

part of bone where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels are located

Answer 47

central canal/haversian canal

Question 48

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics branch off at right angle from central canal to extend to the periosteum and endosteum, through?

Answer 48

perforating canal/volkmann's canal

Question 49

found at the ends of long bones

Answer 49

spongy bone and make up 20% of all bones

Question 50

the type of bone that has red bone marrow and network of bony trabeculae

Answer 50

spongy bone

Question 51

a lattice-like network of matrix spikes where lacunae and osteocytes are located in a spongy bone

Answer 51

trabeculae

Question 52

it is found on the outside of bone which are dense fibrous layer, where muscles insert and contains bone forming cells

Answer 52

periosteum

Question 53

It is the name given to the tissue that lines the inner surfaces of bones

Answer 53

endosteum

Question 54

replaces woven (primary) bone

Answer 54

lamellar bone

Question 55

arrangement of collagen fibers in woven bone

Answer 55

random

Question 56

the collagen fibers have become re-modelled to become more parallel - in layers

Answer 56

lamellar bone

Question 57

osteogenic cells location

Answer 57

Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow

Question 58

osteoblasts location

Answer 58

Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

Question 59

location of osteocytes

Answer 59

Entrapped in matrix

Question 60

Develop into osteoblasts

Answer 60

osteogenic cells

Question 61

necessary for bone formation

Answer 61

osteoblasts

Question 62

located at bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone

Answer 62

osteoclasts

Question 63

Formation of bone onto a temporary cartilage model or scaffold

Answer 63

endochondral

Question 64

the collagenous fibers in tendons that insert directly into bone

Answer 64

sharpey's fibers

Question 65

filtrate of plasma enriched with proteoglycans

Answer 65

synovial fluid

Question 66

3 cell populations of synovium that produce glycosaminoglycans

Answer 66

1. phagocytic macrophages 2. antigen presenting cells 3. fibroblast like cells

Question 67

The synovial membrane is normally supported by a loose fibrovascular stroma admixed with

Answer 67

adipose

Question 68

outermost layer of joint composed of dense collagen

Answer 68

joint capsule

Question 69

lines the joint capsule

Answer 69

synovium

Question 70

resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints

Answer 70

cartilage

Question 71

Give the locations of cartilage

Answer 71

1. rib cage 2. ear 3. nose 4. bronchial tubes 5. invertebral discs

Question 72

small openings in the diaphysis where arteries enter the bone

Answer 72

nutrient foramen