Module 3-A. Bones, Cartilage, and Joints Flashcards
A dynamic organ that functions to provide support, protection, and also act as a reservoir of mineral salts and growth factors.
Bone
Thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis
Articular cartilage
where two bone surfaces meet
Articulation
Channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
Canaliculi
Longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as Haversian Canal
Central canal
Dense bone that forms the cortical region of bone
Compact bone
Tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
Diaphysis
Layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone found in flat bones
Diploë
Delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity
Endosteum
Sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
Epiphyseal plate
Wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow
Epiphysis
Opening or depression in a bone
Hole
Spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
Lacunae
Hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
Medullary cavity
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
Nutrient foramen
the process of bone formation in which a cartilage model becomes almost entirely replaced by bone preceding the formation of the actual bone
Endochondral ossification
the microscopically dense parallel array of bone
Lamellar bone
this is the process of bone formation in which bones are directly laid in opposition on top of the bone that has just formed
Membranous ossification
is the process that is responsible for changing the size and shape of bony tissue
Modelling
Mesenchymal cells that contribute to bone production and can be seen lining bone surfaces
Osteoblasts
Smaller elongated cells contained within small cavities in bone called lacunae
Osteocytes
Hematopoietic derived, multinucleated cells that resorb bone
Osteoclasts
A tubular functional unit of lamellar cortical bone
Osteons
The process that is responsible for bony tissue maintenance
Remodelling
Bone that forms multi-directional, anastomosing struts within the marrow cavity
Trabecular bone
Rapidly deposited randomly arranged arrays of bone
Woven bone
Give the functions of bones
- Support
- Protection
- Assisting movement
- Mineral homeostasis
- Blood cell porduction
Cells that are involved in growing bone:
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
the ‘stem’ cells of bone, and are the source of new osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
lining the surface of bone, secrete collagen and the organic matrix of
bone
Osteoblasts
maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells
Osteocytes
the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone
Osteoblasts
the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell
Osteocytes
undifferentiated bone cells with high mitotic activity that are capable of division
osteogenic cell
cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown
osteoclast
osteocytes can communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through?
canaliculi
location of immature osteogenic cells
deep layers of periosteum and marrow
osteoclast are derived from?
monocytes, macrophages
responsible for the constant but subtle reshaping of bone
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
basic unit of compact bone
osteon (Haversian system)
has large open spaces (marrow spaces) and plates of bone called trabeculae
cancellous bone
large multinucleated cells, with a ‘ruffled border’
osteoclasts
enzyme secreted by osteoclast that acidifies the matrix
carbonic anhydrase
found in the shafts of long bones which makes up 80% of all bone
compact bone
osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified matrix called?
lamella
part of bone where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels are located
central canal/haversian canal
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics branch off at right angle from central canal to extend to the periosteum and endosteum, through?
perforating canal/volkmann’s canal
found at the ends of long bones
spongy bone and make up 20% of all bones
the type of bone that has red bone marrow and network of bony trabeculae
spongy bone
a lattice-like network of matrix spikes where lacunae and osteocytes are located in a spongy bone
trabeculae
it is found on the outside of bone which are dense fibrous layer, where muscles insert and contains bone forming cells
periosteum
It is the name given to the tissue that lines the inner surfaces of bones
endosteum
replaces woven (primary) bone
lamellar bone
arrangement of collagen fibers in woven bone
random
the collagen fibers have become re-modelled to become more parallel - in layers
lamellar bone
osteogenic cells location
Deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow
osteoblasts location
Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum
location of osteocytes
Entrapped in matrix
Develop into osteoblasts
osteogenic cells
necessary for bone formation
osteoblasts
located at bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded bone
osteoclasts
Formation of bone onto a temporary cartilage model or scaffold
endochondral
the collagenous fibers in tendons that insert directly into bone
sharpey’s fibers
filtrate of plasma enriched with proteoglycans
synovial fluid
3 cell populations of synovium that produce glycosaminoglycans
- phagocytic macrophages
- antigen presenting cells
- fibroblast like cells
The synovial membrane is normally supported by a loose fibrovascular stroma admixed with
adipose
outermost layer of joint composed of dense collagen
joint capsule
lines the joint capsule
synovium
resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints
cartilage
Give the locations of cartilage
- rib cage
- ear
- nose
- bronchial tubes
- invertebral discs
small openings in the diaphysis where arteries enter the bone
nutrient foramen
