10 Respiratory System

Question 1

site of the gas exchange, microscopic structures, respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts – alveoli

Answer 1

respiratory zone

Question 2

function in respiration, olfaction, and speech

Answer 2

Respiratory system

Question 3

total amount of exchangeable air or the maximum amount of air that can be moved during one respiratory cycle

Answer 3

Vital Capacity

Question 4

expandability or “stretchiness” of the lungs higher lung compliance makes it easier to expand lungs normally high due to distensibility of lung tissue and surfactant low compliance leads to difficulty in breathing

Answer 4

Lung compliance

Question 5

gas-liquid boundary, liquid molecules are more attracted to one another than gas resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid water- high surface tension; coats alveolar walls →reduces them to smallest size without surfactant to reduce surface tensions, alveoli would collapse

Answer 5

Alveolar surface tension

Question 6

quite expiration normally passive process - note: forced expiration is active process; uses abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostal muscles

Answer 6

Expiration

Question 7

increased volume-decreased pressure - an active process beginning with muscle contraction - changes in thoracic volume and sequence of events during inspiration

Answer 7

Inspiration

Question 8

supply blood with oxygen for cellular respiration and dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration

Answer 8

Respiration

Question 9

breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs

Answer 9

Pulmonary ventilation

Question 10

forms a right of cartilage just inferior to thyroid cartilage, pairs of arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages

Answer 10

Cricoid cartilage

Question 11

outermost layer of connective tissue encases C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Answer 11

Adventitial layer of trachea wall

Question 12

connective tissue with seromucous glands (serum mucus)

Answer 12

Submucosa layer of trachea

Question 13

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

Answer 13

Mucosal layer of trachea

Question 14

connects posterior of cartilage rings -contracts during coughing to expel mucus; coughing increases pressure, constricts the muscle, narrows diameter of trachea

Answer 14

Tracheal muscles

Question 15

increases diameter for large volumes of air (relaxes trachealis) - skeletal muscle bridges back of “C” cartilage - esophagus is behind trachea; swallow, needs to expand, the esophagus can bulge into backside of trachea because of “c” ring that doesn’t go all the way around

Answer 15

Sympathetic stimulation

Question 16

windpipe; extends from cartilage of the larynx to branches of primary bronchi - walls supported by C-shaped tracheal cartilages -open part of cartilages face posteriorly towards esophagus - not continuous cartilaginous tube (cartilage in “C” rings around tube) still have ciliated epithelia in tube

Answer 16

Trachea

Question 17

forms anterior and lateral surfaces of larynx; where adam’s apple is, testosterone makes it bigger

Answer 17

Thyroid cartilage

Question 18

Polygonal to cuboidal epithelial cells within alveoli that secrete pulmonary surfactant and readily divide following tissue injury to type I alveolar cells.

Answer 18

Type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)

Question 19

Flattened squamous epithelial cells that line pulmonary alveoli and facilitate gas exchange.

Answer 19

Type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)

Question 20

oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood circulation

Answer 20

Transport

Question 21

where simple diffusion of gases takes place Three layers: 1. squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli 2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary 3. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial; each tissue has its own basement membrane. Diffusion occurs rapidly because the distance is small and both oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble

Answer 21

Respiratory membrane

Question 22

pseudostratified mucosal epithelium composed of columnar epithelial cells with apical cilia often admixed with goblet cells. This epithelium is characteristic of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx), eustachian tube, trachea, and large bronchi.

Answer 22

Respiratory epithelium

Question 23

Tall, pseudostratified sensory epithelium within the caudal portions of the nasal cavity that contains a population of chemoreceptor cells, olfactory receptor cells, that generate the sensation of smell.

Answer 23

Olfactory epithelium

Question 24

Scroll-like structures within the nasal cavity that are composed of a core of thin bone surrounded by connective tissue and lined by respiratory epithelium; function to help warm and humidify air and trap particulates.

Answer 24

Nasal turbinates

Question 25

projects over the glottis and covers the glottis during swallowing elastic cartilage; all other structures have hyaline cartilage

Answer 25

Epiglottis

Question 26

air enters larynx through?

Answer 26

glottis

Question 27

end of soft palate, prevents air/food from going into the nasal cavity - made of 9 cartilages, ligaments, and skeletal muscles.

Answer 27

uvula

Question 28

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues.

Answer 28

Internal respiration

Question 29

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between lungs and blood.

Answer 29

External respiration

Question 30

columnar epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucin, a glycoprotein that is a major constituent of mucus.

Answer 30

Goblet cells

Question 31

pathway moving air; no gas exchange, includes all structures from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles, this also cleanses, warms and humidifies the air and cools the air on way out (maintains homeostasis), facilitates the exchange, needs a head for diffusion, lines with respiratory mucosa with cilia; traps and get rid of particles before they go into lungs; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 31

Conducting zone

Question 32

rich in metabolic enzymes (cytochrome P450 enzymes) and therefore serve a major role in the biotransformation of inhaled xenobiot; cuboidal epithelial cells with apical microvilli located within and distal to bronchioles.

Answer 32

Club cells (Claracells)

Question 33

like the arterioles of the cardiovascular system; controls the amount of resistance to airflow - extreme bronchoconstriction can almost completely block passage ways no cartilage, all smooth muscle

Answer 33

Bronchioles

Question 34

trachea branches into two primary bronchi (right/left), one on each lung secondary bronchi branch off primary; enter lung lobes (2 on left lung, 3 on right), one to each lobe tertiary bronchi (9-10 branches each lung) supply bronchopulmonary segment - C shaped rings are now offset, protects from all directions - bronchioles branch into alveoli

Answer 34

Bronchial tree

Question 35

relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, gasses fill the container: if the container size is reduced – the pressure increases (P). Pressure varies inversely with volume. Changes in thoracic/lung volume of the pleural cavities – the movement of the chest wall or diaphragm will directly affect the volume of the lung by changing the volume of pleural cavities.

Answer 35

Boyle's law

Question 36

chamber that connect to multiple individual alveoli, surrounded by fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries, only to respond to stretching, and recoil; skeletal muscles would be too thick, (we do not want this to prevent gas flow to capillaries)

Answer 36

Alveolar sacs

Question 37

connect adjacent alveoli and equalizes air pressure throughout the lungs

Answer 37

Alveolar pores

Question 38

keep alveolar surfaces sterile, 2 million dead macrophages/hour carried by cilia – throat – swallowed.

Answer 38

Alveolar macrophages

Question 39

composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells or pneomocytes), scattered cuboidal type II alveolar cells secrete surfactants and antimicrobial proteins; no gas exchange, secrete oily surfactant in humid/watery environment ( (liquid has the tendency to stick together, try to collapse alveoli) this can be prevented by surfactant. Has an extensive but small capillary network.

Answer 39

Alveoli

Question 40

Three layers of respiratory membrane

Answer 40

1.squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli 2. endothelial cells of adjacent capillary 3. fused basement membranes between alveolar and endothelial;

Question 41

respiratory can be divided into

Answer 41

air conduction portion and respiratory portion

Question 42

provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove the waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance.

Answer 42

conduction zone

Question 43

Portions of the respiratory system are also used for non-vital functions such as?

Answer 43

sensing odors, speech production, straining

Question 44

Air is conditioned by being humidified by?

Answer 44

serous and mucous secretions

Question 45

air is being conditioned by being warmed? and filtered?

Answer 45

underlying blood vessels, particles being trapped in mucous secretions, and transported towards the throat

Question 46

In pulmonary ventilation, the air is inhaled through the

Answer 46

nasal and oral cavities

Question 47

respiratory process takes place through hundreds of millions of microscopic sacs called

Answer 47

alveoli

Question 48

secrete mucus, and are characterized by cytoplasm filled with poorly staining, basophilic material (mucin)

Answer 48

goblet cells

Question 49

Traditional respiratory epithelium is

Answer 49

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 50

paired external apertures of the nasal cavities in our domestic species are termed

Answer 50

external nares (nostrils)

Question 51

Consists of the nostrils and nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx, and the turbinates. These structures allow us to breathe and speak. They warm and clean the air we inhale.

Answer 51

upper respiratory system

Question 52

Scroll-shaped bones protrude and form spaces through which the air pass

Answer 52

nasal conchae

Question 53

swirl the air around to allow the air time to humidify, warm, and be cleaned before it enters the lungs

Answer 53

nasal conchae

Question 54

specialized epithelium that facilitates the sense of smell

Answer 54

epithelium mucosa

Question 55

The olfactory epithelium is tall, pseudostratified epithelium that contains three distinct cell types

Answer 55

olfactory receptor cells sustentacular cells basal cells

Question 56

modified neurons and chemoreceptor cells interspersed within the olfactory epithelium

Answer 56

olfactory receptor cells

Question 57

histologically similar to the respiratory epithelium and have apical microvilli. These cells provide structural and metabolic support to the epithelium.

Answer 57

sustentacular cells

Question 58

cuboidal to short polygonal cells that reside adjacent to the basement membrane

Answer 58

basal membrane

Question 59

bone-encased, air-filled spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavities

Answer 59

paranasal sinuses

Question 60

horse have well-developed and distinct paranasal sinuses that includes

Answer 60

frontal, dorsal conchal, ventral conchal, rostral maxillary, caudal maxillary, and sphenopalatine

Question 61

have only frontal and maxillary sinuses

Answer 61

dogs

Question 62

produce mucus and lighten the weight of the skull

Answer 62

paranasal sinuses

Question 63

conchae, meatuses, and paranasal sinuses are lined by

Answer 63

respiratory epithelium

Question 64

help remove the mucus and debris from the nasal cavity with a constant beating motion, sweeping materials towards the throat to be swallowed

Answer 64

cilia of respiratory epithelium

Question 65

paired (left and right) specialized chemoreceptor organs adjacent to the nasal septum within the nasal cavity of domestic species

Answer 65

vomeronasal organs

Question 66

similar to olfactory receptor cells, are modified neurons that detect pheromones (e.g. pheromones in urine) and transmit to the brain via efferent axons

Answer 66

vomeronasal receptors

Question 67

shaped like a funnel and lined by a mucous membrane that is continuous with that of the nasal cavities. During respiration, it conducts air between the larynx and trachea (or “windpipe”) and the nasal and oral cavities

Answer 67

pharynx

Question 68

Flanked by the conchae of the nasal cavity, and it serves only as an airway. The lining epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 68

nasopharynx

Question 69

A passageway for both air and food. This lies posterior to the oral cavity and contains the palatine tonsils. The lining epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium.

Answer 69

oropharynx

Question 70

Lies anterior to the oropharynx and posterior to the larynx. It continues the route for ingested material and air until its inferior end, where the digestive and respiratory systems diverge.

Answer 70

laryngopharynx

Question 71

complex, tubular organ, the structure of which is primarily composed of elastic and hyaline cartilage and skeletal

Answer 71

larynx

Question 72

connects the naso- and oro-pharynx with the trachea, functioning in air conduction, and vocalization, and in obstructing the passage of ingesta into the trachea during deglutition

Answer 72

larynx

Question 73

supported by a series of C-shaped cartilaginous (hyaline cartilage) rings

Answer 73

trachea

Question 74

ends of the incomplete cartilaginous rings of the trachea are connected by a band of smooth muscle called?

Answer 74

trachealis muscle

Question 75

bronchoconstriction is a life-threatening effect of massive histamine release, mediated via

Answer 75

mast cell derive histamine

Question 76

thin-walled airways lined by variably ciliated or non-ciliated columnar epithelium

Answer 76

bronchioles

Question 77

lack cartilage and glands which, along with their smaller size, distinguish them histologically from bronchi

Answer 77

bronchioles

Question 78

Bronchioles open into short segments called _______, which are thin- walled branches of the bronchioles

Answer 78

terminal bronchioles

Question 79

the transition into respiratory bronchioles

Answer 79

terminal bronchioles

Question 80

rich in cytochrome P450, an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins

Answer 80

club cells

Question 81

abundant and highly active in hepatocytes, another cell type responsible for the biotransformation of toxins

Answer 81

P450

Question 82

production of pulmonary secretions and progenitor (proliferating) cells that may repopulate after cell loss and/or injury

Answer 82

club cells

Question 83

conducting regions lined by knob-like projections of cuboidal epithelium that cover small amounts of smooth muscles

Answer 83

alveolar ducts

Question 84

site of gas exchange in the lungs; elastic, thin-walled structures arranged in clumps at the ends of respiratory bronchioles

Answer 84

alveolar ducts

Question 85

Alveoli are thin-walled, sac-like structures lined by a single layer of flattened squamous epithelial cells which facilitate gas exchange across their surface

Answer 85

type I pneumocytes

Question 86

cuboidal epithelial cells frequently residing in the corners of alveolar space responsible for secretion of surfactants

Answer 86

type II pneumocytes

Question 87

a fluid composed of phospholipids and proteins that coats the surface of alveolar spaces to reduce surface tension, allowing for alveoli to expand and remain open

Answer 87

surfactant

Question 88

Play a crucial role in tissue repair in the lung. Following damage to type I pneumocytes, it proliferate and differentiate into type I pneumocytes, thereby restoring alveolar

Answer 88

type II pneumocytes

Question 89

Alveolar spaces contain a resident population of macrophages, always present on their inner surfaces, where they ingest and destroy airborne irritants such as bacteria, chemicals, and dust.

Answer 89

alveolar macrophages

Question 90

outer surface of the entire lung parenchyma is covered by? and what type of CT?

Answer 90

visceral pleura, thin loose CT

Question 91

2 sources of blood supply of lungs

Answer 91

bronchial arterial supply and pulmonary arterial supply

Question 92

pulmonary arterial circulation originates from

Answer 92

ride side of the heart

Question 93

s originate from the thoracic aorta and also course along large airways, providing much of the blood supply to these structures, as well as the pleura.

Answer 93

bronchial arteries

Question 94

occurs in every body cell when oxygen reacts with glucose to free its energy in chemical form

Answer 94

cellular respiration