9 Circulatory system Flashcards
blood vessels vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to tissues
arteries
facilitates interchange of nutrients/waste between blood and organ
capillaries
tiny tubes that carry blood from the arteries to the body’s cell, and then back to the veins
capillaries
large vessel that handles high pressure, high volume blood flow exiting the ventricles
elastic artery
innermost lining of the heart and is the cardiac equivalent of the tunica intima
endocardium
highly specialized cell type that covers the luminal surface of a vascular structure
endothelial cells
outside surface of the heart is comprised of connective tissue and mesothelium
epicardium
Vascular structures responsible for draining interstitial fluid and returning it back to the cardiovascular system
lymphatics
Portion of the heart comprised of cardiac muscle
myocardium
Sac like structure that encloses the heart
pericardium
Modified cardiomyocytes responsible for propagating electrical signals
purkinje fibers
outermost layer of the vessel wall composed primarily of connective tissue, smaller blood vessels and nerves
tunica adventitia
middle portion of the vessel wall is composed of smooth muscle
tunica media
blood from the body back to the heart
veins
transport cells and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes and gases
cardiovascular system
Transports oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where blood picks up a new oxygen supply
pulmonary circulation
It returns oxygen rich blood and nutrients to the left atrium and is pumped out all over the body
systemic circulation
operates at considerably lower pressure to accommodate the oxygenation of blood in the pulmonary capillaries
pulmonary circulation
Blood circulation composition
arteries, arterioles, microcirculation such as capillaries and sinusoids, venules, and veins
serve to conduct high pressure blood to an organ
Arteries
which blood vessels are wider in diameter and have thicker walls
BV closer to the heart
BV that have thicker walls and smaller lumens
Arteries
Aside from oxygenated blood, what does the circulatory system carries for bodily functions
Hormones, WBC
innermost coat of blood vessels
Tunica intima
In blood vessels, the simple squamous lining cells epithelium is called
endothelium
most important component of the tunica intima and form the primary barrier between blood and tissue
endothelium
What supports the vascular endothelium forming the remainder of the tunica intima
Basement membrane and subendothelial layer
contained within the sub endothelium particularly important stimulus for platelet activation and adhesion
collagen
helps to stabilize cell and cell substrate interactions within vascular endothelium
fibronectin
middle portion of the vessel wall
tunica media
Due to considerable lower pressure, it has thin tunica media.
venous supply or veins
outermost layer of the vessel wall
tunica adventitia
Tunica adventitia has a vascular bed designed to perfuse the vessel wall itself
vasa vasorum
blood vessels that supply the tunica adventitia are called
vasa vasorum
much thicker than Veins because of the high pressure of blood coming from the heart
arteries
In arteries, it is extremely thick and is the primary constituent of the vessel wall
tunica media
highly specialized cell types and cover the luminal surface of the tunica intima
endothelium
lie closer to the heart and their primary function is to conduct blood to different areas of the body
elastic artery
a distributive function, serving to take blood to specific organs
muscular artery
Regulation of blood flow to the capillary bed happens at the level of
metarteriole
limit flow to the capillaries that cannot tolerate pressures normally encountered in the arterial system
precapillary sphincters
allow blood to bypass regional capillaries
atriovenous anastomoses
tunica adventitia is particularly prominent in
large caliber veins caudal vena cava
Anastomoses arising in close proximity, and surrounded by a fibrous capsule, are referred to as a
glomus bodies
contain a thick wall of helically arranged smooth muscle cells, with lesser quantities of elastin
muscular artery
have the smallest diameter of the vascular system
capillaries
loosely distributed around capillaries that are directly apposed to the basal lamina and are capable of transdifferentiating into different cell types
pericytes
Tiny tubes that carry blood from the arteries to the body cells, and then back to the veins
capillaries
Pericytes can differentiate into
fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells
most ubiquitous microcirculatory vessel in the body
continuous capillary
Examples of continuous capillaries are found in
lungs, brain
contain small cytoplasmic gaps and lie on an uninterrupted basal lamina
fenestrated capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries are common in
endocrine glands, intestines
are demonstrated in the glomerulus and allow the formation of the ultrafiltrate that ultimately becomes urine
porous capillaries
Organs where sinusoids can be located
adrenal glands, liver, spleen, bone marrow
containing many concentrically arranged, fenestrated elastin laminae and interspersed by smooth muscle cells and ground substances rich in proteoglycan
elastic artery
in venules and veins, which layer is the thickest wall component
tunica adventitia
have a particularly important function in inflammatory responses, contributing to fluid leakage and leukocyte diapedesis
post capillary venules
have large gaps between endothelial cells, the basal lamina is either discontinuous or absent
sinusoids
valve present in veins and venules to prevent retrograde flow
semilunar valves
fluid that drains from the extracellular space of tissues
lymph
more permeable than continuous capillaries, allowing easy transfer between the blood and interstitial fluid
fenestrated capillaries
one circuit system until the two interconnected circulatory systems are comprised of the arteries and veins
lymph vessels
Aside from ninety percent water, what are other substances present in plasma
glucose, hormones, enzymes, urea, lactic acid, proteins
Morphological characteristics of RBC
No nucleus, contain hemoglobin, disk-shaped
Locations where red bone marrow are produced
Ribs, Humerus, Femur, Sternum, other long bones
more permeable and are capable of considerable rapid nutrient exchange
sinusoids
Where are old RBC destroyed
liver, spleen
cells defend against disease by recognizing proteins that do not belong to the body
WBC
process of WBC oozing through the walls of capillaries to patrol the tissue and reach lymph system
diapedesis
cell fragments used in blood clotting derived from megakaryocites
platelets or thrombocytes
lifespan of platelets
10 days
normally forms as capillary fluid passes out of the vessels, and is composed of water, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of plasma proteins
lymph fluid
inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
Rhesus Rh
most common blood type
Rh positives
pressure during heart contraction to push blood into arteries
systolic pressure
pressure during heart relaxation as it refills
diastolic pressure
A normal heart rhythm is called
Normal Sinus Rhythm
abnormal heart rate or rhythm
tachycardia
It is where heart electrical system starts with an electrical signal in the right atrium
SA node Sinoatrial node
battery operated device placed in the body to produce electrical pulses that cause the heart to beat at a normal rate
pacemaker
A single drop of blood contains how many RBC and WBC
250 millions RBC, 275,000 WBC
sound of the valves in the heart closing as they push blood through its chambers
heartbeat
muscular pump that propels blood at high pressure around the body through the blood vessels
heart
3 layers of the heart starting inside
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
simple squamous epithelium of the tunica adventitia layer is called
mesothelium
tunica media layer of the heart is called the?
myocardium
lines the atria and ventricles and covers the heart valves
endocardium
two layered connective tissue sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
simple squamous epithelium of the tunica adventitia layer of the heart mesothelium is also the visceral layer of the
serous pericardium
outer pericardium
fibrous
inner pericardium
serous
largest of the three layers and contains cardiac muscles and loose endomysial connective tissue that contains lots of capillaries
myocardium
space between 2 layers of pericardium
pericardial cavity
Where impulses are generated which is found in the wall of superior vena cava
Sinoatrial node
It starts impulse generation around the ventricles
Atrioventricular node
lie in the deepest layer of the endocardium and supply the papillary muscles
purkinje fibers
