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ZZ2. histology (danica) > Integumentary > Flashcards

Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possibly due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches

A

Vitiligo

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2
Q

layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits

A

Stratum lucidum

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3
Q

layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes

A

Stratum spinosum

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4
Q

most superficial layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum

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5
Q

deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells

A

stratum basale

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6
Q

Secretory epithelial cells that contribute to the production of sebum, a lipid-rich fluid that coats hair and the epidermis. Clusters of sebocytes comprise sebaceous glands

A

Sebocytes

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7
Q

superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue

A

Papillary layer

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8
Q

receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch

A

Merkel cell

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9
Q

intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis

A

Melanosome

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10
Q

Cells derived from the neural crest produce the pigment melanin. It reside within the basal layers of the epidermis, producing and then transferring melanin to keratinocytes.

A

Melanocytes

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11
Q

specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage

A

Langerhans cell

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12
Q

pigment that determines the color of hair and skin

A

Melanin

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13
Q

general term referring to epithelial cells of the epidermis, including those of the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum.

A

Keratinocytes

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14
Q

granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyalin

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15
Q

structural protein produced by keratinocytes that contribute significantly to the
structural integrity of the epidermis.

A

Keratin

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16
Q

skin and its accessory structures

A

Integumentary system

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17
Q

Connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle

A

Hypodermis

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18
Q

clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss epidermis outermost tissue layer of the skin

A

Eleidin

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19
Q

fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis

A

Elastin fibers

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20
Q

secretion involves the rupture of the secretory cell, thereby releasing the cytoplasmic contents. This is the major secretion form of sebaceous glands.

A

Holocrine

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21
Q

structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells

A

Desmosomes

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22
Q

secretion involves exocytosis of membrane-bound secretory vesicles. This is the major secretion form of epitrichial glands

A

Apocrine

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23
Q

extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis
the dermis layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis

A

Dermal papilla

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24
Q

a genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production

A

Albinism

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25
Q

Functions of skins

A

-protects internal organ
-protection from physical and mechanical injury
-barrier to infectious organisms
-prevents dehydration

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26
Q

a type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis

A

Basal cell

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27
Q

is the layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum

A

Stratum granulosum

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28
Q

3 primary components of skin

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Subcutaneous tissue
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29
Q

2 layers of skin

A

-Outer epidermis (orig. Ectoderm)
-Dermis (deriv. Mesenchyme)

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30
Q

form as outgrowths of the walls of hair follicles

A

Sebaceous and sweat glands

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31
Q

are highly keratinized epidermal structures enclosing the distal phalanx

A

Hooves and claws

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32
Q

The integumentary system comprises..

A

the skin, hair, skin glands, hooves, claws, digital pads, horns, and feathers

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33
Q

Other roles of the skin

A

-body temperature regulation
-reception of external sensory stimuli secretion
-immune responses
-vitamin D synthesis
-body surface pigmentation

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34
Q

Sweat glands on the hands and most of the body are classified as

A

eccrine or merocrine type

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35
Q

sweat glands under the arms and in the genital areas are classified as

A

Apocrine sweat glands

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36
Q

a multilayered epithelial structure composed of keratinocytes that produce the structural protein kerati

A

Epidermis

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37
Q

From innermost to outermost the layers of the epidermis are:

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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38
Q

2 primary functions of the stratum basale

A
  1. Proliferation
  2. Attachment of the epidermis to the dermis
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39
Q

These cells are the most mitotically active keratinocytes and are the least differentiated.

A

Cells of the stratum basale

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40
Q

forms the “floor” of the epidermis and the junction of the epidermis and dermis

A

Basement membrane

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41
Q

3 major functions of basement membrane

A
  1. forming an adhesion interface between the epidermis and underlying dermis
  2. acting as a physical barrier
  3. forms the foundation for the generation, differentiation, and repair of the epidermal keratinocytes.
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42
Q

Cells of the stratum basale attach to the basement membrane via protein structures called

A

hemidesmosomes

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43
Q

Two cell types found dispersed among the basal cells in the stratum basale

A

Merkel cell
Melanocyte

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44
Q

functions as a receptor and is responsible for stimulating sensory nerves that the brain perceives as touch

A

Merkel cell

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45
Q

These cells are especially abundant on the surfaces of the hands and feet

A

Merkel cells

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46
Q

a cell that produces the pigment melanin

A

Melanocytes

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47
Q

gives hair and skin its color, and also helps protect the DNA in the nuclei of living cells of the epidermis from UV radiation damage

A

Melanin

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48
Q

have prominent cell-to-cell junctions, termed desmosomes, that appear as spiky membrane projections on histology. For this reason, these are referred to as “prickle cells”.

A

Cells of stratum spinosum

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49
Q

are protein complexes that firmly attach keratinocytes to their surrounding cells (intercellular, between cells), thereby providing significant structural integrity

A

Desmosomes

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50
Q

are intracellular (within cells) protein complexes that anchor desmosomes to the cell membranes

A

Tonofilaments

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51
Q

a thin layer of keratinocytes containing dense, basophilic (blue/purple) cytoplasmic structures called keratohyalin granules

A

Stratum granulosum

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52
Q

contain components responsible for keratinization, including fibrous proteins (keratohyalin) and a lipid-rich secretory product

A

Keratohyalin granules

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53
Q

This layer is not apparent in all regions of the skin, particularly in regions of thin skin

A

Stratum granulosum

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54
Q

a thin, transparent layer of keratinocytes that are becoming less round and have a flatter shape

A

Stratum lucidum

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55
Q

only present in the thicker skin of the palms, soles and digits

A

Stratum lucidum

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56
Q

Main function of stratum lucidum

A

to reduce friction between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum

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57
Q

a clear protein rich in lipids, derived from keratohyalin, which gives these cells their transparent (i.e., lucid) appearance and provides a barrier to water

A

Eleidin

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58
Q

are flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes that lack nuclei

A

Cells of stratum corneum

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59
Q

sloughing of keratinocytes

A

Desquamation

60
Q

These are melanin synthesizing cells located within the basilar c9 deeper region of the epidermis and are histologically recognized as poorly staining “ clear cells”

A

Melanocytes

61
Q

the process of melanin generation

A

Melanogenesis

62
Q

specialized, melanocyte-specific organelles

A

Melanosomes

63
Q

an amino acid required for melanogenesis

A

Tyrosine

64
Q

a copper-containing enzyme

A

Tyrosinase

65
Q

Roles of melanin

A

● scatter and reflect UV rays
● scavenger of damaging free radicals

66
Q

Cells of the epidermis

A

●Melanocytes
●Langerhan’s cells

67
Q

are dendritic cells sparsely located within the stratum basale

A

Langerhan’s cell

68
Q

Function of Langerhan’s cell

A

Take up antigens and present it to T-cells

69
Q

serve as “sentinels” at the interface of the external environment and the immune system

A

Langerhan’s cell

70
Q

the “core” of the integumentary system

A

Dermis

71
Q

the primary structural protein of the dermis

A

Collagen

72
Q

The structural support foundation of the epidermis

A

Dermis

73
Q

Layers of the dermis

A
  1. The papillary layer
  2. Reticular Layer
  3. Hypodermis
74
Q

The papillary layer contains touch receptors called

A

Meissner corpuscle

75
Q

This superficial layer of the dermis projects into the stratum basale of the epidermis to form finger-like dermal papillae

A

Papillary layer

76
Q

contains phagocytes, defensive cells that help fight bacteria or other infections that have breached the skin

A

Papillary layer

77
Q

a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) surrounding the muscles

A

Hypodermis

78
Q

a thick connective tissue wrapping that surrounds skeletal muscles anchoring them to surrounding tissues and investing groups of muscles

A

Fascia

79
Q

consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and abundant adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the integument.

A

Hypodermis

80
Q

Adipocytes present in the hypodermis serves as:

A

●energy reservoir
●insulation to prevent heat loss
●cushion

81
Q

generate the structural proteins of the dermis and also play a major role in dermal inflammation and wound healing

A

Dermal fibroblasts

82
Q

narrow spindle-loid mesenchymal cells uniformly but sparsely distributed throughout the dermis producing dermal collagen, elastin, and ground substance

A

dermal fibroblasts

83
Q

3 layers of dermal vasculature

A

a. subcutaneous/deep dermal
b. cutaneous plexus
c. papillary plexus

84
Q

the largest blood supply composed of arteries and veins that branch superficially into the middermis to form the cutaneous plexus

A

subcutaneous or deep dermal

85
Q

responsible for supplying blood to the adnexal structures of the dermis, including follicles and glands

A

cutaneous plexus

86
Q

cutaneous plexus branches superficially to form a fine network of capillaries and venules called ____

A

papillary plexus

87
Q

lies directly subjacent to and supplies blood to the epidermis

A

papillary plexus

88
Q

Enumerate some sensory receptors present on skin

A
  1. mechanoreceptors
  2. thermoreceptors
  3. nociceptors
89
Q

detect light touch

A

hair follicles

90
Q

detect indentation and slipping of objects present in the dermal papillae

A

Meissner corpuscles

91
Q

detect vibration in the deeper dermis

A

Pacinian corpuscles

92
Q

create an understanding of structure and texture in the basal epidermis

A

Merkel complexes

93
Q

detect stretch

A

ruffini corpuscles

94
Q

detect pleasant, light tactile sensations

A

C-fiber LTMs

95
Q

fibers responding to painful temperatures, mechanical forces, and chemicals

A

C and A-delta fibers

96
Q

Receptors that do not signal pain due to lower thresholds of signaling activity

A

A fiber beta-type

97
Q

These are also mechanoreceptors which include muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organ that respond to muscle contraction/relaxation and muscle strain

A

Proprioceptors

98
Q

display a constant discharge to their specific temperatures

A

thermoreceptors

99
Q

Cold receptors mainly sense temperatures between?

A

25 to 30°C

100
Q

Warm receptors respond to the approximate temperature range of?

A

30 to 46°C

101
Q

help signal pain that is related to temperature, pressure, and chemicals

A

nociceptors

102
Q

One of the ion channels families that are present on nociceptive neurons

A

transient receptor potential

103
Q

Give the Accessory Structure of the Skin

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nails
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Sebaceous glands
104
Q

keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis primarily made of dead, keratinized cells

A

hair

105
Q

Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis called as?

A

hair follicle

106
Q

part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this can be exposed at the skin’s surface

A

hair shaft

107
Q

the rest of the hair anchored in the follicle and lies below the surface of the skin

A

hair root

108
Q

hair root ends deep in the dermis at the?

A

hair bulb

109
Q

structure of hair that includes a layer of mitotically active basal cells

A

hair matrix

110
Q

made of connective tissue and contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from the dermis surrounded by the hair bulb

A

hair papilla

111
Q

made of multiple layers of cells that form from basal cells in the hair matrix and the hair root

A

hair follicle

112
Q

Functions of hair

A

a. protection
b. sensory input
c. thermoregulation
d. communication

113
Q

smooth muscle contracts in response to nerve signals from the sympathetic nervous system, making the external hair shaft “stand up

A

arrector pili

114
Q

specialized structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips of our fingers and toes

A

nail bed

115
Q

protects the tips of our fingers and toes as they are the farthest extremities and the parts of the body that experience the maximum mechanical stress

A

nail body

116
Q

type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation

A

eccrine sweat gland

117
Q

Deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers

A

reticular layer

118
Q

Give three location where eccrine sweat gland are abundant

A
  1. palms of the hand
  2. soles of feet
  3. forehead
119
Q

associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions

A

apocrine sweat glands

120
Q

type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

A

sebaceous gland

121
Q

generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum

A

sebaceous glands

122
Q

What are the 4 steps of wound healing?

A
  1. Injury
  2. Clotting
  3. Plugging
  4. Scabbing
123
Q

forms a screen in the upper epidermis that shields the actively multiplying cells in the base of the epidermis

A

melanin

124
Q

melanin-producing cells in the base of the epidermis

A

melanocytes

125
Q

essential to healthy bones, because it helps absorb calcium, which strengthens skeleton

A

Vitamin D

126
Q

Organ where Vitamin D is activated

A

kidney

127
Q

active form of Vitamin D

A

calcitriol

128
Q

toughest and thickest skin of the body

A

digital pad

129
Q

In carnivores, the _____ of the digit is called digital pad

A

ventrum

130
Q

can be compared to the claw of the carnivore, as it represents abundant epidermis with underlying dermis attached to P3

A

hoof

131
Q

dorsal and lateral hoof is called?

A

wall

132
Q

____ aspect of the hoof is called the sole

A

ventral

133
Q

anatomically similar to that of the digital cushion of carnivores

A

sole of hooved animals

134
Q

3 distinct layers of hoof wall from outside to inside

A
  1. stratum externum
  2. stratum medium
  3. stratum internum
135
Q

2 outside layers generated by and grow downward from the epidermis of the coronary band

A

stratum externum, stratum medium

136
Q

part of the hoof similar to the cuticle of a fingernail

A

coronet/coronary band

137
Q

thin, outermost layer of the hoof wall

A

stratum externum or periople

138
Q

middle and thickest layer of the hoof wall which also may contain pigment

A

stratum medium or tubular horn

139
Q

innermost layer of the hoof wall

A

stratum internum

140
Q

layer produced by the epithelium of the laminar epidermis and is fused to the stratum medium, forming a relatively contiguous hoof wall

A

stratum internum

141
Q

sits on top of the laminar dermis, also referred to as the corium

A

laminar epidermis

142
Q

one of the most critical and specialized structures of the hoof

A

laminae (singular: lamina)

143
Q

interdigitating finger-like projections of dermis and epidermis

A

laminae

144
Q

may form when the skin has been damaged by friction, rubbing, heat, cold or chemical exposure

A

blister

145
Q

produces sweat to cool the body

A

sudoriferous glands or sweat glands

146
Q

Sweat glands develop from epidermal projections into the dermis and are classified as?

A

merocrine glands

ZZ2. histology (danica) (17 decks)

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