Integumentary Flashcards
1
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skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possibly due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches
A
Vitiligo
2
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layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits
A
Stratum lucidum
3
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layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes
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Stratum spinosum
4
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most superficial layer of the epidermis
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Stratum Corneum
5
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deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells
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stratum basale
6
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Secretory epithelial cells that contribute to the production of sebum, a lipid-rich fluid that coats hair and the epidermis. Clusters of sebocytes comprise sebaceous glands
A
Sebocytes
7
Q
superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue
A
Papillary layer
8
Q
receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch
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Merkel cell
9
Q
intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis
A
Melanosome
10
Q
Cells derived from the neural crest produce the pigment melanin. It reside within the basal layers of the epidermis, producing and then transferring melanin to keratinocytes.
A
Melanocytes
11
Q
specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage
A
Langerhans cell
12
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pigment that determines the color of hair and skin
A
Melanin
13
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general term referring to epithelial cells of the epidermis, including those of the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum.
A
Keratinocytes
14
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granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum
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Keratohyalin
15
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structural protein produced by keratinocytes that contribute significantly to the
structural integrity of the epidermis.
A
Keratin
16
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skin and its accessory structures
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Integumentary system
17
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Connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle
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Hypodermis
18
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clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss epidermis outermost tissue layer of the skin
A
Eleidin
19
Q
fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis
A
Elastin fibers
20
Q
secretion involves the rupture of the secretory cell, thereby releasing the cytoplasmic contents. This is the major secretion form of sebaceous glands.
A
Holocrine
21
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structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells
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Desmosomes
22
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secretion involves exocytosis of membrane-bound secretory vesicles. This is the major secretion form of epitrichial glands
A
Apocrine
23
Q
extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis
the dermis layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis
A
Dermal papilla
24
Q
a genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production
A
Albinism
25
Functions of skins
-protects internal organ
-protection from physical and mechanical injury
-barrier to infectious organisms
-prevents dehydration
26
a type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis
Basal cell
27
is the layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
28
3 primary components of skin
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous tissue
29
2 layers of skin
-Outer epidermis (orig. Ectoderm)
-Dermis (deriv. Mesenchyme)
30
form as outgrowths of the walls of hair follicles
Sebaceous and sweat glands
31
are highly keratinized epidermal structures enclosing the distal phalanx
Hooves and claws
32
The integumentary system comprises..
the skin, hair, skin glands, hooves, claws, digital pads, horns, and feathers
33
Other roles of the skin
-body temperature regulation
-reception of external sensory stimuli secretion
-immune responses
-vitamin D synthesis
-body surface pigmentation
34
Sweat glands on the hands and most of the body are classified as
eccrine or merocrine type
35
sweat glands under the arms and in the genital areas are classified as
Apocrine sweat glands
36
a multilayered epithelial structure composed of keratinocytes that produce the structural protein kerati
Epidermis
37
From innermost to outermost the layers of the epidermis are:
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
38
2 primary functions of the stratum basale
1. Proliferation
2. Attachment of the epidermis to the dermis
39
These cells are the most mitotically active keratinocytes and are the least differentiated.
Cells of the stratum basale
40
forms the “floor” of the epidermis and the junction of the epidermis and dermis
Basement membrane
41
3 major functions of basement membrane
1. forming an adhesion interface between the epidermis and underlying dermis
2. acting as a physical barrier
3. forms the foundation for the generation, differentiation, and repair of the epidermal keratinocytes.
42
Cells of the stratum basale attach to the basement membrane via protein structures called
hemidesmosomes
43
Two cell types found dispersed among the basal cells in the stratum basale
Merkel cell
Melanocyte
44
functions as a receptor and is responsible for stimulating sensory nerves that the brain perceives as touch
Merkel cell
45
These cells are especially abundant on the surfaces of the hands and feet
Merkel cells
46
a cell that produces the pigment melanin
Melanocytes
47
gives hair and skin its color, and also helps protect the DNA in the nuclei of living cells of the epidermis from UV radiation damage
Melanin
48
have prominent cell-to-cell junctions, termed desmosomes, that appear as spiky membrane projections on histology. For this reason, these are referred to as “prickle cells”.
Cells of stratum spinosum
49
are protein complexes that firmly attach keratinocytes to their surrounding cells (intercellular, between cells), thereby providing significant structural integrity
Desmosomes
50
are intracellular (within cells) protein complexes that anchor desmosomes to the cell membranes
Tonofilaments
51
a thin layer of keratinocytes containing dense, basophilic (blue/purple) cytoplasmic structures called keratohyalin granules
Stratum granulosum
52
contain components responsible for keratinization, including fibrous proteins (keratohyalin) and a lipid-rich secretory product
Keratohyalin granules
53
This layer is not apparent in all regions of the skin, particularly in regions of thin skin
Stratum granulosum
54
a thin, transparent layer of keratinocytes that are becoming less round and have a flatter shape
Stratum lucidum
55
only present in the thicker skin of the palms, soles and digits
Stratum lucidum
56
Main function of stratum lucidum
to reduce friction between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum
57
a clear protein rich in lipids, derived from keratohyalin, which gives these cells their transparent (i.e., lucid) appearance and provides a barrier to water
Eleidin
58
are flattened eosinophilic keratinocytes that lack nuclei
Cells of stratum corneum
59
sloughing of keratinocytes
Desquamation
60
These are melanin synthesizing cells located within the basilar c9 deeper region of the epidermis and are histologically recognized as poorly staining “ clear cells”
Melanocytes
61
the process of melanin generation
Melanogenesis
62
specialized, melanocyte-specific organelles
Melanosomes
63
an amino acid required for melanogenesis
Tyrosine
64
a copper-containing enzyme
Tyrosinase
65
Roles of melanin
● scatter and reflect UV rays
● scavenger of damaging free radicals
66
Cells of the epidermis
●Melanocytes
●Langerhan's cells
67
are dendritic cells sparsely located within the stratum basale
Langerhan's cell
68
Function of Langerhan's cell
Take up antigens and present it to T-cells
69
serve as “sentinels” at the interface of the external environment and the immune system
Langerhan's cell
70
the “core” of the integumentary system
Dermis
71
the primary structural protein of the dermis
Collagen
72
The structural support foundation of the epidermis
Dermis
73
Layers of the dermis
1. The papillary layer
2. Reticular Layer
3. Hypodermis
74
The papillary layer contains touch receptors called
Meissner corpuscle
75
This superficial layer of the dermis projects into the stratum basale of the epidermis to form finger-like dermal papillae
Papillary layer
76
contains phagocytes, defensive cells that help fight bacteria or other infections that have breached the skin
Papillary layer
77
a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) surrounding the muscles
Hypodermis
78
a thick connective tissue wrapping that surrounds skeletal muscles anchoring them to surrounding tissues and investing groups of muscles
Fascia
79
consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and abundant adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for the integument.
Hypodermis
80
Adipocytes present in the hypodermis serves as:
●energy reservoir
●insulation to prevent heat loss
●cushion
81
generate the structural proteins of the dermis and also play a major role in dermal inflammation and wound healing
Dermal fibroblasts
82
narrow spindle-loid mesenchymal cells uniformly but sparsely distributed throughout the dermis producing dermal collagen, elastin, and ground substance
dermal fibroblasts
83
3 layers of dermal vasculature
a. subcutaneous/deep dermal
b. cutaneous plexus
c. papillary plexus
84
the largest blood supply composed of arteries and veins that branch superficially into the middermis to form the cutaneous plexus
subcutaneous or deep dermal
85
responsible for supplying blood to the adnexal structures of the dermis, including follicles and glands
cutaneous plexus
86
cutaneous plexus branches superficially to form a fine network of capillaries and venules called ____
papillary plexus
87
lies directly subjacent to and supplies blood to the epidermis
papillary plexus
88
Enumerate some sensory receptors present on skin
1. mechanoreceptors
2. thermoreceptors
3. nociceptors
89
detect light touch
hair follicles
90
detect indentation and slipping of objects present in the dermal papillae
Meissner corpuscles
91
detect vibration in the deeper dermis
Pacinian corpuscles
92
create an understanding of structure and texture in the basal epidermis
Merkel complexes
93
detect stretch
ruffini corpuscles
94
detect pleasant, light tactile sensations
C-fiber LTMs
95
fibers responding to painful temperatures, mechanical forces, and chemicals
C and A-delta fibers
96
Receptors that do not signal pain due to lower thresholds of signaling activity
A fiber beta-type
97
These are also mechanoreceptors which include muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organ that respond to muscle contraction/relaxation and muscle strain
Proprioceptors
98
display a constant discharge to their specific temperatures
thermoreceptors
99
Cold receptors mainly sense temperatures between?
25 to 30°C
100
Warm receptors respond to the approximate temperature range of?
30 to 46°C
101
help signal pain that is related to temperature, pressure, and chemicals
nociceptors
102
One of the ion channels families that are present on nociceptive neurons
transient receptor potential
103
Give the Accessory Structure of the Skin
1. Hair
2. Nails
3. Sweat glands
4. Sebaceous glands
104
keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis primarily made of dead, keratinized cells
hair
105
Strands of hair originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis called as?
hair follicle
106
part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, and much of this can be exposed at the skin’s surface
hair shaft
107
the rest of the hair anchored in the follicle and lies below the surface of the skin
hair root
108
hair root ends deep in the dermis at the?
hair bulb
109
structure of hair that includes a layer of mitotically active basal cells
hair matrix
110
made of connective tissue and contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from the dermis surrounded by the hair bulb
hair papilla
111
made of multiple layers of cells that form from basal cells in the hair matrix and the hair root
hair follicle
112
Functions of hair
a. protection
b. sensory input
c. thermoregulation
d. communication
113
smooth muscle contracts in response to nerve signals from the sympathetic nervous system, making the external hair shaft “stand up
arrector pili
114
specialized structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips of our fingers and toes
nail bed
115
protects the tips of our fingers and toes as they are the farthest extremities and the parts of the body that experience the maximum mechanical stress
nail body
116
type of gland that produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation
eccrine sweat gland
117
Deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers
reticular layer
118
Give three location where eccrine sweat gland are abundant
1. palms of the hand
2. soles of feet
3. forehead
119
associated with hair follicles in densely hairy areas, such as armpits and genital regions
apocrine sweat glands
120
type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair
sebaceous gland
121
generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum
sebaceous glands
122
What are the 4 steps of wound healing?
1. Injury
2. Clotting
3. Plugging
4. Scabbing
123
forms a screen in the upper epidermis that shields the actively multiplying cells in the base of the epidermis
melanin
124
melanin-producing cells in the base of the epidermis
melanocytes
125
essential to healthy bones, because it helps absorb calcium, which strengthens skeleton
Vitamin D
126
Organ where Vitamin D is activated
kidney
127
active form of Vitamin D
calcitriol
128
toughest and thickest skin of the body
digital pad
129
In carnivores, the _____ of the digit is called digital pad
ventrum
130
can be compared to the claw of the carnivore, as it represents abundant epidermis with underlying dermis attached to P3
hoof
131
dorsal and lateral hoof is called?
wall
132
____ aspect of the hoof is called the sole
ventral
133
anatomically similar to that of the digital cushion of carnivores
sole of hooved animals
134
3 distinct layers of hoof wall from outside to inside
1. stratum externum
2. stratum medium
3. stratum internum
135
2 outside layers generated by and grow downward from the epidermis of the coronary band
stratum externum, stratum medium
136
part of the hoof similar to the cuticle of a fingernail
coronet/coronary band
137
thin, outermost layer of the hoof wall
stratum externum or periople
138
middle and thickest layer of the hoof wall which also may contain pigment
stratum medium or tubular horn
139
innermost layer of the hoof wall
stratum internum
140
layer produced by the epithelium of the laminar epidermis and is fused to the stratum medium, forming a relatively contiguous hoof wall
stratum internum
141
sits on top of the laminar dermis, also referred to as the corium
laminar epidermis
142
one of the most critical and specialized structures of the hoof
laminae (singular: lamina)
143
interdigitating finger-like projections of dermis and epidermis
laminae
144
may form when the skin has been damaged by friction, rubbing, heat, cold or chemical exposure
blister
145
produces sweat to cool the body
sudoriferous glands or sweat glands
146
Sweat glands develop from epidermal projections into the dermis and are classified as?
merocrine glands
