Negative Impact on the Periphery

Question 1

How can divide and rule be seen in Nigeria under Lugard? What principle does this show?

Answer 1

He kept the muslim north separate from the increasingly christianised south
Rule by law instead of of law

Question 2

Why did Judge Thacker convict Kenyatta for his role in the Mau Mau Rebellion? What does this show?

Answer 2

Governor Baring bribed him with £20,000

This shows the opposite of rule of law

Question 3

How many non-white British colonies maintained democracy following colonisation?

Answer 3

1

Question 4

Give some examples of ethnic conflicts which were heightened by British rule:

Answer 4

Jews vs Arabs (Palestine)
Catholics vs Protestants (Ireland)
Chinese vs Malayan (Malaya)

Question 5

How much of the world’s manufacturing output did India have prior to colonial rule? What did their share of world trade decrease to by the end?

Answer 5

1/4 decreased to 5%

Question 6

How many Indians were living below the poverty line by the end of colonial rule?

Answer 6

78%

Question 7

Who did Britain launch a punitive expedition against in Kenya in 1905? What wider imperial policy does this show?

Answer 7

The Kisii

Shows the policy of land grab and forced resettlement

Question 8

What is the moral argument against empire?

Answer 8

Imperialism is morally corrupt since it removes the freedom of the nationals to rule themselves and take responsibility for that. It creates a power hierarchy.

Question 9

What levels was infant mortality at in India in 1947? How did this change over the next two decades?

Answer 9

200 deaths were 1000 live births in 1947

This figure halved over the two decades after independence

Question 10

How can the worse economic situation of colonies post-decolonisation still be seen as the fault of colonisation?

Answer 10

The rule under colonisation led to the economic extraction of the colony and hence when it was independent, it lacked the resources and necessary economic position to be strong by itself.

Question 11

Against which populations was indentured labour used? Which argument does this rebut?

Answer 11

Indentured labour of Indians and Chinese

This rebuts the argument that the British empire brought an end to slavery

Question 12

What did the British do during Indian famines 1860-1870 which could be seen to worsen the problem?

Answer 12

They experimented to see how little rations they could give the workers without them dying. This obviously led to excess deaths

Question 13

In which decade was the first White man prosecuted for murdering an African?

Answer 13

1960

Question 14

What is the argument against the positivity of high investment by the British in the empire?

Answer 14

This investment was designed to facilitate wealth extraction rather than to build the wealth and infrastructure in the colonies.

Question 15

Who were mostly responsible for developing education in the colonies? e.g. how many schools was the government responsible for in the Gold Coast by 1914?

Answer 15

Missionaries

8% of schools in the Gold Coast under the government by 1914

Question 16

In what decade did government sponsored secondary education in the Gold Coast, East Africa and Nigeria first begin to emerge?

Answer 16

1930s

Question 17

The imposition of what tax caused a rebellion in Sierra Leone? When?

Answer 17

Hut Tax

1898

Question 18

What was the trigger for the 1906 Bambatha rebellion?

Answer 18

Onerous tax legislation

Question 19

How many Indians died from famines between 1860-1900?

Answer 19

14.5m

Question 20

When did the first directly financed colonial projects begin?

Answer 20

1929 (First Colonial Development Act)

Question 21

What impact does George Otto Trevelyan describe to do with the expansion of the railways in India?

Answer 21

Argues that trains encouraged lazy workers and robbers rather than them being used to a beneficial purpose

Question 22

By 1948, how many Kikuyu were forced into landholding of 2000 acres?

Answer 22

250,000

Question 23

Why did british authorities permit domestic slavery sometimes?

Answer 23

Since it was seen as essential for the mobilisation of African labour

Question 24

When was Indentured labour banned by the Government of India?

Answer 24

1917

Question 25

How does C.L.R James see the encouragement of sports such as cricket in the West Indies?

Answer 25

Sees it as an instrument for colonisers to increase control over the colonies i.e. sport teaches one to accept rules and play fairly

Question 26

How many civilians were killed in concentration camps in the Second Boer War?

Answer 26

110,000

Question 27

Who wrote that the Black Aborigine’s “life is such that the law can hardly reach him”?

Answer 27

Novelist Anthony Trollope

Question 28

Which two key countries were Britain forced to leave from due to an inability to maintain and enforce law and order?

Answer 28

Palestine and India

Question 29

Which democratic party was suppressed in Egypt in favour of King Farouk? What does this demonstrate?

Answer 29

The Wafd

demonstrates how indirect rule prevented the development of modern states

Question 30

For how long were no Africans full diocesan Bishops in the Anglican church?

Answer 30

Until 1953

Question 31

Where did White and Black towns emerge in India?

Answer 31

Madras and Calcutta

Question 32

What was Benevolent Apartheid in Fiji (from 1874)?

Answer 32

The separation of Fijians and Indians legally and politically in Fiji until 1959

Question 33

By 1921, what proportion of children in the Gold Coast under 16 attended government financed schools?

Answer 33

3.9%

Question 34

What happened to the status of doctors in Sierra Leone in 1902?

Answer 34

British doctors were made senior to Sierra Leoneans regardless of qualifications

Question 35

What have Rachael Hill’s studies about women in Igbo and Yuroba societies shown?

Answer 35

That women had much greater economic independence before colonial rule when they played an equal role in farming and managing family land. Under British rule, only men were allowed to register land ownership.

Question 36

Which directive issued to the colonial service in 1909 forbade colonial officials from taking indigenous concubines? What negative theory did this cement?

Answer 36

Lord Crewe’s Circular on Concubinage

Cemented growing racist ideologies and divisions between colonial officers and native populations

Question 37

Which historian has shown that in India, the Empire reinforced sexual barriers i.e. that women were inferior and weak?

Answer 37

Indrani Sen

Question 38

How did Britain use sexism to help raise certain Indian groups above others?

Answer 38

They praised the Sikhs for their manly, martial qualities whilst critcised the Bengali males for their effeminate nature. Even Gandhi succombed to these stereotypes when criticising European Doctors.

Question 39

What did Section 377 of the Indian penal code (1860) forbid?

Answer 39

Homosexual relations and hijras (non-binary group)

Question 40

What proportion of the current 71 nations who outlaw same-sex relations were part of the British empire?

Answer 40

Over half

Question 41

What gender system did Britain enforce upon its colonies?

Answer 41

A monolithic gender system

Question 42

How many Indian workers died constructing the Mombasa-Lake Victoria Railway (1895-1903)?

Answer 42

2500

Question 43

When did the East African population start declining as a result of poor wages, food provision and medical attention?

Answer 43

1924

Question 44

How were Kenyans forced to work on European farms rather than their own?

Answer 44

The British often used military intimidation or physical engagement to seize lands of tribes. They then set up specific cash taxes which could only be paid off through a wage earned by working on a European farm.

Question 45

What was Churchill’s response to the 1943/44 Bengal famines?

Answer 45

He refused to divert scarce shipping to Calcutta to alleviate the issues

Question 46

How many cattle did the Ndebele in Zimbabwe lose between 1893-96 due to colonial settlers?

Answer 46

100,000-200,000 according to Wayne Dooling

Question 47

How did Britain help consolidate apartheid in South Africa after the Second Boer War?

Answer 47

They put white landlords back in control of the land and disarmed the blacks who had fought with them. They engaged with negotiations to establish the Union of South Africa with racist figures such as Jan Smuts.

Question 48

Which historian argues that the British were partially responsible for the consolidation of muslim and non-muslim identities in India through improving communication, transport and separating muslims electorally?

Answer 48

Francis Robinson

Question 49

Which tribe did Britain collaborate with in Uganda to secure control (alienating the other tribes)?

Answer 49

Buganda

Question 50

By 1908, where did a quarter of British exports end up? What does this highlight?

Answer 50

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and India

Highlights that the majority of British colonies did not benefit from Britain’s industrial production.