Coercion as a means of control Flashcards
In what cases did Britain use coercion in Egypt?
- British tax extractors in Egypt used flogging, torture and imprisonment against Egyptians to continue to pay the bondholders’ interest despite the famine that was occuring
- Britain bombarded Egyptian rebels in Alexandria for 10 hours in 1881, killing or wounding 2000 of them
Where and when was the Sudanese army massacred by the British?
- The Sudanese army was massacred at the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898 after they attempted to oppose colonial domination
What was the response to Paul Bogle’s Morant bay rebellion in 1865?
- The initial militia opened gunfire on the protesters
- Following the overpowering of the militia, British soldiers hunted down the rebellions who shot and hung whoever they came across
- 439 Blacks were killed and a further 354 were killed without trial
Who did Britain launch a punitive expedition against in Kenya in 1905? Why?
- The Kisii
- In order to open up the territory they occupied for White settlement
By 1948, how many Kikuyu in Kenya were restrictd to landholding in 2000 square miles?
250,000
What was Operation Anvil? How many people did this affect?
- It was a repressive response in April 1954 to the Mau Mau Revolt in Kenya
- 77,000 Kikuyu interned without trial and 1m Kikuyu had their homes and possessions destroyed
When was Ndebele (in Zimbabwe) annexed with mass machine gun and artillery fire?
October 1893
What did one officer order to happen in response to the Nbele’s revolt in 1895?
“Wipe them all out… everything black”
How did Britain respond to the First Chimurenga (Ndebele and Shona Revolts in 1896-7)?
Brutally
Employed machine guns and artillery to massacre the rebels
How were sepoy prisoners treated during the Indian Rebellion?
Many were exectued
Some were strapped to canons and blown from them
Who was the British General responsible for the Amritsar Massacre in 1919? How many were killed and wounded?
Harry Dyer
379 killed and 1200 wounded out of the Indian protestors
By the end of August 1848, how many men and women had been detained in Malaysia as part of a crackdown against the left?
4000
By 1952, how many Chinese had been resettled in heavily guarded and repressive villages in Malaysia?
400,000
How did Britain employ coercion against Jinhai port during the first opium war?
They bombarded the port in October 1841 before pillaging the town and raping the women in it. Over 2000 defenseless Chinese were killed
How many Chinese were killed during a British bombardment of the northernmost Chinese fort in 1860?
2000
What was the relegated status of Palestinian Arabs under British rule?
“Existing non-Jewish communities”
How did police contend with a Palestinian demonstration against Jewish settlers in October 1933?
They opened fire on the demonstrators, killing 15
How did the British contend with the Great Revolt of the Palestinians in 1939?
They crushed the rebels, killing 5000 and interning thousands more without trial
What technology created in the 1881 supported the use of coercion as a strategy of control?
The Maxim gun
What technological development in the 1920s and 1930s facilitated coercive control? Name an example from 1920
The development of air technology meant fewer troops were needed to deal with revolts and rebellions. In Iraq, the RAF defeated a devolt in 1920. Following this, the garrison was reduced from 23 to 2 batallions without comprimising security.
What were the limitations of coercion as a means of control?
- There were limited numbers of troops i.e. only 40,000 soldiers for an area of 25% of the Earth by 1900.
- Coercion provoked opposition domestically and peripherally. There was both local outrage and protest in Britain to the Amritsar massacre in 1919 for example.
What did the Earl of Cromer (British Consul General in Egypt 1885-1907) say regarding the use of coercion?
“The sword will assuredly be powerless to defend us for long”
How many Nandi were killed by Sir James Sadler’s expedition force in Kenya in 1905? How many huts and stores were destroyed?
1117 of the Nandi rebels were killed and 4956 huts and stores were destroyed
