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British Empire > Evidence of Imperial Culture > Flashcards

Evidence of Imperial Culture Flashcards

1
Q

What were the main two forms of drama types in the C19th? How did they lend themselves to colonialism?

A

Melodrama and Spectacle
Melodrama - concerned itself with differences in race
Spectacle - concerned itself with grand and exotic display e.g. that of imperial events and campaigns

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2
Q

In what play did the popular actor Henry Irving perform in 1860?

A

The Indian Revolt

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3
Q

Name some examples of imperial plays between the 1880s-1890s?

A

The Raid on the Transvaal
The Great Mogul
The Cape Mail
The Cousin from Australia

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4
Q

Which pantomime in 1882 featured the British bombardment of Alexandria?

A

Sinbad the Sailor

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5
Q

Which two sources of the illustrated press documented key imperial events? Give some examples of events documented

A

The Illustrated London News or The Graphic

The Indian Mutiny, the death of David Livingstone or the death of Gordon in Khartoum 1885

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6
Q

How was the royal family transformed into an imperial symbol?

A

Victoria became Empress of India in 1875 and her strength and values became associated with the empire and civilising it

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7
Q

Which colonial themed book did Anthony Trollope write in 1869?

A

Phineas Finn

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8
Q

Name a popular child’s author at the end of the C19th whose works focussed on empire. Name an example of a book he wrote

A

G.A. Henty

‘True as Steel’

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9
Q

How did advertisers contribute to the development of an imperial culture?

A

They associated products e.g. cigarettes or tea with parts of the empire in order to encourage people to buy them

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10
Q

What was the most popular medium of entertainment in the late C19th in Britain? Whose jingo song featured in this after 1878?

A

Music Halls

MacDermott

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11
Q

Which war marked a dramatic explosion in public fervour for imperialism?

A

The Second Boer War

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12
Q

Which historian firmly believes that the empire permeated British culture?

A

John MacKenzie

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13
Q

When was the Hyde Park exhibition opened? How many visitors did it receive? How could it show an impact of empire on the metropole?

A

1851 - 6m visitors

Included industrial products from the empire on display

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14
Q

When was the South Kensington exhibition?

A

1862

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15
Q

When was the London ‘Colonial and Indian’ exhibition opened? What is this a wider example of?

A

1886

Example of the growing imperial exhibitions towards the end of the C19th

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16
Q

How could compulsory education for 5-10 year olds from 1880 have contributed to developing an imperial culture?

A

Ideas of race and images of Empire featured heavily in the reading material for these children

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17
Q

Where was the emphasis on taught history placed from 1890?

A

On the creation of an Anglo-Saxon Identity as well as Elizabethan history (discoveries of Francis Drake)

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18
Q

Why were racial attitudes promoted in education in the late C19th?

A

So as to develop unity amongst all British classes

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19
Q

Which group were particularly keen readers of imperial books?

A

Young People

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20
Q

What values did historical novels generally reinforce?

A

Valiant, military characteristics

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21
Q

When was empire day introduced? When did it officially become an annual event?

A

1902 introduced

1916 became an official annual event

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22
Q

What happened on Empire Day? Which organisation led festivities on this day, even during WW1?

A

Children sang patriotic songs and listened to pro-imperial speeches. They received a half-day so they could be sent home early for parties and concerts.

Led by the “Empire Day Movement”

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23
Q

When was Boy Scouts introduced? Girl Guides?

A 
1907 = Boy Scouts
1910 = Girl Guides
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24
Q

Which Christian organisation was inspired by the likes of imperial explorers such as Livingstone? When was it founded?

A

Salvation Army (1878)

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25
Q

When did Geographical societies, often concerned with imperial lands, begin developing in England?

A

1870s and 1880s

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26
Q

How did photography help develop an imperial culture?

A

Helped to circulate real life images of empire in advertising, magazines and postcards

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27
Q

Name an example of a postcard with imperial images.

A

Commemorative postcard celebrating the contribution of British colonies in WW1

28
Q

Which event in 1902 led to popular celebrations in Britain?

A

The relief of the Siege of Mafeking (Second Boer War)

29
Q

Why is the 1900 election sometimes used as evidence of an imperial culture?

A

Because the conservatives managed to win the election after stigmatising the Liberals as pro-Boers

30
Q

Why does John MacKenzie argue that the empire gained increasing visibility during the inter-war period?

A

As a result of increasing and improving propaganda, literature, news and exhibitions. Likewise, personal connections to empire were increasing with employment in colonial lands or emigration to dominions

31
Q

When was the Empire Resettlement Act passed? By 1936, how many emigrants had travelled to the colonies?

A

1922

405,230 emigrants

32
Q

When was the imperial Wembley Exhibition opened? How many visitors did it attract in the first year?

A

1924

Attracted 27m visitors

33
Q

How many visitors was the Imperial Institute receiving a year by the 1930s?

A

1m

34
Q

What was the role of the Empire Marketing Board established in 1926?

A

To publish booklets, pamphlets and postcards to do with empire. These encouraged the purchase of imperial goods too.

35
Q

How did BBC broadcasting contribute to imperialist culture?

A
  • It held some programs abot colonial development e.g. Empire Day programmes
  • From 1932, Christmas programmes were begun with contributions from colonies
  • During WW2, there were a few festivals of Empire broadcast from the Royal Albert Hall
36
Q

How manu people possessed wireless licences by 1939?

A

9m

37
Q

What was the popular imperial feature film released in 1939?

A

Gunga Din

38
Q

Which cinema produced documentaries on empire for schoolchildren?

A

The Imperial Institute Cinema

39
Q

How did WW2 change popular attitudes towards imperialism? How is this still evidence of an imperial culture?

A
  • Made the idea that Britons were racially superior seem somewhat anachronistic
  • Made many Britons reject the idea of sending fighting men off to combat colonial nationalism

Demonstrates some anti-imperialism which is still indicative of the empire affecting political culture

40
Q

Who said in 1957 that “We should take our place where we know we most belong i.e. in Europe with our immediate neighbours”?

A

Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd

41
Q

How could the election of a Labour government in 1945 be evidence of strong anti-imperialism?

A

The Labour government was committed to Indian independence whereas the Conservative party wasn’t

42
Q

How did Gandhi gain some British sympathy during the Round Table Conferences 1930-32?

A

He gained an audience with King George V and visited mill workers in Lancarshire. This gained him significant publicity to garner public support.

43
Q

What was the British response to the Amritsar massacre?

A

Public outcry which forced General Dyer to retire.

44
Q

Which Chariman of the Independent Labour Party argued that working class imperialism distracted the working class from “real issues” in the 1890s? How is this evidence of imperial culture?

A 
Keir Hardie 
Indicates that he thought popular jingoism amongst the working class was a problem and hence, empire had greatly impacted them.
45
Q

What was the result of international opposition to British methods in the Second Boer War back home? Who drew up an anti-imperialist poster titled “Stop the War”?

A

Anti-imperialist views grew somewhat

Walter Crane drew the “Stop the War” poster from 1900

46
Q

Which anti-imperialist historian believed that popular jingoism was widespread in the late C19th?

A

John Hobson

47
Q

Which historian has argued that many working class men volunteered to fight in the Boer War?

A

Richard Price

48
Q

The death of which general in 1885 turned him into a national symbol of Christ-like sacrifice?

A

General Gordon

49
Q

What was the Times Newspaper’s response to the Indian Mutiny? Which massacre received particularly large attention?

A

It called for widespread retribution for the mutineers

Cawnpore Massacre

50
Q

What was the response of the British politicians and public to Governor Eyre’s Morant Bay repression?

A

Large outcry
The Jamaica Committee was organised in December 1865 to oversee the government’s response and to try and get Eyre prosecuted.

51
Q

How did the number of British troops in Canada change between 1841-56? What could this be evidence of in the mid-19th century?

A

Fell from 16,000 to 2,800

Potential evidence of anti-imperialism

52
Q

What films did London Films release in 1936-39 as part of their so-called “imperial trilogy”?

A

Sanders of the River
The Drum
The Four Feathers

53
Q

When was the popular film Zulu released?

A

1964

54
Q

Which historian argues that imperialist attitudes were instilled through schools in the late C19th, although particularly in the 150 Public Schools in England?

A

Robert Pearce

55
Q

When did Buchan write the Thirty Nine Steps book series? How did they promote imperialism?

A

Between 1915-1936
Action stories about a gentleman hero (Hannay = former officer in Rhodesia) fighting off malignant vilains in foreign countries. They encouraged racial assumptions (such as social darwinism) to not be questioned.

56
Q

How did Cecil Rhodes explain the reason for many Imperialists in England in 1899?

A

“The people of England are finding out that ‘trade follows the flag’ and they have all become imperialists”

57
Q

When was the daily mail founded? Daily express? Who was their target audience?

A

Daily Mail - 1896
Daily Express - 1900
Designed for lower-middle classes

58
Q

What did the Daily Express declare in its first leader?

A

“Our policy is patriotic, our policy is the British Empire”

59
Q

Whose study of children’s literature in the late Victorian period has shown that it was steeped in imperialist themes?

A

Michael Paris

60
Q

When was the Chums magazine created for schoolboys? What was its aim?

A

1892

To link virility with the defence of Empire

61
Q

Whose study has shown that the lower-middle classes were enthusiastic about joining in the Second-Boer War through patriotism?

A

Richard Price

62
Q

What was Robert Baden Powell regarded as during the Second Boer War?

A

the “Hero of Mafeking”

63
Q

What was done to commemorate Gordon’s death in Sudan in 1885?

A

Gordon Boys’ Clubs opened and over 25 books (and many more pamphlets) were written in his glory

64
Q

Who wrote “Heart of Darkness” in 1899? With whose other work does this relate?

A

Joseph Conrad

Relates to Orwell’s “Burmese Days” (1934) which criticise the corruption and immorality of Empire.

65
Q

Which children’s author, whose works were explicitly related to empire, preceded G.A.Henty?

A

W.G.H Kingston

66
Q

Who wrote King Solomon’s Mine in 1885? How does it depict empire?

A

Rider Haggard
Depicts the Englishmen in Empire as civilising e.g. removing witch hunts and potrays those natives who accept these civilising actions with sympathy

British Empire (45 decks)

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