neck/suboccipital LOs

Question 1

deep cervical fascia

Answer 1

• investing fascia
  
  • surrounding sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
  • encircles neck
• pretracheal fascia
  
  • around thyroid cartilage, trachea, esophagus
• prevertebral fascia
  
  • encircles deep muscle and vertebra
• carotid sheath
  
  • around internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve (CN X)
  • medial to SCM m.

Question 2

investing fascia

Answer 2

• like deep fascia of extremities
• surrounding SCM and trapezius mm.
• encircles neck

Question 3

pretracheal fascia

Answer 3

• around thyroid cartilage, trachea, esophagus

Question 4

prevertebral fascia

Answer 4

• encirocles deep muscle and vertebra

Question 5

carotid sheath

Answer 5

• medial to SCM m.
• around internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, vagus nerve (CN X)
• posterior to ansa cervicalis

Question 6

triangles of neck

Answer 6

• anterior
  
  • submental
  • submandibular
  • muscular
  • carotid
• posterior
  
  • supraclavicular
  • occipital

Question 7

submental triangle

Answer 7

• superior to hyoid bone, anterior to anterior belly of digastric muscle, inferior to mandible

Question 8

submandibular triangle

Answer 8

• posterior to anterior digastric, superior to posterior digastric, inferior to mandible

Question 9

muscular triangle

Answer 9

• inferior to hyoid bone, anterior to superior omohyoid, superior to sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 10

carotid triangle

Answer 10

• inferior to posterior digastric, posterior to superior omohyoid, superior to SCM
• contains common carotid artery

Question 11

supraclavicular triangle

Answer 11

• anterior to inferior omohyoid, posteroinferior to SCM, superior to clavicle
• contains subclavian artery (with thyrocervical trunk: transverse cervical, suprascapular, ascending cervical, inferior thyroid)

Question 12

occipital triangle

Answer 12

• posteroinferior to SCM, superior to inferior omohyoid, anterior to anterior border of trapezius m.
• contains accessory nerve (CN XI), trunks of brachial plexus

Question 13

cervical plexus

Answer 13

• C1: ventral ramus of C1 (to geniohyoid). superior root of ansa cervicalis (to superior omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, inferior omohyoid)
  
  • suboccipital (dorsal ramus)
• C2: inferior root of ansa cervicalis
  
  • greater occipital (S)
  • lesser occipital (S)
  • greater auricular (S)
• C3: inferior root of ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve (1)
  
  • greater auricular (S)
  • supraclavicular (S)
• C4: phrenic nerve (2)
  
  • supraclavicular (S)
• C5: phrenic nerve (3)

Question 14

branchial/pharyngeal arches

Answer 14

• 1: mandibular
• 2: hyoid
• 3: third
• 4: fourth
• 6: sixth

Question 15

first branchial arch

Answer 15

• mandibular
• mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric

Question 16

second branchial arch

Answer 16

• hyoid
• facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid

Question 17

third branchial arch

Answer 17

• third
• stylopharngeus

Question 18

fourth branchial arch

Answer 18

• fourth
• cricothyroid, inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 19

sixth brnachial arch

Answer 19

• sixth
• intrinsic laryngeal

Question 20

branchial motor axon function related to function of cranial nerves

Answer 20

• BMAs from pharyngeal arches innervated by corresponding CNs
• BMAs are special sets of axons from embryologic pharyngeal arches, homologous to somites in skeletal muscle
  
  • branchial axons innervate muscles from pharyngeal arches
  • CNs are “called” to sites of each arch (like dermatomes and myotomes)

Question 21

unique features of cervical vertebrae

Answer 21

• C1 is atlas
  
  • no spinous processes
• C2 is axis
  
  • has dens
• C7 is vertebral prominens
  
  • all except C7 have bifid spinous processes
• vertebral artery travels through transverse formaina of cervical vertebrae