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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > N: Limbic System > Flashcards

N: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic system generates ___ and ____ from sensory inputs

A

feelings /emotions

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2
Q

Limbic system is evolved to promote ____ so activity varies depending on physiological need

A

promotes survival

so activity varies on physiological need

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3
Q

Limbic system bridges the __ and ___

A

autonomic / voluntary responses to environmental change

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4
Q

LImbic system consists of what 2 thigns?

A
  1. limbic cortex

2. subcoertical nuclei

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5
Q

Limbic cortex

Allocortex of ______ (___ layered)

Mesocortex of _____

A

3 layered allocortex of hippocampus and septal area

mesocortex in parahippocampus gyrus, cingulate, insula

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6
Q

What are the subcortical nuclei of the limbic system>

A

amygdala, hypothalamus

nucleus accumbens

reticular formation

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7
Q

Limbic system: Amygdala is responses for ___

A

emotional responses

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8
Q

Limbic system: Hippocampus is responsible for ___

A

learning and memory

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9
Q

HIPPOCAMPUS AFFERENT

Entorhinal cortex gets information from olfactory areas (____) and other areas (____)

A

olfactory - minor

other - major

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10
Q

HIPPOCAMPUS AFFERENT

Input from septal nuclei does what?

A

modulates whether information in the hippocampus will be retained

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11
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones of the hippocampus?

A
  1. dental gyrus
  2. hippocampus proper
  3. subiculum
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12
Q

Hippocampus proper aka ___

A

cornu ammonis (amin’s horn)

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13
Q

The subiculum is the transition between ____ and ____

A

hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex

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14
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:

1. Afferent fibers from ___ sends to ____

A

sensory cortex –> entorhinal cortex

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15
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS
2. Entorhinal cortex projects to ____

This is via ____ pathway

A

dental gyrus

via perforant pathway

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16
Q

What is the perforant pathway>

A

entorhinal corex to dental gyrus

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17
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:

3. Denta neurons project to ____

A

CA3 of hippocampus proper

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18
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:

4. CA3 of hippocampus proper projects to ___ and __

A

FIMBRIA

CA1 of hippocampus proper

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19
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:

5. CA1 of hippocampus proper projects to ___

A

subiculum

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20
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:
6. Subilculum projects to ____

Via ___ pathway

A

FIMBRIA

via alvear pathway

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21
Q

What is the alvear pathway?

A

Subiculum to fimbria

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22
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:

7. Subiculuar neurons project to ___

A

entorhinal cortex

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23
Q

AFFERENT HIPPOCAMPUS:

8. Entorhinal cortex projects to ____

A

sensory cortex

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24
Q

What are the 2 major EFFERENTS of the hippocampus?

A
  1. alvear pathway (subiculum to fornix)

2. entorhinal cortex going to cerebral cortex

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25
Q

The ___ is the direct continuation of the fimbriae

A

fornix

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26
Q

The fornix contains axons from what 2 structures?

A

subiculum and CA3 of hippocampus

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27
Q

The fornix has a long course underneath the ___

A

corpus callosum

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28
Q

THe ___ arches up from the hippocampus as a part of the fornix

A

crus

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29
Q

The 2 crus of the fornix join, forming a ____

This happens near the ____

A

forming a body (trunk)

this happens near hippocampal commissure

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30
Q

Fornix trunk divides into 2 ____

These split near the ___

A

2 commissures

These split near the anterior commissure

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31
Q

What are the 2 commissures (and what areas) after the fornix trunk (body) divides

A
  1. precommisural fibers (septal area)

2. post-commisural fibers (hypothalamus, mamillary body)

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32
Q

PAPEZ CIRCUIT:

1. Neurons in ____ projec tbackwards

A

cingulate gyrus

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33
Q

PAPEZ CIRCUIT:

2. Neurons from cingulate gyrus reach the ____

A

entorhinal cortex

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34
Q

PAPEZ CIRCUIT:

3. Entorhinal corttex projections into the ___

A

hippocampus

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35
Q

PAPEZ CIRCUIT:

4. Hippocampus projects into the ____

A

fornix

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36
Q

PAPEZ CIRCUIT:

5. Fornix projects into the ____

A

mamillothalamic tract

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37
Q

PAPEZ CIRCUIT:

6. Mamillothalamic tract projects from _____ to ____

A

from anterior nucleus of thalamus to cingulate cortex

38
Q

What is short term memory?

A

hold information briefly in mind while you need it

ex: a telephone number

39
Q

What is long-term memory?

What are the 3 types of long-term memory?

A

Stored information that can be retrieved

  1. explicit memory
  2. semantic memory
  3. implicity memory
40
Q

What is explicit memory

A

type of long term memory

recall facts/events
aka declarative memory/episodic memory

41
Q

Explicit memory aka ___ aka ___

A

declarative memory

episodic memory

42
Q

What is semantic memory

A

type of long term memory

pertains to spoken/written words

extended to knowledge of facts/concepts

43
Q

What is implicit memory

A

type of long term memory

performing a learned mortor function like riding a bike

44
Q

What is working memory

A

needed for a task at hand, driving along a known route

45
Q

What is “consolidation”

A

process of storing a new information in long-term memory

46
Q

Novel facts are related from sensory areas to hippocampus for encoding, processed, and encoded information is sent back to ____.

A

association area it came from

47
Q

Bilateral removal of hippocami impaired ___ memory

A

delcarative memory

48
Q

Bilateral removal of hippocampi, impairing declarative memory… Could not form new: _____

A

episodic memories (past personal experiences)

semantic memories (ideas, concepts not related to personal experiences like state capitals

49
Q

Bilateral removal of hippocampi, impairing declarative memory… Could still use _____

A

working memory

HM could use new skills

50
Q

Bilateral removal of hippocampi, impairing declarative memory…
Had impaired declarative memory

_____ brain

A

HMs

51
Q

The amygdala is in the ____ lobe

A

anterior, medial temporal lobe

52
Q

The amydala merges with ____

A

periamygdaloid cortex

53
Q

The periamygdaloid cortex is part of the ____

A

uncus

54
Q

The amygdala has ___ nuclear groups

A

3

55
Q

What are the 3 nuclear groups

A

medial
central
basolateral

56
Q

AMYGDALA

medial nucleus has __ inputs

A

olfactory

57
Q

AMYGDALA

central ncuels has ___ inputs

A

hypothalamus, PAG

58
Q

AMGDALA

Basolateral nucleus has ___ inputs

A

cortex, central nuclei

59
Q

All sensory association areas have direct input to the ___

A

basolateral nucleus of amygdala

60
Q

All sensory association areas are linked to the ____ via association fibers

so sensation can be cognitively evlauated

A

prefrontal cortex

61
Q

Visual areas stimulating the amygdala can stimulate ___

***this happens only if the amygdala / prefrontal cortex association fibers are not working properly

A

phobias / anxiety states

62
Q

Visual areas stimulating the amygdala stimulate phobias / anxiety states

This happens only if ______

A

amygdala and prefrontal cortex association fibers are not working properly

63
Q

Most nuclei receiving amygdala afferents are located ____

so collectively terms ____

A

laterally

so collectively termed “lateral nucleus”

64
Q

Amygdala afferents from the orbital cortex / cingulate do what?

A

generate sense of emotional / physical discomfort

65
Q

Amygdala afferents from the brainstem and PAG do what?

A

generate visceral sensation

66
Q

Amygdala afferents from cortex / thalamus do what?

A

sensation from vision, taste, hearing, somatosensory

67
Q

Amygdala afferents from olfactory bulb and cortex do what?

A

sensation of olfaction

68
Q

What are the main 2 pathways in the amygdala?

A
  1. stria terminalis

2. ventral amygdalofugal pathway

69
Q

The stria terminalis is from the __ and the ___

A

hypothalamus and septal nuclei

70
Q

The ventral amygdalofugal pathway is from the ___ (4 things)

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
orbital and anterior cingulate gyrus

71
Q

Stria terminalis emerges from the ___

A

central nucleus

72
Q

After the stria terminalis emerges from the central nucleus, it follows ____

A

the curve of the caudate

73
Q

After the stria terminalis fibers have followed the curve of the caudate, it goes into the ___

A

septal areas and hypotahalmus

74
Q

After the stria terminalis have gone through the septal areas and hypothalamus it goes ____

A

medial forebrain bundle and central tegmental tract

75
Q

The bed nucleus is an _____

A

extended amygdala

it may be more active in anxiety than the amygdala

76
Q

The amygdala can trigger a _____ reaction to fear

A

sympathetic

77
Q

Amygdala going to PAG (medulla/raphespinal tract) triggers ____

A

antinociception

78
Q

Amygdala going to PAD (medullary reticulospinal tract) triggers ___

A

freezing

79
Q

Amygdala going to norepinephrine medullary neurons projected to lateral gray horn triggers ____

A

increased heart rate and blood pressure

80
Q

Amygdala going to hypothalamus/dorsal nucleus of vagus (heart) triggers ___

A

decreased heart rate, fainting

81
Q

Amygdala going to the hypothalamus to release corticotropin RH triggers ___

A

stress hormone secretion

82
Q

Amygdala going to parabrachial nucleus to medullary respiratory nuclei triggers ____

A

hyperventilation (panic attacks)

83
Q

Kulver bucy syndrom

____ lobe injury involving ____

A

bilateral temporal lobe injury

involves the amygdala, parahippocampus gyrus

84
Q

Symptoms of kulver bucy syndrome

A

fearless, placid, no emotional reactions, don’t respond to threats from others, don’t flee from threats

males become hypersexual, indiscriminate, will have sex with inaminate objects and different species

Inordinate attention to all sensory – sniff and orally examine everything.

If they can eat it, they will eat it

May pick up the same object repeatedly as they seem to recognize ntothing (visual agnosia) from VISUAL CORTE DAMAGE

85
Q

what is visual agnosia

  • damage to what causes>
  • what syndrome is it associated with?
A

pick up same object repeatedly and seem to recognize nothing

visual associated cortex damage

kluver bucy syndrome

86
Q

Nucleus accumbens aka ___

A

ventral striatum

87
Q

Nucleus accumbens stimulates a sense of ___

A

well being

88
Q

The “high feeling” associated with nucleus accumens (ventral striatum) is associated with ____ from ____

this is released into ___

A

dopamine from ventral tegmental area

released into nucleus accumbens

89
Q

Dopamine is released from ____ into ____

gives a “high feeling”

A

from ventral tegmental area in midbrain to nucleus accumebns (ventral striatum)

90
Q

When dopamine is released from tegmental area of midbrian into nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), it influences our behavior…. This leads to ____

A

behavior that stimulates more REWARD AKA LOOP

LIMBIC LOOP IN BASAL GANGLIA

91
Q

What is the limbic loop in basal ganglia?

A

When dopamine is released from tegmental area of midbrian into nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), it influences our behavior to do more rewards-driven tasks

LOOP!

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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