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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > H: Respiratory > Flashcards

H: Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system consists of 2 main things: ___

A

lungs and passages to/from lungs

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2
Q

What are the 3 principle functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. air conduction
  2. air filtration
  3. gas exchange (respiration)
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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. conducting division

2. respiratory division

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4
Q

Conducting division

  • what is it?
  • what structures are a part of it?
A

passages leading to sites of gas exchange in lungs

nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachae, bronchi, bronchioles

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5
Q

Respiratory division

  • what is it?
  • what structures are a part of it?
A

site of gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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6
Q

The conducting division is responsible for conditioning the air.

What does this mean?

A

conditioning = warming, moistening, removal of particulate materals

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7
Q

The conducting division is mostly lined by ____ epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium

ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

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8
Q

Conducting division:

_____ play major role in conditioning

A

mucous and serous secretions

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9
Q

Mucous covers almost entire luminal surface of ____ pathways

produced by ____

A

conducting pathways

produced by goblet cells and mucous secreting glands in walls

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10
Q

___ sweep mucous and other secretions containing trapped particulate matter towards the pharynx

A

cilia

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11
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. olfactory region
  2. respiratory region
  3. nasal vestibule
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12
Q

Olfactory region of nasal cavity

  • located where?
  • lined by what?
A

at apex of nasal cavity

lined by olfactory epithelium

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13
Q

Respiratory region of nasal cavity

  • located where?
  • lined by what?
A

largest part of nasal “pyramid”

lined by respiratory epithelium

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14
Q

Nasal vestibule of nasal cavity

  • located where?
  • lined by what?
A

dilated space outside of nostril
continuous with the face

lined by stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Olfactory epithelium has 5 types of cells present. Name them.

A
  1. olfactory receptor cells
  2. supporting (sustentacular) cells
  3. basal cells
  4. brush cells
  5. olfactory (bowman’s) glands
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16
Q

Describe olfactory receptor cells in olfactory epithelium

A

bipolar olfactory neurons
cilia pick up odor molecules
they bundle together to form a nerve fiber –> brain

they span the thickness of epithelum

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17
Q

Describe supporting (sustentacular) cells in olfactory epithelium

A

columnar cells

provide mechanical and metabolic support of olfactory receptor cells

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18
Q

Describe basal cells in olfactory epithelium

A

stem cells that are at the BASE

give rise to olfactory receptor cells and supporting cells

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19
Q

Describe brush cells in olfactory epithelium

A

they possess microvilli

involved in transduction of general sensory stimulation of mucosa

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20
Q

Describe olfactory (bowman’s) glands in olfactory epithelium

A

SEROUS GLANDS (instead of goblet cells)

secretions trap and act as solvent for odiferous substances

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21
Q

Olfactory (bowman’s) glands: where is the secretory portion? where is the duct?

A

secretory portion in lamina propria

duct in epithelium

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22
Q

The respiratory region of the nasal cavity has 4 types of cells. Name them.

A

ciliated cells
goblet cells
brush cells
basal cells

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23
Q

Describe ciliated cells in the respiratory region of nasal cavity

A

tall columnar cells with cilia at top

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24
Q

Describe goblet cells in the respiratory region of nasal cavity

A

syntehsize and secrete mucous

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25
Q

Describe brush cells in the respiratory region of nasal cavity

A

general sensory receptor cells

COLUMNAR cells with short, blunt microvilli

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26
Q

Describe basal cells in the respiratory region of nasal cavity

A

along basement membrane

STEM cell that gives rise to all types of cells in this region

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27
Q

The pharynx is divided into 3 regions. Name them and their epithelium.

A

Nasipharynx - ciliated psuedostratified columnar (bc only in contact w/ air)

Oropharynx - nonkeritanized stratified sq ep (bc contact w/ air and food)

Laryngopharynx - nonkeritinized stratified sq ep

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28
Q

The larynx is the passageway for air between __ and __

A

oropharynx and trachea

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29
Q

What is the organ for speech production

A

larynx

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30
Q

The larynx is formed by what kind of cartilage

A

hyaline and elastic cartilage

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31
Q

Describe the epithelium of vestibular/ventricular folds of larynx

A

respiratory epithelium

lots of mucous glands

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32
Q

Why is there sometimes a patch of stratified squamous epithelium found in the vestibular/ventricular folds of the larynx (which is usually respiratory larynx)?

A

because of aging

lots of smokers of this

33
Q

Describe the epithelium of vocal folds in the larynx

A

nonkeritinized stratified squamous epithelium

because lots of rapid vibrations = need DURABLE epithelium

skeletal muscle (from vocalis m) present

34
Q

The trachea wall is made up of 4 layers. Name them

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. cartilaginous layer
  4. adventitia
35
Q

Describe the mucosa layer of the trachea

A

ciliated psuedostratified columnar eptihelium on THICK BASEMENT MEMBRANE

goblet cells present

36
Q

What is the “mucociliary escalator” and where is it found?

A

cilia in the mucosa of the trachea provide coordinating sweeping motions of mucous towards pharynx

37
Q

Describe the submucosa of the trachea

A

loose connective tissue (slightly denser than lamina propria)

contains seromucous secreting glands

38
Q

Describe the cartilaginous layer of the trachea

A 
C-shaped HYALINE CARTILAGE 
smooth muscle (trachealis muscle) bridges the gap between the "C" in a fibroelastic membrane
39
Q

What happens to the hyaline cartilage of the trachea w/ age?

A

ossifies

40
Q

Describe the adventitia of the trachea

A

Connective tissue that binds to trachea and adjacent structures

41
Q

After the trachea, name the components of the conducting division of the respiratory system

A 
trachea 
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
42
Q

Bronchi initially have the same structure as ____

But they change when ___

A

trachea

change when start branching

43
Q

Bronchi changes from trachea

- what happen to cartilage

A

cartilage rings are replaced by plates/slivers of hyaline cartilage

these ultimately disappear

44
Q

Bronchi changes from trachea

- what happens to smooth muscle

A

smooth muscle will INCREASE as the cartilage DECREASES

45
Q

Bronchi changes from trachea

- what happens to height of psuedostratified columnar

A

decreases as bronchi diameter decreases

46
Q

What are the 5 layers of the bronchial wall

A
  1. mucosa
  2. muscularis m
  3. submucosa
  4. cartilage layer
  5. adventitia
47
Q

Describe the mucosa layer of bronchi

A

ciliated psuedostratified epithelium

conspicuous basement membrane in primary bronchi, discrete in secondary

48
Q

Describe the muscularis muscle layer of the bronchi

A

continuous layer of smooth muscle in large bronchi

less prominent in smaller bornchi

49
Q

Describe the submucosa layer in bronchi

A

relatively loose CT

glands are present in larger bronchi

50
Q

Describe the cartilage layer of the bronchi

A

discontinuous cartilage present

becomes smaller as bronchi diameter decreases

51
Q

Describe the adventitia layer of bronchi

A

outtermost layer

moderately dense CT

52
Q

What is the diameter of a bronchiole?

A

1mm or less

53
Q

Describe the epithelial changes as bronchioles divide

larger bronchioles -
smaller bronchioles -
smallest bronchioles -

A

epithelium height decreases

larger bronchioles - ciliated psuedostrat colum

smaller bronchioles - ciliated simple colum

smallest bronchiles - ciliated simple cuboidal

54
Q

Describe goblet cells in bronchioles

A

present in large bronchioles

non in terminal bronchioles

55
Q

Describe cartilage in bronchioles

A

not present

56
Q

Describe smooth muscle in bronchioles

A

thick layer of smootch muscle

57
Q

terminal bronchioles are lined with __

A

ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

58
Q

What special cell is found in terminal bronchioles

A

clara cells (interspersed bw ciliated cells)

59
Q

Describe clara cells physically

A

non-ciliated cells with characteristic DOME SHAPED APICAL SURFACE PROJECTION

60
Q

Describe what clara cells do

A

secrete a surface-active agent LIPOPROTEIN to prevent luminal adhesion of airway walls

61
Q

Describe the quantitative relationship between clara cells and ciliated cells

A

clara cells grow in number as ciliated cells decrease in number

62
Q

Walk through the respiratory division of the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs -> alveoli

63
Q

Describe the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles

how does this change from proximal to distal

A

narrow diameter lined w/ cuboidal epithelium

proximal = ciliated and clara cells
distal - mostly clara cells

64
Q

Scattered thin walled outpoketings (ALVEOLI) extend from the lumen of ___

A

respiratory bronchioles

65
Q

What is the first part of bronchial tree that allows for gas exchange?

A

respiratory bronchioles

66
Q

____ are elongated airways that have almost no walls (only alveoli) as peripheral boundaries, with rings of smooth mucsle

A

alveolar ducts

67
Q

____ are spaces surrounded by clsuters of alveoli; surrounding alveoli open into them

A

alveolar sacs

68
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by and separated by each other via ____

A

alveolar septum (septal wall)

69
Q

Describe the alveolar septum

A

thin connective tissue layer containing capillaries between adjacent air spaces

70
Q

___ are terminal air spaces

sites for gas exchange between air/blood

A

alveoli

71
Q

Each alveoli is surrounded by _____

A

capillary netwrok

this brings blood in close proximity to air within alveolus

72
Q

What are the 5 types of cells found in alveolar septum?

A
  1. type I alveolar cells (type I pneumocytes)
  2. type II alveolar cells (type II pneumocytes)
  3. alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
  4. endothelial cells
  5. fibroblasts
73
Q

extremely thin squamous cells

line 95% of alveolar surface

A

type I alveolar cell (type I pneumocyte)

74
Q

cuboidal cell

line 5% of alveolar surface

A

type II alveolar cell (type II pnuemocyte)

75
Q

bulge into air space

secretory cells that produce/secrete surface-active agent SURFACTANT

A

type II alveolar cell (type II pneumocyte)

76
Q

remove inhaled particles like dust/pollen from air space

A

alveolar macrophage aka dust cell

77
Q

the alveolar septum is the site of ___

A

air blood barrier

cell and cell products across which gasses must diffuse

78
Q

Air blood barrie ris composed of what 3 things

A
  1. surface lining adn cytoplasm of alveolar cells
  2. fused basal laminae of alveolar cells and capillary cells
  3. cytoplasm of endothelial cells

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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