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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > G: Heart > Flashcards

G: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Superior and inferior mediastinum are separated by ___

A

sternal angle

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2
Q

Superior mediastinum extends from __ (superior) to __ (inferior)

A

rib 1 to sternal angle

right around the root of the neck

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3
Q

Inferior mediastinum extends from __ (superior) to __ (inferior)

A

sternal angle to diaphragm

divided into anterior/posterior/middle

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4
Q

The pericardium is made up of 2 main layers. What ar ethey?

A
  1. outer fibrous layer

2. inner thin serous pericardium (parietal and visceral parts)

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5
Q

2/3 of the heart sits __ to midline

Midclavicular line should line up with __

should sit between __ intercostal space and __ intercostal space

A

left

apex of heart

between 2-5 intercostal spaces

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6
Q

From superficial to deep, name the layers of the heart wall

A
  1. epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
  2. myocardium (cardiac muscle)
  3. endocardium (endothelium lining the chamber)
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7
Q

Base of the heart

  • where is it
  • why is it important
A

posterior side of heart

this is where great vessels come in/put

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8
Q

Apex of heart

  • where is it
  • points to what
A

inferior (around 5th intercostal space)

points to left hit, sits on the diaphragm

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9
Q

Inferior border of the heart faces the ___

Right border of the heart faces the ___

Left border of the heart faces the ___

Superior border of the heart ___

A

inferior (diaphragmatic border)- diaphragm

right - right lung

left - left lung

superior - where vessels coming in/out

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10
Q

Anterior surface of the heart is against ___

Inferior surface of the heart is against ___

Right pulmonary surface of the heart is against ___

left pulmonary surface of the heart is agains t___

A

anterior - sternum AKA STERNAL BORDER

inferior - diaphragm

righ tpulmonary - right lung

left pulmonary - left lung

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11
Q

what’s the difference between border and surface of a heart?

A

border is a sharp edge

surface is a flat side

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12
Q

Where are the 4 chambers relative to the borders/surfaces of the heart?

A

right atrium - right border

right ventricle - inferior broder and anterior surface

left atrium - superior border and posterior surface

left ventricle - left border and apex

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13
Q

Atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are important for ___

A

one directional blood flow

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14
Q

Which is tougher in composition: atrioventricular valves or semilunar valves

A

semilunar valves

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15
Q

Semilunar valves are between __ and __

A

ventricles and ejecting vessels

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16
Q

atrioventricular valves are between __ and __

A

atria and ventricles lol

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17
Q

Interatrial septum is between ___

interventricular septumis between __

A

right and left atria lol

between right and left ventricles lol

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18
Q

Fossa ovalis is found on ___

A

interatrial septum

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19
Q

___ has a muscular portion and an intramembronous portion

A

interventricular septum

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20
Q

Describe the clinical features found in the right atrium

A
  1. crista terminalis
  2. auricle
  3. pectinate mm
  4. fossa ovalis
  5. interatrial septum
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21
Q

The smooth wall portion of the right atrium is the ____.

This is derived from ___

A

interatrial septum is smooth wall

derived from sinus venosus

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22
Q

The auricle of the right atrium is the ___

A

roof

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23
Q

The roughened wall part of the right atrium is called ___

A

pectinate mm

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24
Q

What is the crista terminalis of the right atrium?

A

vertical ridge that separates the rough part from the smooth part of right atrium

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25
Q

Fossa ovalis is a remnant of ___

Found within the ___

A

foramen ovale

on the interatrial septum

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26
Q

Fossa ovalis is ___ to the opening for the coronary sinus

A

superior

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27
Q

20% of the population has a patent foramen ovale

what does this mean

A

foramen ovale never closed into fossa ovalis

they still have the opening

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28
Q

Right atrium receives ____ blood from what structures?

A

deoxygenated blood

from:

  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
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29
Q

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.

Where do each of these drain blood from?

A
  1. superior vena cava - head/neck
  2. inferior vena cava - lower extremity
  3. coronary sinus (from heart itself)
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30
Q

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from svc, ivc, ccoronary sinus.

Do the openings from these structures contain valves?

A

no

these are always “open”

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31
Q

The right atrioventricular valve is also called ___

A

tricuspid valve

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32
Q

What are the 3 cusps on the tricuspid valve?

A

anterior cusp
posterior cusp
septal cusp

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33
Q

The 3 cusps on the tricuspid valve are anchored to the ___ in the ventricles

A

papillary mm

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34
Q

The 3 cusps on the tricuspid valve are anchored to the papillary muscles in the ventricles via ____

A

chordae tendineae

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35
Q

What are chordae tendinae?

A

they anchor the tricuspid valve cusps to the papillary muscles in the ventricles

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36
Q

The roughened part of the right ventricle is called ___

A

trabeculae carneae

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37
Q

What is trabeculae carneae?

A

the roughed part of the right ventricle

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38
Q

What is the septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band) of the right atrium?

A

located medially

this structure makes up part of the conduction system

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39
Q

What is the conus arteriosus (infundimbulum) of the right ventricle?

A

funnel to the pulmonary trunk

most superior part of the ventricle!

40
Q

The most superior part of the right ventricle is on it’s way out to the pulmonary trunk.

This is called ___

A

conus arteriosus (infundibulum)

41
Q

Papillary muscle in right atrium

  • how many
  • what is it formed form
A

coming off of floor from trabeculae carneae

3 in right atrium
- anterior, posterior, septal

42
Q

Off of papillary muscles in the right atrium, ___ connect them to the right AV valve

A

chorda tendinae

43
Q

TRA-PAP-CORD-AV

what the f does this mean

A

trabeculae carnea

  • > papillary m -> cordae tendinae
  • > av valve
44
Q

The pulmonary valve is located ___

A

in the pulmonary trunk

at the apex of the infundimubul

45
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

A

3 cusps

left, right, anterior

46
Q

What clinical features does the left atrium have?

A
  1. left auricle
  2. valve of foramen ovale
  3. pectinate mm
  4. pulmonary veins
47
Q

The left atrioventricular valve is also called __

A

bicuspid valve

mitral valve

48
Q

What are the names of the cusps for the bicuspid valve

A

anterior cusp

posteror cusp

49
Q

The bicupsid valve cusps are anchored via __ to __

A

anchored via chordae tendinae to papillary muscles

50
Q

What is the aortic orifice of the left ventricle?

A

leads into the ascending aorta

51
Q

Is there a moderator band in the left ventricle?

A

no

because the myocardium is 3x thicker than that of the right ventricle

52
Q

Aortic valve is lcoated in the ___

How many cusps? Names?

A

located in aorta

3 cusps
left, right, posterior

53
Q

4 valves of the heart are attached to a ____

A

fibrous skeleton (composed of dense collagen rings and trigones)

54
Q

The listen to the heart, you need to place the stethescope ___ of the blood flow

A

downstream

55
Q

What is the auscultation point for the tricuspid valve?

A

left of sternum

near 5th intercostal space

56
Q

What is the auscultation point for the mitral valve?

A

over apex of heart in left 5th intercostal space on mid-clavicular line

57
Q

What is the auscultation point for the pulmonary valve?

A

over medial end of left second intercostal space

58
Q

What is the auscultation point for the aortic vavle?

A

over medial end of right second intercostal space

59
Q

The coronary arteries arise from either side of the ____

A

aortic sinuses

60
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries

A

right coronary artery

left coronary artery

61
Q

What are the 3 main branches of right coronary artery

A
  1. anterior right atrial artery
  2. right marginal artery
  3. posterior interventricular artery
62
Q

The right coronary artery travels in the ____ around the right side of the heart

A

coronary sulcus

63
Q

The right coronary artery travels through the coronary sulcus.

It turns inferiorly and becomes ____

A

posterior interventricular artery

64
Q

The posterior interventricular artery lies in the ____

A

posterior interventricular sulcus

65
Q

Right marginal artery aka ___

Runs towards the __

A

acute margina artery

Runs towards apex of heart

66
Q

The superior continuation of the anterior right atrial artery is ____

A

sinu-atrial nodal artery

67
Q

The right coronary artery supplies: __

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • sinu-atrial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • interatrial septum
  • portion left atrium
  • posterior inferior 1/3 interventricular septu
  • portion posterior part of left ventricle
68
Q

Left coronary artery supplies most of ___

A
  • left atrium
  • left ventrcle
  • interventricular septum
  • atrioventricular bundle and it’s branches
69
Q

Left coronary artery branches

A
  • anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery - LAD)
  • circumflex artery -> left marginal artery
70
Q

Coronary dominance is established by which (R/L) coronary artery gives off ____

A

posterior interventricular artery

because that supplies most of the heart

71
Q

What is the general distribution of coronary dominance?

A

right = 65%

left = 15%

balanced = 20%

72
Q

Most veins of the heart are tributaries to the ___

A

coronary sinus

73
Q

The coronary sinus is located ___

A

in posterior portion of coronary sulcus

74
Q

The coronary sinus opens into the ___ between __ and __

A

right atrium

between the IVC and AV orifices

75
Q

What are the main veins in the venous drainage system of the heart?

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac vein

76
Q

What is the course of the great cardiac vein?

A

w/ anterior interventricular artery in anterior IV sulcus

turns left- runs in coronary sulcus

travles w/ circumflex artery around left side of heart

empties into coronary sinus

77
Q

What is the course of the middle cardiac vein?

A

travels with posterior interventricular artery in posterior IV sculcus

drains into coronary sinus superiorly

78
Q

What is the course of the small cardiac vein?

A

travels with right margin artery along lateral right ventricle

turns right to run in coronary sulcus

travels with right coronary artery around side of heart

empties into coronary sinus

79
Q

What is the course of anterior cardiac veins?

A

travel with anterior right ventricular aa along right ventricle

ascend toward righat auricle and empty directly int right atrium through orifices

80
Q

All cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus except for ___

A

anterior cardiac veins drain directly into right atrium

81
Q

What is cardiac catherization?

A

a procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions

Use thin tube called catheter inserted into artery/vein in groin/neck/arm and threaded blood vessel to the heart

82
Q

Occlusion of major coronary arteries, usually due to atherosclerorsis, leads to ___

A

inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium

eventually cell death

83
Q

____ may be used for coronary artery bypass grafts

A

great saphenous veins

alternatively: internal thoracic artery or radial artery

84
Q

The heart has it’s own conduction system called ___

A

intrinsict conduction system

85
Q

Does the autonomic nervous system affect the rate of heartbeat?

A

yes

86
Q

How does the ANS affect the rate of heartbeat?

A

sympathetic innervation from T1-T12

parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve (CN X)

87
Q

Both sympathetic and parasympathetics contribute to ____ plexuses of nerves

A

superficial cardiac plexuses

deep cardiac plexuses

88
Q

Impulses initiated by the SA node travel to the ___

A

AV node

propagation allows for atrial contraction

89
Q

Impulses travel from AV node to ____

A

AV bundle and IV septum

90
Q

The AV bundle impulses divide into ___

A

right and left bundle branches

91
Q

From bundle branches, impulse is transferred to ____

A

Purkinje fibers

92
Q

Purkinje fibers travel to ____ for contraction

A

ventricles

93
Q

Damage to intrinsic cardiac conduction results in ___

A

cardiac arrhythmias

94
Q

Damage to AV node will cause ___

A

heart block

uncoordinated contractions

95
Q

Pacemakers may be inserted to control contractions of cardiac arrythmias occur.

What types of pacemakers are there?

A

single chamber
dual chamber
biventricular

96
Q

Placing a pacemaker…

battery pack is inserted subcutaneously below ___

electrode threaded down through ___

Pass through __

Electrode terminal firmly fixed to ___

Placed in contact with ___

A

battery pack inserted subcutaneously below clavicle

electrode threaded through svc to right atrium

passes through av valve to right ventricle

electrote terminal firmly fixed to trabeculae carnea

placed in contact with endocardium of ventricular wall

97
Q

Which coronary artery is known as teh “widdow maker” because of it’s association with common vascular problems?

A

anterior interventricular artery (LAD = left anterior descending artery)

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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