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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > H: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

H: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 components of the lymphatic system

A
  1. diffuse lymph tisse
  2. lymph nodules
  3. lymph nodes
  4. spleen
  5. bone marrow
  6. thymus
  7. lymphatic vessels
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2
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid (and return to blood)
  2. provide alternative route for hormones, nutrients, waste
  3. immune response (produce, maintain, distribute lymphocytes)
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3
Q

After draining excess interstitial fluid, it must return to the blood to help maintain normal ____

A

blood volume

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4
Q

Lymphatic vessels are the connection between ___

A

circulatory system and lymphatic system

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5
Q

Describe the difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure in a capillary bed

A

hydrostatic pressure - pushes plasma out of capillary bed into interstitial area

osmotic pressure - brings fluid back into capillary bed

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6
Q

Which is stronger, hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure at capillary beds? is it even?

A

not even - hydrostatic is stronger

this is why we need lymph system – to bring interstitial fluid back into circulatory system

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7
Q

Because hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure, what builds up around capillary beds?

A

large blood proteins and excess fluid

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8
Q

the build up of large blood proteins and excess fluid around capillary beds leads to ____

A

edema (swelling)

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are found around ___

A

capillary beds

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10
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries

A

blind ended
porous
endothelial lined
discontinuous basal lamina

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11
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are found in ___

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

Lymphatic vessels get progressively ____ while moving superiorly in the body

A

larger

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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels have a discontinuous ___

A

basal lamina

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14
Q

What are the 2 final lymphatic ducts of the lymph system

A
  1. thoracic duct

2. right lymphatic duct

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15
Q

Thoracic duct enters into the ____; located between ___

A

left venous angle

between left internal jug v and left subclavian v

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16
Q

Right lymphatic duct enters into the ____; located between ___

A

right venous angle

between right internal jug v and right subclavian v

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17
Q

Thoracic duct drains ____

Right lymphatic duct drains ___

A

Thoracic duct - drains waste down, abdomen, left thorax, left upper limb, left head/neck

Right lymphatic duct - drains right thorax, right upper limb, right head/neck

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18
Q

Lymphatic system doesn’t have a pump (like circulatory system). So what controls lymph movement?

A

compression from skeletal muscles

aka us moving around

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19
Q

Lymphatics drain in a ___ direction movement

A

one

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20
Q

Why do lymphatics drain in one direction?

A

lymphatics have VALVES (endothelial cells folded)

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21
Q

____ are the definitive cell of the lymphatic system

A

lymphocyte

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22
Q

Name the 3 types of lymphocytes

A
  1. b cell
  2. t cell
    3 Natural killer (NK) cells
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23
Q

B cells are ____%
T cells are ___%
NK cells are ____%

of circulating lymphatic system

A

B cells = 20-30%
T cells = 60-80%
NK cells = 5-10%

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24
Q

B cells were first recognized in ____

A

bursa of fabricus birds

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25
Q

B cells produce/secrete ____ along with ____

A

antibodies

their derivative cell (plasma cells)

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26
Q

B cells are involved in ____ immunity

T cellsa re involved in ____ immunity

A

B cells = humoral immunity

T cells = cell mediated immunity

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27
Q

T cells differentiate in the ___

A

thymus

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28
Q

What is the function of T cells

A

attach and destroy cells

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29
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

kill certain transformed cells

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30
Q

What are other supporting cells of the lymphatic system

A 
reticular cells
neutrophils
dendritic cells
epithelioreticular cells
monocytes
basophils
follicular dendritic cells
macrophages
eosinophils
langerhan cells
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31
Q

reticular cells produce ___

A

reticular fibers (type 3 collagen)

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32
Q

Epithelioreticular cells create ___

A

stroma for thymus

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33
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue is an accumulation of _____. Where?

A

accumulation og lymphocytes

in LAMINA PROPRIA of alimentary canal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts

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34
Q

Where is diffuse lymphatic tissue found

A

accumulation of lymphocytes

in LAMINA PROPRIA of aliminetary canal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts

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35
Q

Do diffuse lymphatic tissue have a surrounding capsule?

A

no they are loosely organized

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36
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue contains loosely organized lymphocytes as well as ____ and ___

A

plasma cells and eosinophils

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37
Q

Lymphatic nodules aka ____

A

lymphatic follicles

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38
Q

Lymhatic nodules (lymphatic follicles) are an accumulation of ____. Where?

A

lymphocytes

wall of alimentary canal, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts

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39
Q

Do lymphatic nodules have a capsule?

A

no

but they ARE sharply defined

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40
Q

How are lymphatic nodules (lymphatic follicles) defined?

A

sharply defined

meshwork of reticular fibers

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41
Q

Lymphatic nodules are composed of a meshwork of ___

A

reticular fibers

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42
Q

Lymphatic nodules (follicles) contain lymphocytes and __ and ___

A

plasma cells

eosinophils

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43
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphatic nodules (follicles)

A
  1. primary nodule

2. secondary nodule

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44
Q

What is the main difference between a primary lymphatic nodule and secondary lymphatic nodule

A

these are both lymphatic nodules (follicles)

primary - small, and WAITING to respond to an antigen

secondary - larger, responding to an antigen

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45
Q

Aggregation of primarily small lymphocytes

primary or secondary nodule

A

primary

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46
Q

Describe the layers of a secondary lymphatic nodle

A

GERMINAL CENTER (central, lighter staining bc of large lymphocytes)

MANTLE ZONE / CORONA / CORTEX - darker staining, small lymphocytes

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47
Q

Describe the staining differences between the germinal center and the mantle zone of the secondary lymphatic nodule

A

Germinal center = stains lighter due to large lymphocytes in center

Mantle zone (cortex / corona) = stains darker because small lymphocytes present here

48
Q

Normally, lymphatic nodules (follicles) are found randomly dispersed and by themselves

This is called ____

A

solitary lymphatic nodules

49
Q

Sometimes, lymphatic nodules (follicles) in certain locations of the alimentary canal are grouped togethe ros that they are touching or almost touching

This is called ____

A

aggregated lymphatic nodules

50
Q

Aggregated lymphatic nodules (follicles) are found in 3 main locations in the alimentary canal. Where?

A
  1. tonsils
  2. peyer’s patches
  3. appendix
51
Q

Aggregated lymphatic nodules in the tonsils create a ring around ____

A

creates a ring around the entrance to the oropharynx and the nasopharynx

52
Q

Aggregated lymphatic nodules in peyer’s patches are found in ___

A

the ileum

53
Q

Aggregated lymphatic nodules in the appendix arise off of the ___

A

cecum of the large intestine

54
Q

Does everyone agree that the lymphatic nodules in the appendix are aggregated?

A

no

because they don’t technically touch

but we know they are there and we know there are lots of them

55
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules are BOTH accumulation of lymphocytes in the walls of the alimentary canal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.

So they have special naming of _____. Why?

A

MALT - mucus-associated lymphatic tissue

because they are BOTH associated with mucus-lined tracts

56
Q

MALT (mucus-associated lymphatic tissue) refers to what 2 types of lymphatic tissue?

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue

lymphatic nodules (follicles)

57
Q

MALT can be named according to the region/organ in which it appears

  • GALT = ____
  • BALT = ____
A

GALT - gut associated lymphatic tissue (associated with alimentary canal)

BALT - bronchus associated lymphatic tissue (assocated with respiratory system)

58
Q

Lymph nodes are found along ____

A

the lymphatic vessels pathway

59
Q

____ are capsulated organs found along the pathway of lymphatic vessels

A

lymph node

60
Q

Lymph node function is to ____

A

filter!

therefore they have phagocytosis here

61
Q

Lymph nodes
____(#) in average adult
____ mm in diameter
___ shaped

A

500-600 in adult
1-25mm
bean shaped

62
Q

Lymph nodes are sites for initiation of ____

A

immune response

63
Q

Lymph nodes cluster in certain areas. Where do these clusters filter lymph from?

Cervical =
Axilla =
Inguinla =
Mesenteries =

A

Cervical = filter from head/neck

Axilla = filter form upper ilmb

Inguinal = filter from lower limbs

Mesenteries = filters from serous membrane coming from organs

64
Q

2 parts of the lymph node

  • What is the stroma?
  • What is the parenchyma?
A

stroma - supporting connective tissue of lymph node

Parenchyma - functional part of lymph node

65
Q

The stroma of a lymph node is made up of what 3 things

A
  1. capsule
  2. trabeculae
  3. reticular connective tissue
66
Q

STROMA of lymph node

the capsule of lymph node is made up of ___ connective tissue

A

dense

67
Q

STROMA of lymph node

the trabecuae are __ connective tissue. they are extensions of ___

A

dense

capsule

68
Q

STROMA of lymph node
reticular connective tissues are from ____ origin

produced by ___ cells

A

mesenchymal origin

reticular cells produce it

69
Q

PARENCHYMA of lymph node

The cortex is just deep to the ___

A

capsule

70
Q

PARENCHYMA of lymph node

Comes all the way around the lymph node except at the ___

A

hilum

71
Q

PARENCHYMA of lymph node

Cortex is made up of 2 parts. What are they?

A

superficial (nodular cortex) = primary adn secondary lymphatic nodules

deep cortex (paracortex) = no lymphatic nodules

72
Q

PARENCHYMA of lymph node

Medulla is made up of 2 parts. What are they?

A

medullary sinus = for lymph flow, converge near hilum

Medullar cords = tissue pieces w/ cells

73
Q

What are the 4 cell types made up by the reticular meshwork of lymph nodes?

A

1 reticular ells
2 dendritic cells
3 macrophages
4 follicular dendritic cells

74
Q

Dendritic cells are __ derived

A

bone marrow

75
Q

Follicular dendritic cells

- are these true antigen presenting cells

A

no

76
Q

Follicular dendritic cells have multiple thin cytoplasmic processes that are associated with

A

lymphocytes

because on the lymphocytes = antigens

77
Q

IN LYMPH NODE:
Primary cell found in nodular cortex ____

Primary cell found in deep cortex ____

Primary cell found in medulla ____

A

b lymphocytes = nodular

t lymphocytes - deep

b cell = medulla

B –> T –> B

78
Q

Where can lymph enter the lymph node?

Where can lymph exit the lymph node?

A

afferent lymphatic vessels = anywhere along capsule of lymph node

efferent lymphatic vessels = must exit @ hilum

79
Q

When lymph enters along the capsule, it immediately enters the ____

A

subcapsular (cortical) sinus

80
Q

When lymph is in the subcapsular (cortical) sinus in the lymph node, it turns and drains into the ____

A

trabecular sinus (along the trabeculae)

81
Q

When lymph is in the trabecular sinus in the lymph node, it then drains into the ____

A

medullary sinus

82
Q

From the medullary sinus, the lymph drains into the ___

A

efferent lymphatic vessel at the hilum

83
Q

___% of lymphocytes enter lymph node via lymph pathway

__% of lymphcotes enter lymph node through high endothelial venules

A

10% = through lymph pathway

90% = through high endothelial venules

84
Q

What are high endothelial venules?

A

ENDOTHELIAL VENULES
- except lined with cuboidal/columnar instead of simple squamous

  • found in deep cortex
  • leave through medullary sinus –> efferent lymphatic vessels
85
Q

Thymus gland is __-lobed
Located in ___
Posterior to ___
Anterior to ____

A

bi lobed
in mediastinum
posterior to sternum
anterior to trachae/greatr vessels

86
Q

What happens to the thymus as we age?

A

thymus is very important in childhood

it atrophies w/ age and is replaced by adipose tissue

87
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland?

A

thymic cell education

t cellls mature and differentiate into immunocompetent t cells

88
Q

Where does thymic cell education take place?

What happens during thymic cell education?

A

thymus gland

this is when t cells mature and differentiate into immunocompetent t cells

89
Q

The thymus is an organ (so it has a capsule)

Capsule sends off trabeculae which sections the thymus into ____

A

thymic lobules

90
Q

Each thymic lobule has a an outer ___ region and an inner ___

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

91
Q

T/F: Each thymus gland has 1 cortex and 1 medulla

A

false

1 cortex and 1 medulla PER THYMIC LOBULE
many thymic lobules per thymus gland

92
Q

What are thymocytes? Where are they found?

A

thymocytes = immature t cells found in cortex of thymic lobules

93
Q

Thymic lobule:

why does the cortex stain dark?

why does the medulla stain light?

A

cortex stains dark bc contains thymocytes

medulla stains light because contains more mature t cells (more cytoplasm)

94
Q

What is the pathway of thymocytes?

A

begin in cortex if thymic lobule

move towards medulla for education

once matured, leave thymus gland altogether to aggregate in other areas

95
Q

Is the stroma of thymus glands made up of reticular fibers?

A

no!

96
Q

What is the stroma of the thymus gland made up of?

A

epitheleoreticular cells create a framework for lymphocytes to hang from

97
Q

Epitheleoreticular cells make up what?

What are the 6 diff types of these cells/where are they found?

A

make up stroma of thymus gland

types 1, 2, 3 - in cortex of thymic lobule

types 4, 5, 6 - in medulla of thymic lobule

98
Q

Epithelioreticular cells form _____

A

extensive meshwork in thymus

99
Q

Type 6 epithelioreticular cells form ____

A

thymic (hassal’s) corpuscles

100
Q

Describe thymic (hassal’s) corpuscles and how they are formed

A

type 6 epithelioreticular cells arrange in concentric flattened circles

fill with keratinohyoid granules – fill with keratin! the are dying

101
Q

Thymic (hassal’s) corpuscles are found ____

A

in the medulla of thymic lobules of thymus

102
Q

What is the function of the spleen

A

filter and monitor blood immunologically just as the lymph node monitors lymph

103
Q

___ is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body

A

spleen

104
Q

The capsule of the spleen contains myofibroblasts.

Why are myofibroblasts here?

A

fibroblasts - produce dense ct

myo - actin, to contract/expel things from spleen

105
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the spleen?

A
  1. red pulp

2. white pulp

106
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the red pulp of spleen?

A
  1. splenic sinuses

2. splenic (billroth’s) cords

107
Q

Splenic sinus of red pulp of spleen.

What kind of sinus?
Surrounded by __?

A

blood-filled venous sinus

surrounded by cords

108
Q

Splenic (billroth’s) cords of red pulp of spleen

consist of what kind of cells?

A

consists of red blood cells, macrophages, lympocytes, plasma cells, granulocyte

109
Q

what is the main role of splenic (billroth’s) cords of red pulp of spleen

A

filtration!

removal of particulate materials, removal of antigens, removal of worn-out or defective RBCs, WBCs, platelets

(red pulp and white pulp split these functions)

110
Q

The white pulp of the spleen is ___ tissue consisting mostly of ____

A

lymphatic tissue

mostly lymphocytes

111
Q

Lympocytes in the white pulp aggregate around ____

A

central arteries (branches of splenic arteries)

112
Q

Branches of splenic arteries are called ____

What aggregates around these? Where/

A

central arteries

lymphocytes aggregate around these in teh white pulp of the spleen

113
Q

The aggregation of lymphocytes around central artery are called ____

A

periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)

114
Q

What are periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)? where are they found?

A

aggregation of lymphocytes around the central artery in the white pulp of spleen

115
Q

What is the function of the white pulp of the spleen?

A

carry out immune functions similar to lymph nodes

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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