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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > N: Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

N: Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

The cerebral cortex is a sheet of ___ matter

A

gray

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex is a sheet of ___

A

neurons

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3
Q

What is the area of the cerebral cortex?

A

2 feet squared = area

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4
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-5mm thick

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5
Q

How many neurons are found in the cerebral cortex?

A

25-50 billion neurons

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6
Q

How many km of axons are found in the cerebral cortex?

A

100,000 km of axons

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7
Q

The cerebral cortex receives ___ synapses

A

10^14

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8
Q

The cerebral cortex is highly developed in ___

A

humans

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9
Q

What are 3 distinct roles that the cerebral cortex plays in humasn?

A

language
abstract thinking
adapting to environment

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10
Q

The cerebral cortex can be broken down into 2 subcategories. What are they?

A
  1. neocortex

2. allocortex

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11
Q

Neocortex aka ___ aka ___

A

neocortex = isocortex = homogenetic cortex

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12
Q

Why is neocortex (isocortex / homogenetic cortex) called “neo” cortex?

A

it developed later in evolution

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13
Q

Neocortex makes up ___ % of cortex

A

95

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14
Q

How many layers is the neocortex?

A

6

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15
Q

In the neocortex, where are layers I and VI relative to the leptomeninges and white matter?

A

layer 1 is just beneath the leptomeninges

layer 6 is just on top of white matter

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16
Q

Allocortex aka ___

A

homogenetic cortex

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17
Q

Allocortex (homogenetic) makes up ___% of cortex

A

5

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of allocortex?

A
  1. paleocortex

2. archicortex

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19
Q

Paleocortex is ___ layers.
It overlies the ___
It plays a large role in ____

A

3 layers
overlies uncus
plays large role in olfaction

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20
Q

Archicortex is __ layers

It overlies the ___

A

3 layers

overlies most of the hippocampus

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21
Q

What are the 2 main types of neocortical neurons?

A
  1. pyramidal cells

2. non-pyramidal cells

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22
Q

Which neocortical neuron is most prevalent type in humans?

A

pyramidal cells

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23
Q

Describe the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells

A

1 apical dendrite per cell
extend to the top layer of the cortex (layer I)
talks to other neurons along way to layer I

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24
Q

Describe the basal dendrites of pyramidal cells

A

several basal dendrites per cell

extend horizontally in respective layers (may go up or down 1 layer, but projects out laterally)

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25
Q

Describe the axons of pyramidal cells

A

Axons have recurrent branches to excite neighboring pyramidal cells

These axons extend from the base of the cell

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26
Q

Long axons of pyramidal cells go towards ___

A

other cortical areas and subcortical areas

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27
Q

Pyramidal cells are ___ synapses

A

excitatory (glutamatic) synapses

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28
Q

Describe the dendritic spines of pyramidal cells

A

preferential site for excitatory synapse

suggested to be site of synapse that are selectively modified as a result of learning

small changes in spine configuration lead to electrical properties leads to SYNAPSE EFFICACY

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29
Q

Some forms of intellectual disability may be associated with ______ (of pyramidal cells)

What are 2 examples of intellectual disabilities associated with this?

A

poor spine development of dendritic spines (selectively modified for learning)

examples: autism , fragile X syndrome

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30
Q

All cortical neurons that are not pyramidal cells are ___

A

non-pyramidal cells

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31
Q

Describe the axons and dendrites of non-pyramidal cells

A

Short and remain in cortical area

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32
Q

Most non-pyramidal cells are ___ synapse

A

inhibitory (gaba) synapse

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33
Q

The principle interneurons of the cortex are ___

A

non-pyramidal cells

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34
Q

Is there only 1 type of non-pyramidal cell?

A

no.

they are diverse in nature (spiny stellate cell, smooth stellate cell, bipolar cell, basket cell, candle cell)

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35
Q

Spiny stellate cells are a type of ____ with spiny dendrites.

These are generally ____ synapse with ____.

receive most afferent input from ____

A

type of non-pyramidal cell with spiny dendrites

generally excitatory (glutaminergic) synapse w/ pyramidal cell

receive most afferent input from thalamus or other cortical areas

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36
Q

____ are the preferential site for excitatory synapses

A

dendritic spines

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37
Q

If most non-pyramidal cells are inhibitory (gaba) synapses, why are spiny stellate cells excitatory (glutamanergic)?

A

DENDRITIC SPINES ARE THE PREFERENTIAL SITE FOR EXCITATORY SYNAPSES

so SPINY stellate cells (non-pyramidal) = excitatory (glutaminergic)

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38
Q

Smooth stellate cells are a type of ____ with non-spiny dendrites.

receives _____ from pyramidal cells

silences weakly active ___ in cortex

A

type of non-pyramidal cells with non-spiny dendrites

receives recurrent collateral branches from pyramidal cells

silences weakly active cell columns in cortex

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39
Q

Bipolar cells are a type of ____

located mainly in ____

A

bipolar cells - type of non-pyramidal cell

located mainly in outer layers

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40
Q

Bipolar cells are inhibitory in nature (because non-pyramidal).

They release gaba (inhibitory) w/ co-released ___

A

peptides

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41
Q

“The cortex = laminar organization”

What does this mean?

A

Neocortex - 6 layers horizontally

but with vertical function

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42
Q

Cortical layer I: aka ______

What is found here?

A

molecular layer

ends of pyramidal cell apical dendrites
distal end of thalamocortical (intralaminar nuclei) axons

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43
Q

Cortical layer II: aka ____

What is found here?

A

outer granular layer

small pyramidal and stellate cells

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44
Q

Cortical layer III: aka ____

What is found here?

A

Outer pyramidal layer

medium sized pyramidal and stellate cells

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45
Q

Cortical layer IV: aka ___

What is found here?

A

inner granular layer

stellate cells receiving thalamocortical axons (relay nuclei)

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46
Q

Cortical layer V: aka ___

What is found here?

A

Inner pyramidal layer

large pyramidal cells to striatum and spinal cord

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47
Q

Cortical layer VI: aka ____

What is found here?

A

Fusiform layer

Modified pyramidal cells projecting to thalamus

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48
Q

Describe the differences between layer V of the pre-central cortex and the post-central cortex

A

layer V - inner pyramidal layer. this is where large pyramidal cells to striatum and spinal cord are found.

Post-central (sensory) does not need large pyramidal cells. Therefore layer V is small.

Pre-central (motor) needs large pyramidal cells so that their long axons reach the muscular output. Therefore layer V is thick.

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49
Q

What are the 5 sources of afferents to the cortex?

A
  1. association fibers (long and short)
  2. commissural fibers
  3. thalamocortical fibers
  4. non-specific thalamocortical fibers
  5. cholinergic and aminergic fibers
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50
Q

Association fiber afferents come from ____

Are they long or short?

A

small and medium sized pyramidal cells

from other parts of IPSILATERAL cortex

short association fibers = from pre-central to post-central

long association fibers = from frontal lobe to occipita llobe

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51
Q

Commissural fiber afferents are from ____

A

From medium sized pyramidal cells via corpus callosum or anterior commisure

from corresponding CONTRALATERAL cortex

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52
Q

Thalamocortical fiber afferents are from ___

A

From relay nuclei or association nuclei

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53
Q

Non-specific thalamocortical fiber afferents are from ___

A

from intralaminar nuclei

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54
Q

Cholinergic and aminergic fibers are from ____

These afferent fibers regulate ____

A

basal forebrain, hypothalamus (tuberoinfundibulum), brainstem (midbrain, raphe, LC)

regulate attention and arousal

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55
Q

All efferents from the cortex are ___ cells and ___ synapses

A

pyramidal cells

all excitatory (glutaminergic) synapses

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56
Q

What are the 2 fiber types of efferents from cortex?

A

association fibers

commisural fibers

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57
Q

Efferent fibers from primary sensory cortex and primary motor cortex make up the larges part of the ___

A

basal ganglia

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58
Q

The ___ receives input from all of the cortex

A

thalamus

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59
Q

What are the main 3 efferent pathways from the cortex?

A

corticopontine
corticospinal
corticobulbar

60
Q

A ___ interconnects the cerebral hemispherse

A

commisure

61
Q

What is the predominant interconnection between the 2 hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

62
Q

All parts of the brain receive commissural fibers from corpus callosum except for ____

A

hand area of somatosensiry and motor cortex

and parts of primary visual cortex

63
Q

The anterior commissure interconnects ______

A

anterior commissure interconnects the temporal lobes inferiorly

interconnects anterior olfactory nuclei

64
Q

Disconnection syndromes as a result of white matter damage are rare. They are frequently caused by ____

A

strokes

65
Q

Alexia without agraphia - disconnection syndrome via white matter damage

What are hte symptoms?

A 
alexia = can't read
agraphia = can't write

alexia w/o agraphia = can’t read but can write

can’t read things even they wrote

also experience RIGHT HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA

66
Q

Association bundles interconnect ____

A

Different areas of the same hemisphere (different IPSILATERAL cortical areas)

67
Q

Describe the difference between short and long association bundles

A

Short = u-shaped to adjacent gyri

Long = travel to different lobes

68
Q

The longest association bundles are distinct (5). Name them.

A
  1. superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus
  2. superior occipitofrontal fascicuclus
  3. inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus
  4. cingulu
  5. uncinate fasciculus
69
Q

The superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus is a long association bundle that connects ____

A

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal lobes

70
Q

Superior and inferior occipitofrontal fasciculi are 2 long association bundles that connect ___

A

occipital and frontal lobes

71
Q

Cingulum is a long association bundle that connects ____

A

frontal and parietal lobes to parahippocampus gyrus and adjacent temporal gyri

72
Q

Uncinate fasciculus is a long association bundle that connects ____

A

frontal lobe to tempora lobe

73
Q

Describe the difference between granular area and agranular areas of cortex

A

Granular area - THIN, in somatosensory (post central) gyrus

Agranular area - THICK, in motor (pre central) gyrus

74
Q

Areas that send off long axons have more ___

A

pyramidal cells

75
Q

Phineas gage = injury to frontal lobe which caused major ____ changes

A

personality

76
Q

Primary motor cortex areas give rise to the ____ tract

A

corticospinal tract

77
Q

Primary sensory cortex areas receive info from ____

A

thalamic sensory relay nuclei

78
Q

Describe the topography of cortical sensory areas

A

topographical organization where body surface, range of frequencies, visual world are mapped on cortical surface

this map is distorted so that highly sensitive areas (fingers, fovea) have disproportionately large cortical representation

79
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex aka post-central gyrus on the PARIETAL LOBE is site for _____

A

initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive info

80
Q

Inferior parietal lobule is found on _______

A

1 hemisphere of PARIETAL LOBE

usually the left hemisphere

there is also a superior parietal lobule which is separated via intraparietal sulcus

81
Q

Most of the parietal lobe cortex is involved in what function?

A

spatial orientation and directing attention

82
Q

Primary visual cortex (striate cortex) is found ____

A

in the banks of the calcarine sulcus in OCCIPITAL LOBE

83
Q

Visual association cortex of occipital lobe is involved in ____

A

higher order visual processing

84
Q

bilateral injury of inferior occipital lobe leads to ____

bilateral injury of occipital-temporal junction leads to ___

A

inferior occipital lobe –> color blindness

occipital-temporal junction –> motion bindness

85
Q

What is the line of gennari? Where is it?

A

Aka striate cortex
Thin strip of myelin in primary visual cortex

parallels calcarine sulcus and extends a little onto the posterior surface

86
Q

Describe the visual field:
Fibers from nasal retina vs. temporal retina project to which optic tract?

This is so each ____ “sees” the contralateral visual field

A

nasal retina fibers –> contralateral optic tract
temporal retina fibers –> ipsilateral optic tract

this is so each optic tract sees the contralateral visual field

87
Q

We need to be able to examine comparable areas of both retinas in order to obtain ____

This is accomplished by the ____

A

In order to obtain DEPTH PERCEPTION

this is accomplished by OPTIC CHIASM

88
Q

Describe the pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

6 layered precise retinotopic arrangement

pattern is the same in each layer so any given point of visual field is represented as a column in all 6 layers

89
Q

In the LGN of the occipital lobe, which layers are contralateral and which are ipsilateral?

A

layers 1, 4, 6 = contralateral eye

layers 2, 3, 5 = ipsiltaeral eye

90
Q

In the LGN of the occipital lobe, define the parvocellular vs magnocellular layers.

A

Parvocellular layers = color and form (layers 3-6)

Magnocellular layers = movement and contrast (layers 1-2)

91
Q

The LGN projects to ____

How are inferior/superior visual fields perceived once there? Relative to what?

How is the macula vs peripheral field represented?

A

LGN projects to primary visual cortex

optic radiations end retinotopically in occipital cortex above/below calcarine sulcus

inferior visual field = superior radiations = above calcarine sulcus

superior visual field = inferior radiations = below calcarine sulcus

macula = most POSTERIORLY
peripheral vision = most ANTERIORLY

92
Q

The primary visual cortex breaks down visual info into components such as ___

A

orientation, color, depth, motion, brightness

93
Q

Once the primary visual cortex breaks down visual info into components, it distributes this info to ____

A

extrastriate cortex

this is an example of SIMULTANEOUS, PARALLEL PROCESSING

94
Q

“cortex = columnar organization”

describe this

A

Neurons functionally are arranged in columns that extend radially through all 6 horizontal layers

95
Q

All neurons in each column are sensitive to _____

This is called ____

A

1 modality

called modality-specific

example: all neurons in 1 column respond to the movement of 1 specific joint

96
Q

Describe the cortical modules in the foveal part of cortex

A

Modules here analyze small areas of visual field, so fovea has many more modules than other visual cortex

therefore it has better resolution

97
Q

The process of dorsal/ventral streams starts in the ___

A

LGN

98
Q

Which layers of the LGN go to ventral stream? Which go to dorsal stream?

What is the path there?

A

LGN –>

Parvocellular layers (3-6; color/form) –> ventral striate cortex –> ventral stream

Magnocellular layers (1-2; movement/location) –> dorsal striate cortex –> dorsal stream

99
Q

Selective damage to extrastriate cortex can lead to _____

A

strange visual deficits (selective deficit in distinguishing colors, motion, faces)

100
Q

Primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe is found where?

A

transverse temporal gyri superior surface of superior temporal gyri

101
Q

Where is wernicke’s area located?

What is it’s function?

A

located on posterior aspect of 1 hemisphere of temporal lobe (usually left hemisphere)

this is for LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION

102
Q

Ventral stream is located on which lobe?

What is this function?

A

located on ventral surface of temporal lobe

function: higher order visual processing

103
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

What is it’s function?

A

located on inferior frontal gyrus of 1 hemisphere (usually left)

production of spoken and written language

104
Q

Besides broca’s area, the rest of the frontal lobe is composed of ____

Responsible for ____

A

pre-frontal cortex

responsible for EXECUTIVE FUNCTION (personality, foresight, insight)

105
Q

What are the motor function areas of the frontal lobe?

this is the site of origin for ___ tract

A

primary motor cortex
premotor area
supplemental motor area

these are the origin of CORTICOSPINAL TRACT (voluntary movement)

106
Q

Association areas mediate _____? (function)

A

higher mental functions (language, arts, music)

107
Q

Very little is known about association area functions… Most information that we do know stems from ___

A

case reports of patients with naturally occurring lesions

108
Q

____ has advanced our understanding of association areas

A

advent of functional imaging scans

109
Q

What are the 2 broad types of association areas?

A

unimodal

multiomodal

110
Q

Where is unimodal association cortex found?

A

Adjacent to the primary area that it’s associated with

111
Q

Unimodal association cortex is devoted to ____

A

elaborating on business of primary area it’s associated with

112
Q

Multimodal association cortex is responsible for ____ (function)

A

higher level INTELLECTUAL functions

113
Q

Multimodal association cortex is found _____

A

inferior parietal lobule
much of frontal lobe
much of temporal lobe

114
Q

Describe the dominant hemisphere vs. non-dominant hemispheres of the brain.

How does this relate to someone’s dominant vs. non-dominant hand?

A

dominant hemisphere: hemisphere that produces/comprehends language (often left)

non-dominant hemisphere: usually right

THIS IS REGARDLESS OF RIGHT/LEFT HANDED

115
Q

Cortical language areas are located near what major cortical landmark?

A

the lateral sulcus

116
Q

Describe the lateral sulcus on right vs left.

Asymmetry – which is longer? Why?

A

Lateral sulcus extends further posterior on LEFT than RIGHT.

Because left planum temporale is bigger on the right
(planum temporale = part of superior temporal gyrus posterior to primary auditory cortex)

117
Q

What is the planum temporale? How does it relate to asymmetry of hemispheres?

A

planum temporale is part of superior temporal gyrus posterior to primary auditory cortex (it is bigger on the right than on the left)

which leads to the left lateral sulcus being longer posterior than the right.

118
Q

Learning areas border _____ (major cortical landmark)

A

lateral sulcus

usually left

119
Q

Learning areas near the lateral (left) sulcus can stimulate ____ which results in what?

A

can stimulate motor cortex near mouth to produce involuntary grunts/vocalization

120
Q

What are the Perisylvian language areas?

A

Brocas area

Wernicke’s area

121
Q

Broca’s are and Wernicke’s area are called ____ language areas

A

perisylvian

122
Q

Broca’s area is located in the _____

A

inferior frontal gyrus (opercular/triangular part)

123
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in ____

A

posteiror part of superior temporal gyrus

continuing into planum temporlae and inferior parietal lobe

124
Q

Damage to perisylvian language areas can result in ___

A

aphasia

125
Q

Describe aphasia (generally)

A

inability to use language
loss of use/access to words (symbols we use as concepts)

Cause by damage in wrenickes area or broca’s area

126
Q

What are the 2 main types of aphasia (and what causes them?)

A

nonfluent aphasia - broca’s area damage

fluent aphasia - wrenicke’s area damage

127
Q

Describe nonfluent aphasia (aka ___)

A

broca’s aphasia

make few written/spoken words, gets by with phases “ok”
very difficult to pronounce words
all detail and meaning in sentence is lost
CAN COMPREHEND LANGUAGE

128
Q

Describe fluent aphasia (aka ___)

A

Wrenicke’s aphasia

can write and speak but words/sequence of words is incorrect
little to no linguistic content

can have paraphiasia (replace 1 letter/word for another) or neoglosim (make up new words)

DIFFICULTY COMPHRENDING LANGUAGE

129
Q

Define paraphasia.

What type of aphasia is this associated with?

A

paraphasia - replace 1 letter/word with another

symptom of fluent aphasia

130
Q

Define neologisms.

What type of aphasia is this associated with?

A

neologism - making up new words

symptom of fluent aphasia

131
Q

Often, perisylvian areas are found in the left hemisphere.

Does the right hemisphere play a role in language? Describe.

A

Yes.

Emotional and rythmic language is produced and comprehended in diff parts of right hemisphere

132
Q

Define prosody

A

musical elements of speech

produced/comprehended by right hemisphere

133
Q

Prosody is produced by ____

damage = ____

A

right inferior frontal gyrus

damage = motor aprosody = can’t convey anger/authority/etc in language

134
Q

Prosody is comprehended by ____

damage = ____

A

right posterior temporoparietal region

damage = sensory aprosody = can’t comprehend emotional content of others’ speech

135
Q

Association areas are found ____

A

in parietal cortex

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

136
Q

What are the main unimodal association areas in parietal lobe?

A

visual, auditory, somatosensory association areas

137
Q

Damage to parietal lobe unimodal association areas leads to _____ 3 things.

All associated with visual
remember unimodal association areas = visual, auditory, somatosensory association areas

A

agnosias.

agnosia = inability to interpret things/objects
prosopagnosia = inability to recognize familiar faces
akinetopsia = can't perceive motion
138
Q

Multimodal areas of parietal lobe are centered on the ____ (cortical landmark)

main function is to ____

A

intraparietal sulcus

main function = monitor relationships of body with outside world

139
Q

Left parietal lobe damage leads to _____

A

L parietal lobe = taking info needed to plan movement accurately

damage = APRAXIA = patient unable to perform certain planned actions.

can’t REPEAT certain gestures, but can do them naturally if needs to scratch

140
Q

Right parietal lobe damage leads to ____

A 
CONTRALATERAL NEGLECT
patient has trouble w/ left half of body
some deny that something is wrong with left limb or convinced left limb belongs to someone else
ignore left half of body
trouble copy image seen on left side
141
Q

Prefrontal cortex is in the frontal lobe anterior to ___

A

primary motor areas and supplemental motor areas

142
Q

Prefrontal cortex controls ____

A

activities of other cortical areas (underlies executive function)

143
Q

Prefrontal cortex is heavily interconnected with ____

A

dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

144
Q

There are 2 broad types of prefrontal cortex. What are they?

A
  1. dorsolateral

2. ventromedial

145
Q

Describe the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

what does it lie over?
what is it interconnected with?
what is it’s function?

A

over lateral convexity

interconnected with parietal association areas
important role in WORKING MEMORY, problem planning, solving problems, maintaining attention

146
Q

Describe the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

where is it?
what does damage lead to?

A

extends to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate areas

damage = makes people impulsive and can’t suppress innapropriate responses/emotions

PHINIUS GAGE

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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