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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > H: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

H: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

3 major components of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. heart
  2. blood vessels
  3. blood
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2
Q

Major function of cardiovascular system ___

A

transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones

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3
Q

The 2 atria are the ___ chambers

A

superior, receiving

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4
Q

The 2 ventricles are the __ chambers

A

inferior, discharging

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5
Q

___ side of the heart controls the systemic circuit

A

left

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6
Q

____ side of the heart controls the systemic circuit

A

right

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7
Q

____ atrium receives oxygenated blood and passes to ___ ventricle which pushes it to the body

A

left

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8
Q

___ atrium receives deoxygenated blood and passes to ___ ventricles which pushes it to the lungs

A

right

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9
Q

___% of blood falls passively into the ventricles, while the remaining ___% is pushed through atria contractions

A

70% ; 30%

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10
Q

The heart wall contains ____ (6 things)

A
  1. cardiac muscle
  2. fibrous skeleton of heart
  3. conducting system
    4 coronary system
    5 serous membrane
    6 endothelial cells with underlying CT
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11
Q

____ acts as the electrical insulator because mostly made up of CT

A

fibrous skeleton of heart

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12
Q

Fibrous skeleton is found in 8 locations. Name them.

A

Fibrous rings around valve orificies (4 of them)

Fibrous trigones connecting the fibrous rings (2)

membranous portions of interventricular (1) and interatrial septa (1)

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13
Q

Membraneous portions of interventricular and interatrial septa are made up of only ____

A

dense connective tissue

***no cardiac m here!

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14
Q

The heart sits in the ____ cavity

A

pericardial

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15
Q

Pericardial cavity is surrounded by ___

A

pericardium (2 layers)

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardum?

A
  1. fibrous pericardium (dense CT)

2. parietal layer of serous pericardium

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17
Q

If the parietal layer of serous pericardial is on the pericardium of the pericardial cavity, where is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

epicardium of heart wall

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18
Q

What re the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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19
Q

Epicardium is the __ layer of the heart wall.
Is it also called ____
It is made up of ___

A

outer
aka visceral layer of serous pericardium
made up of mesothelium with underlying CT (CT contains lots of subepicardial fat)

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20
Q

Myocardium is the __ layer of the healrt wall.
Most made of _____
Contains the ____ of the heart

A

middle layer
most cardial muscle
Contains fibrous skseleton of the heart

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21
Q

which heart wall layer is made up of mesothelium with underlying CT and lots of subepicardial fat?

A

epicardium lol

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22
Q

Which heart wall layer is the thickest layer?

Which is thicker: atria or ventricles

A

myocardium

ventricles thicker > atria

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23
Q

Which heart wall layer contains the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

myocardium

think: myocardium is the thickest layer, so contains fibrous skeleton of the heart for orifices

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24
Q

Endocardium is the __ layer

What are the components of the endocardium?

A

inner layer

  1. endothelial cell (inner)
  2. subendothelial layer (middle layer w/ ct and smooth m cells)
  3. subendocardial layers (deepest layer contains CT and intrinsic conduction system)
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25
Q

In which heart wall layer is the intrinsic conduction system of the heart found?

A

the subendocardial layer of the endocardium of heart wall

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26
Q

Going from inside of the heart to outside, list (in order) the 5 layers of the heart wall that you would pass through

A
  1. endothelial cells of endothelium
  2. subendothelial layer of endothelium
  3. subendocardial layer of endothelium
  4. myocardium
  5. pericardium
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27
Q

Name the 2 types of heart valves (general)

A

2 atrioventricular valves

2 semilunar valves

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28
Q

Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into ___

Semilunar valves prevent backflow into ____

A

atrioventricular valves - prevent backflow into atria

semilunar valves - prevent backflow into ventricles

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29
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves

where are they located

A
  1. tricuspid valve (r. atrioventricular valve)

2. bicuspid valve / mitral valve (l. atrioventricular valve)

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30
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves

where are they located

A
  1. aortic semilunar valve (left: bw left ventricle and ascending aorta)
  2. Pulmonary semilunar valve (right: bw right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
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31
Q

Heart valves enforce ____ blood flow through heart

A

one way

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32
Q

Heart valves open and close in response to ___

A

pressure changes

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33
Q

What 3 things enter the heart that do not have heart valves associated with them?

A

vena cavae
coronary sinus
pulmonary veins

(they are just permanent openings)

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34
Q

The heart valve (histologically) is composed of ___ w/ overlying ____

A

connective tisuse with overlying endocardium

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35
Q

What are the 3 layers of heart valve in histology

A
  1. spongiosa
  2. fibrosa
  3. ventricularis
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36
Q

Describe the spongiosa layer of the heart valve

A

loose CT covered in endothelium
located on atrial (blood vessels) side of valve
loosely arranged collagen / elastic fiber infiltrated with proteoglycans

SHOCK ABSORBER for heart pressure changes

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37
Q

Describe the fibrosa layer of the heart valve

A

Core of the valve

fibrous extensions from dense irregular connective tissue of skeletal rings of heart

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38
Q

Describe the ventricularis layer of the heart

A

dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers

covered in endothelium

adjacent to the ventricular side of the valve

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39
Q

Cardiac muscle is able to _____ without impulses from the nervous system.

This is called ____

A

depolarize/contract

called intrinsict conduction system

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40
Q

1% of cardiac cells are noncontractile cardiac cells called ____

A

cardiac conducting cells (autorythmic cells)

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41
Q

99% of cardiac cells are _____ cells

1% of cardiac cells are ____ cells

A 
99% = contraction cells
1% = noncontraction cells (conducting/autorythmic cells)
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42
Q

What are the 2 types of cardiac conducting cells?

A
  1. nodal cells

2. purkinje fibers

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43
Q

Nodal cardiac cells are organized into ____

Purkinje fibers are organized into ___

A

Nodal cells organized into NODES

Purkinje fibers organized into highly specialized conducting FIBERS/TRACTS

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44
Q

Cardiac conducting cells are responsible for ____ throughout the heart

A

initiation and distribution of impulses

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45
Q

The rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction is set by ____

A

pacemaker cells

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46
Q

The rate of intrinsic cardiac muscles can be altered by ____

A

sympathetic division of ANS (raises heart beat)

parasympathetic division of ANS (lowers heart beat)

hormones

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47
Q

What are the 5 steps of the intrinsic conduction system sequence?

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle/bundle of his
  4. right/left bundle branches
  5. purkinje fibers
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48
Q

Where is the sinoatrial node located

A

right atrium wall

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49
Q

Pacemaker cells

  • where are they located
  • what makes them pacemakers
  • how fast do they beat
A

SA node
they depolarize the fastest
if left alone = 100x/min
parasympathetic fibers lowers this = 70x/min

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50
Q

Sinoatrial node (SA) node spread the impulse throughout ____

A

atrial cells in teh internodal pathway

51
Q

SA node –> _____ —> AV node

A

internodal pathway

52
Q

Describe the internodal pathway

A

How the impulse gets from the SA node to the AV node

53
Q

What is special about impulses at the atrioventricular node?

A

impulses here delay for 0.1 seconds to allow for the atria to contract

(remmeber that 70% of blood from atria passively diffuses to ventricles)

54
Q

AV node –> ____ –> right/left bundle branches

A

AV bundle/bundle of his

55
Q

____ is the only electrical impulse between the atria and ventricles

this impulse travels across the FIBROUS SKELETON

A

av bundle/ bundle of his

56
Q

The branches of the av bundle are ___

A

right and left bundle branches

57
Q

The right and left bundle branches course towards the ___ through the ____

A

towards apex

through interventricular septum

58
Q

Purkinje fibers aka ___

A

subendothelial branches

59
Q

Where do the purkinje fibers bring the electrical impulse?

A

finish pathway in interventricular septum, around the apex of the heart, bring back to the atria

60
Q

Nodal cardiac muscle cells are found in _____

A

sa and av node

61
Q

___ are modified cardiac muscle cells

A

nodal cardiac m cells

and purkinje fibers

62
Q

Nodal cardiac cells are ___ than surrounding atrial contractile cells

A

smaller

63
Q

___ contain fewer myofibrils and lack intercalated discs compared to contractile cardiac cells

A

nodal cardiac cells

64
Q

Purkinje fibers are found in ____

A

AV bundle
bundle branches
subendothelial branches

65
Q

Purkinje fibers are ____ than surrounding ventricular contractile cells

A

larger

66
Q

___ contain myofibrils are periphery if cell

A

purkinje fibers

67
Q

___ contain large and round nuclei compared to regular cardiac cells

A

purkinje fibers

68
Q

____ have intercalated discs like contractile cardiac cells

A

purkinje fibers

69
Q

Why do purkinje fibers stain positive for PAS stian?

A

because high glycogen

70
Q

How do purkinje fibers appear in an H&E stain?

A

glycogen rich center appears homogenous and stains pale

71
Q

What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?

A

1 arteries
2 capillaries
3 veins

72
Q

___ carry blood away from heart
____ are for exchange between blood/body tissue
____ carry blood towards the heart

A 
arteries = away from heart
capillaries = exchange
veins = towards the heart
73
Q

Arteries
the systemic circuit carries ___ blood
the pulmonary circuit carries ___ blood

A

ARTERIES
systemic circuit = oxygenated blood
pulmonary circuit = deoxygenated blood

74
Q

Veins
the systemic circuit carries ___ blood
the pulmonary circuit carries ___ blood

A

VEINS
systemic circuit = deoxygenated blood
pulmonary circuit = oxygenated blood

75
Q

What is the smallest blood vessel with the thinnest wall?

A

capillaries for EXCHANGE

76
Q

All of the blood vessels (except for the smallest) have 3 layers. What are they?

A

1 tunica interna/ tunica intima
2 tunica media
3 tunica externa/ tunica adventitia

77
Q

in blood vessels:
___ is the inner layer
___ is the middle layer
____ is the outer layer

A

tunica intima/interna = inner
tunica media = middle
tunica externa/adventitia = outer

78
Q

Describe the tunica interna/intima

A

innermost layer
has 3 layers:
1. endothelium (right against blood, simple sq. ep)
2. basal lamina associated w/endothelium – contains collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
3. subendothelial layer (loose CT)

79
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

middle layer

contains RINGS of SMOOTH MUSCLE cells for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

can also contain sheets/lamellae/lameinae of elastin

80
Q

Describe the tunica externa/adventitia

A

outermost layer
CT tha tmerges with next structure so it’s hard to find “edge”

in large vessels this contains
1 vasa vasorum (vessel of vessel)
2. nervi vascularis (vascular nervous tissue)

81
Q

Internal elastic membrane

  • where is this found
  • between what layers
  • describe this
A

found in arteries and some arteiroles
between tunica intima and tunica media

contains FENESTRATIONS for easy diffusion

82
Q

External elastic membrane

  • where is this found
  • between what 2 layers
A

found in arteries

between tunca media and tunica adventitia

83
Q

In arteries, the thickest layer is ____

In veins, the thickest layer is ____

A

arteries = tunica media

veins = tunica externa

84
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries

A
  1. elastic/conducting arteries
  2. mucsular/distributing arteries
  3. small arteries
  4. arterioles
85
Q

Describe the diameter differences between the 4 types of arteries

A
  1. elastic/conducting arteries = 10mm diameter
  2. muscular/distributing arteries = 2mm-10mm diameter
  3. small arteries = 0.1mm - 2mm diameter
  4. arterioles = 10um - 100um diameter
86
Q

large amounts of elastic fibers found in the walls of elastic/conducting arteries allow for ateries to ____

A

expand and recoil

87
Q

____ is an important vessel in helping to propel blood onward while ventricle is relaxing

A

elastic/conducting arteries

88
Q

The elastic fibers in the elastic/conducting fibers function as a ____

A

pressure reserve

89
Q

Elastic/conducting arteries

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima - inconscpicuous internal elastic mem

tunica media - thickest layer, multiple layers of smooth muscle cells separated by ELASTIC LAMELLAE

tunica adventitia - thin, may cntain vasa vasorum/nervi vascularis

90
Q

Muscular/distributing arteries walls contain large amounts of ____

A

smooth muscle

91
Q

____ is an important blood vessel in regulating blood flow to specific body regions

A

muscular/distributing arteries

92
Q

The smooth muscle in muscular/distributing arteries is in what orientation? Why?

A

circular orientation

for vasoconstriction and vasodilation
constriction = constrict lumen
dilate = enlarge lumen

93
Q

Muscular/distributing arteries

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima - thinner than elastic arteries, prominent internal elastic memrbane

tunica media - thickest, almost entirely consists of smooth msucle separated by elastic material, prominent external elastic membrane

tunica adventitia - relatively thick, may contain vasa vasorum, nervo vascularis

94
Q

Small arteries

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima - typically has internal elastic membrane

tunica media - can have up to 8 layers of smooth muscle

tunica adventitia - thin and ill defined

95
Q

Arterioles

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima - may/may not have internal elastic membrane

tunica media - only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

tunica adventitia - thin/ill defined

96
Q

Arterioles

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima - may/may not have internal elastic membrane

tunica media - only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

tunica adventitia - thin/ill defined

97
Q

Capillaries daimeter =

A

smallest diameter of blood vessel

4um - 10um

98
Q

Describe capillaries wall

A

thin wall

endothelial cell + basal lamina (that’s it)

99
Q

What is the main role of capillaries

A

allow exchange of materials between blood and body tissues

100
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries based on MORPHOLOGY

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. discontinuous
101
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

muscle, lungs, central nervous system

102
Q

Continuous capillaries

  • describe lining
  • describe what special cells are found here
A

uninterupted endothelial lining with TIGHT or OCCLUDING junctions

has pinocytotic vessels (in plasma mem)

has pericytes (in basal lamina)

103
Q

What are pericytes?

- where are they found

A

unspecialized cells that can become either endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells

found in the basal lamina of continuous capillaries

104
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

endocrine glands, sites of fluid/metabolite absorption

105
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

  • describe lining
  • what specialized cells are found here
A

have FENESTRATIONS = oval pores (80nm-100nm)

have pinocytotic vessels

106
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

- discontinuous capillaries aka _____

A

liver, spleen, bone marrow

aka sinusoidal capillaries aka sinusoids

107
Q

Describe discontinuous capillaries diameter and general shape as compared to fenestrated capillaries and continuous capillaries

A

discontinuous capillaries = larger diameter adn more irregularly shaped than others

108
Q

Define microcirculation

A

blood flow from arteriole through capillary network to post capillary venule

109
Q

Microcirculatory bed (microvascular bed) is a functional unit composed of what 3 things?

A

composed of the 3 things that make up microcirculation

  1. arteriole
  2. capillary network
  3. post capillary venule
110
Q

What are the 2 types of vessels found in a capillary network

A
  1. true capillaries

2. arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses/shunt

111
Q

Arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses/shunt aka ______

A

meta-arteriole-thoroughfare channel

112
Q 
AV Shunt in capillary bed
If pre-capillary sphincter relaxes...
smooth muscle AV shunt \_\_\_\_
leads to \_\_\_\_ exchange
Blood passes through \_\_\_\_\_
A

PRE-CAP SPHINCTER RELAX
smooth muscle AV shunt CONTRACT
LESS exchange
blood pass thorugh TRUE CAPILLARIES

113
Q 
AV shunt in capillary bed
If pre-capillary sphincter contracts....
smooth muscle AV shunt \_\_\_
leads to \_\_\_\_ exchange
blood passes through \_\_\_\_
A

PRE-CAP SPHINCTER CONTRACTS
smooth muscle AV shunt RELAXES
MORE exchange
blood passes through AV SHUNT, bypasses true capillaries

114
Q

What are the 4 types of veins

A
  1. venule
  2. small veins
  3. medium veins
  4. large veins
115
Q 
Diameter size
Venule \_\_\_\_
Small Vein \_\_\_\_
Medium Vein \_\_\_\_
Large Vein \_\_\_\_
A

venule 10um - 100um
small vein 0.1mm-1mmm
medium vein 1mm-10mm
large veins greater than 10mm

116
Q

What are the 2 types of venules?

A
  1. postcapillary venule

2. muscular venule

117
Q

Describe the wall of a postcapillary venule

A

first venule after capillary bed

JUST endothelial cell + basal lamina + pericyte
*no tunica media or adventitia

118
Q

Describe the wall of muscular venule

A

all 3 layers are present
tunica media - 1-2 smooth msucle layers
tunica adventitia - very thin

no pericytes here

119
Q

Small veins receive blood from ____

A

muscular venule

120
Q

Medium veins

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima - endothelium + basal lamina, thin subendothlial layer w/ ocassional sm. m, sometimes thin internal elastic membrane

tunica media = thinner than associated artery, several layers of sm. m mostly circular some longitudinal, interpsered collagen/elastic fibers

tunica adventitia = thickest, collagen and networks of elastic fibers

121
Q

Large veins

  • what is found in tunica intima
  • what is found in tunica media
  • what is found in tunica adventitia
A

tunica intima -= endothelium + basal lamina + subendothelial layer with some sm m

tunica media = relatively thin: circularly arranged sm m

thunica adventitia = thickest. collagen and elastic fibers with occassional smooth m

122
Q

Describe the wall of a valve

A

thin folds of tunica intima, endothelial cells over thin layer of CT

123
Q

Most veins in limbs have ____ to prevent backflow

A

valves

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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