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Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 > H: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

H: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

3 major components of the cardiovascular system

A
  1. heart
  2. blood vessels
  3. blood
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2
Q

Major function of cardiovascular system ___

A

transportation of nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones

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3
Q

The 2 atria are the ___ chambers

A

superior, receiving

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4
Q

The 2 ventricles are the __ chambers

A

inferior, discharging

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5
Q

___ side of the heart controls the systemic circuit

A

left

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6
Q

____ side of the heart controls the systemic circuit

A

right

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7
Q

____ atrium receives oxygenated blood and passes to ___ ventricle which pushes it to the body

A

left

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8
Q

___ atrium receives deoxygenated blood and passes to ___ ventricles which pushes it to the lungs

A

right

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9
Q

___% of blood falls passively into the ventricles, while the remaining ___% is pushed through atria contractions

A

70% ; 30%

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10
Q

The heart wall contains ____ (6 things)

A
  1. cardiac muscle
  2. fibrous skeleton of heart
  3. conducting system
    4 coronary system
    5 serous membrane
    6 endothelial cells with underlying CT
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11
Q

____ acts as the electrical insulator because mostly made up of CT

A

fibrous skeleton of heart

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12
Q

Fibrous skeleton is found in 8 locations. Name them.

A

Fibrous rings around valve orificies (4 of them)

Fibrous trigones connecting the fibrous rings (2)

membranous portions of interventricular (1) and interatrial septa (1)

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13
Q

Membraneous portions of interventricular and interatrial septa are made up of only ____

A

dense connective tissue

***no cardiac m here!

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14
Q

The heart sits in the ____ cavity

A

pericardial

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15
Q

Pericardial cavity is surrounded by ___

A

pericardium (2 layers)

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16
Q

What are the 2 layers of the pericardum?

A
  1. fibrous pericardium (dense CT)

2. parietal layer of serous pericardium

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17
Q

If the parietal layer of serous pericardial is on the pericardium of the pericardial cavity, where is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

epicardium of heart wall

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18
Q

What re the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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19
Q

Epicardium is the __ layer of the heart wall.
Is it also called ____
It is made up of ___

A

outer
aka visceral layer of serous pericardium
made up of mesothelium with underlying CT (CT contains lots of subepicardial fat)

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20
Q

Myocardium is the __ layer of the healrt wall.
Most made of _____
Contains the ____ of the heart

A

middle layer
most cardial muscle
Contains fibrous skseleton of the heart

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21
Q

which heart wall layer is made up of mesothelium with underlying CT and lots of subepicardial fat?

A

epicardium lol

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22
Q

Which heart wall layer is the thickest layer?

Which is thicker: atria or ventricles

A

myocardium

ventricles thicker > atria

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23
Q

Which heart wall layer contains the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

myocardium

think: myocardium is the thickest layer, so contains fibrous skeleton of the heart for orifices

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24
Q

Endocardium is the __ layer

What are the components of the endocardium?

A

inner layer

  1. endothelial cell (inner)
  2. subendothelial layer (middle layer w/ ct and smooth m cells)
  3. subendocardial layers (deepest layer contains CT and intrinsic conduction system)
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25
In which heart wall layer is the intrinsic conduction system of the heart found?
the subendocardial layer of the endocardium of heart wall
26
Going from inside of the heart to outside, list (in order) the 5 layers of the heart wall that you would pass through
1. endothelial cells of endothelium 2. subendothelial layer of endothelium 3. subendocardial layer of endothelium 4. myocardium 5. pericardium
27
Name the 2 types of heart valves (general)
2 atrioventricular valves | 2 semilunar valves
28
Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into ___ Semilunar valves prevent backflow into ____
atrioventricular valves - prevent backflow into atria semilunar valves - prevent backflow into ventricles
29
What are the 2 atrioventricular valves | where are they located
1. tricuspid valve (r. atrioventricular valve) | 2. bicuspid valve / mitral valve (l. atrioventricular valve)
30
What are the 2 semilunar valves | where are they located
1. aortic semilunar valve (left: bw left ventricle and ascending aorta) 2. Pulmonary semilunar valve (right: bw right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
31
Heart valves enforce ____ blood flow through heart
one way
32
Heart valves open and close in response to ___
pressure changes
33
What 3 things enter the heart that do not have heart valves associated with them?
vena cavae coronary sinus pulmonary veins (they are just permanent openings)
34
The heart valve (histologically) is composed of ___ w/ overlying ____
connective tisuse with overlying endocardium
35
What are the 3 layers of heart valve in histology
1. spongiosa 2. fibrosa 3. ventricularis
36
Describe the spongiosa layer of the heart valve
loose CT covered in endothelium located on atrial (blood vessels) side of valve loosely arranged collagen / elastic fiber infiltrated with proteoglycans SHOCK ABSORBER for heart pressure changes
37
Describe the fibrosa layer of the heart valve
Core of the valve fibrous extensions from dense irregular connective tissue of skeletal rings of heart
38
Describe the ventricularis layer of the heart
dense connective tissue with layers of elastic fibers covered in endothelium adjacent to the ventricular side of the valve
39
Cardiac muscle is able to _____ without impulses from the nervous system. This is called ____
depolarize/contract called intrinsict conduction system
40
1% of cardiac cells are noncontractile cardiac cells called ____
cardiac conducting cells (autorythmic cells)
41
99% of cardiac cells are _____ cells | 1% of cardiac cells are ____ cells
``` 99% = contraction cells 1% = noncontraction cells (conducting/autorythmic cells) ```
42
What are the 2 types of cardiac conducting cells?
1. nodal cells | 2. purkinje fibers
43
Nodal cardiac cells are organized into ____ Purkinje fibers are organized into ___
Nodal cells organized into NODES Purkinje fibers organized into highly specialized conducting FIBERS/TRACTS
44
Cardiac conducting cells are responsible for ____ throughout the heart
initiation and distribution of impulses
45
The rate of the intrinsic cardiac muscle contraction is set by ____
pacemaker cells
46
The rate of intrinsic cardiac muscles can be altered by ____
sympathetic division of ANS (raises heart beat) parasympathetic division of ANS (lowers heart beat) hormones
47
What are the 5 steps of the intrinsic conduction system sequence?
1. sinoatrial node 2. atrioventricular node 3. atrioventricular bundle/bundle of his 4. right/left bundle branches 5. purkinje fibers
48
Where is the sinoatrial node located
right atrium wall
49
Pacemaker cells - where are they located - what makes them pacemakers - how fast do they beat
SA node they depolarize the fastest if left alone = 100x/min parasympathetic fibers lowers this = 70x/min
50
Sinoatrial node (SA) node spread the impulse throughout ____
atrial cells in teh internodal pathway
51
SA node --> _____ ---> AV node
internodal pathway
52
Describe the internodal pathway
How the impulse gets from the SA node to the AV node
53
What is special about impulses at the atrioventricular node?
impulses here delay for 0.1 seconds to allow for the atria to contract (remmeber that 70% of blood from atria passively diffuses to ventricles)
54
AV node --> ____ --> right/left bundle branches
AV bundle/bundle of his
55
____ is the only electrical impulse between the atria and ventricles this impulse travels across the FIBROUS SKELETON
av bundle/ bundle of his
56
The branches of the av bundle are ___
right and left bundle branches
57
The right and left bundle branches course towards the ___ through the ____
towards apex through interventricular septum
58
Purkinje fibers aka ___
subendothelial branches
59
Where do the purkinje fibers bring the electrical impulse?
finish pathway in interventricular septum, around the apex of the heart, bring back to the atria
60
Nodal cardiac muscle cells are found in _____
sa and av node
61
___ are modified cardiac muscle cells
nodal cardiac m cells | and purkinje fibers
62
Nodal cardiac cells are ___ than surrounding atrial contractile cells
smaller
63
___ contain fewer myofibrils and lack intercalated discs compared to contractile cardiac cells
nodal cardiac cells
64
Purkinje fibers are found in ____
AV bundle bundle branches subendothelial branches
65
Purkinje fibers are ____ than surrounding ventricular contractile cells
larger
66
___ contain myofibrils are periphery if cell
purkinje fibers
67
___ contain large and round nuclei compared to regular cardiac cells
purkinje fibers
68
____ have intercalated discs like contractile cardiac cells
purkinje fibers
69
Why do purkinje fibers stain positive for PAS stian?
because high glycogen
70
How do purkinje fibers appear in an H&E stain?
glycogen rich center appears homogenous and stains pale
71
What are the 3 major types of blood vessels?
1 arteries 2 capillaries 3 veins
72
___ carry blood away from heart ____ are for exchange between blood/body tissue ____ carry blood towards the heart
``` arteries = away from heart capillaries = exchange veins = towards the heart ```
73
Arteries the systemic circuit carries ___ blood the pulmonary circuit carries ___ blood
ARTERIES systemic circuit = oxygenated blood pulmonary circuit = deoxygenated blood
74
Veins the systemic circuit carries ___ blood the pulmonary circuit carries ___ blood
VEINS systemic circuit = deoxygenated blood pulmonary circuit = oxygenated blood
75
What is the smallest blood vessel with the thinnest wall?
capillaries for EXCHANGE
76
All of the blood vessels (except for the smallest) have 3 layers. What are they?
1 tunica interna/ tunica intima 2 tunica media 3 tunica externa/ tunica adventitia
77
in blood vessels: ___ is the inner layer ___ is the middle layer ____ is the outer layer
tunica intima/interna = inner tunica media = middle tunica externa/adventitia = outer
78
Describe the tunica interna/intima
innermost layer has 3 layers: 1. endothelium (right against blood, simple sq. ep) 2. basal lamina associated w/endothelium -- contains collagen, proteoglycans, glycoproteins 3. subendothelial layer (loose CT)
79
Describe the tunica media
middle layer contains RINGS of SMOOTH MUSCLE cells for vasoconstriction and vasodilation can also contain sheets/lamellae/lameinae of elastin
80
Describe the tunica externa/adventitia
outermost layer CT tha tmerges with next structure so it's hard to find "edge" in large vessels this contains 1 vasa vasorum (vessel of vessel) 2. nervi vascularis (vascular nervous tissue)
81
Internal elastic membrane - where is this found - between what layers - describe this
found in arteries and some arteiroles between tunica intima and tunica media contains FENESTRATIONS for easy diffusion
82
External elastic membrane - where is this found - between what 2 layers
found in arteries | between tunca media and tunica adventitia
83
In arteries, the thickest layer is ____ In veins, the thickest layer is ____
arteries = tunica media veins = tunica externa
84
What are the 4 types of arteries
1. elastic/conducting arteries 2. mucsular/distributing arteries 3. small arteries 4. arterioles
85
Describe the diameter differences between the 4 types of arteries
1. elastic/conducting arteries = 10mm diameter 2. muscular/distributing arteries = 2mm-10mm diameter 3. small arteries = 0.1mm - 2mm diameter 4. arterioles = 10um - 100um diameter
86
large amounts of elastic fibers found in the walls of elastic/conducting arteries allow for ateries to ____
expand and recoil
87
____ is an important vessel in helping to propel blood onward while ventricle is relaxing
elastic/conducting arteries
88
The elastic fibers in the elastic/conducting fibers function as a ____
pressure reserve
89
Elastic/conducting arteries - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima - inconscpicuous internal elastic mem tunica media - thickest layer, multiple layers of smooth muscle cells separated by ELASTIC LAMELLAE tunica adventitia - thin, may cntain vasa vasorum/nervi vascularis
90
Muscular/distributing arteries walls contain large amounts of ____
smooth muscle
91
____ is an important blood vessel in regulating blood flow to specific body regions
muscular/distributing arteries
92
The smooth muscle in muscular/distributing arteries is in what orientation? Why?
circular orientation for vasoconstriction and vasodilation constriction = constrict lumen dilate = enlarge lumen
93
Muscular/distributing arteries - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima - thinner than elastic arteries, prominent internal elastic memrbane tunica media - thickest, almost entirely consists of smooth msucle separated by elastic material, prominent external elastic membrane tunica adventitia - relatively thick, may contain vasa vasorum, nervo vascularis
94
Small arteries - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima - typically has internal elastic membrane tunica media - can have up to 8 layers of smooth muscle tunica adventitia - thin and ill defined
95
Arterioles - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima - may/may not have internal elastic membrane tunica media - only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle tunica adventitia - thin/ill defined
96
Arterioles - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima - may/may not have internal elastic membrane tunica media - only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle tunica adventitia - thin/ill defined
97
Capillaries daimeter =
smallest diameter of blood vessel | 4um - 10um
98
Describe capillaries wall
thin wall | endothelial cell + basal lamina (that's it)
99
What is the main role of capillaries
allow exchange of materials between blood and body tissues
100
What are the 3 types of capillaries based on MORPHOLOGY
1. continuous 2. fenestrated 3. discontinuous
101
Where are continuous capillaries found?
muscle, lungs, central nervous system
102
Continuous capillaries - describe lining - describe what special cells are found here
uninterupted endothelial lining with TIGHT or OCCLUDING junctions has pinocytotic vessels (in plasma mem) has pericytes (in basal lamina)
103
What are pericytes? | - where are they found
unspecialized cells that can become either endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells found in the basal lamina of continuous capillaries
104
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
endocrine glands, sites of fluid/metabolite absorption
105
Fenestrated capillaries - describe lining - what specialized cells are found here
have FENESTRATIONS = oval pores (80nm-100nm) have pinocytotic vessels
106
Where are discontinuous capillaries found? | - discontinuous capillaries aka _____
liver, spleen, bone marrow aka sinusoidal capillaries aka sinusoids
107
Describe discontinuous capillaries diameter and general shape as compared to fenestrated capillaries and continuous capillaries
discontinuous capillaries = larger diameter adn more irregularly shaped than others
108
Define microcirculation
blood flow from arteriole through capillary network to post capillary venule
109
Microcirculatory bed (microvascular bed) is a functional unit composed of what 3 things?
composed of the 3 things that make up microcirculation 1. arteriole 2. capillary network 3. post capillary venule
110
What are the 2 types of vessels found in a capillary network
1. true capillaries | 2. arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses/shunt
111
Arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses/shunt aka ______
meta-arteriole-thoroughfare channel
112
``` AV Shunt in capillary bed If pre-capillary sphincter relaxes... smooth muscle AV shunt ____ leads to ____ exchange Blood passes through _____ ```
PRE-CAP SPHINCTER RELAX smooth muscle AV shunt CONTRACT LESS exchange blood pass thorugh TRUE CAPILLARIES
113
``` AV shunt in capillary bed If pre-capillary sphincter contracts.... smooth muscle AV shunt ___ leads to ____ exchange blood passes through ____ ```
PRE-CAP SPHINCTER CONTRACTS smooth muscle AV shunt RELAXES MORE exchange blood passes through AV SHUNT, bypasses true capillaries
114
What are the 4 types of veins
1. venule 2. small veins 3. medium veins 4. large veins
115
``` Diameter size Venule ____ Small Vein ____ Medium Vein ____ Large Vein ____ ```
venule 10um - 100um small vein 0.1mm-1mmm medium vein 1mm-10mm large veins greater than 10mm
116
What are the 2 types of venules?
1. postcapillary venule | 2. muscular venule
117
Describe the wall of a postcapillary venule
first venule after capillary bed JUST endothelial cell + basal lamina + pericyte *no tunica media or adventitia
118
Describe the wall of muscular venule
all 3 layers are present tunica media - 1-2 smooth msucle layers tunica adventitia - very thin no pericytes here
119
Small veins receive blood from ____
muscular venule
120
Medium veins - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima - endothelium + basal lamina, thin subendothlial layer w/ ocassional sm. m, sometimes thin internal elastic membrane tunica media = thinner than associated artery, several layers of sm. m mostly circular some longitudinal, interpsered collagen/elastic fibers tunica adventitia = thickest, collagen and networks of elastic fibers
121
Large veins - what is found in tunica intima - what is found in tunica media - what is found in tunica adventitia
tunica intima -= endothelium + basal lamina + subendothelial layer with some sm m tunica media = relatively thin: circularly arranged sm m thunica adventitia = thickest. collagen and elastic fibers with occassional smooth m
122
Describe the wall of a valve
thin folds of tunica intima, endothelial cells over thin layer of CT
123
Most veins in limbs have ____ to prevent backflow
valves

Anatomy 6513 UNIT 3 (13 decks)

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