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Gross Ant > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q 
Terms:
Unilateral
bilateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
A

ipsi=same side

contra=opposite side

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2
Q

Terms of movement:

  • extension/flexion
  • hyperextension
  • dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
  • abduction/adduction
  • lateral/medial rotation
  • pronation/supination
  • circumduction
A

beginning point 180, end point less than 180

circumduction= combination of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

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3
Q

Hands/feet

  • dorsum/palm(ar)
  • dorsum/sole (plantar)
  • opposite/reposition
  • inversion/eversion
A

dorsal (dog) back

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4
Q

Bones:

  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
  3. Cartilage
A
  1. head, neck, thoracic, spinal, sacral
  2. everything else: upper/lower extremities, pelvis bone, scapula
  3. costal cartilage, articular cartilage
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5
Q

Functions of bones 5

A
  1. protection organs
  2. support body weight
  3. levers movement
  4. reservoir calcium & phosphorous
  5. blood cell formation marrow
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6
Q
  1. 2 types of bones
  2. what is medullary?
  3. 2 types of marrow and its contents
A 
1. spongy bone (trabecular, cancellous)
    compact bone (cortical, dense)
2. marrow cavity
3. red-hematopoesis
    yellow-inert & fatty
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7
Q

7 classifications of bones and examples

A
  1. long bones-humerus, phalanges, clavivle
  2. short bone- tarsals, carpals
  3. flat bone-some cranial vault bones, ribs, sternum
  4. irregular bone-vertebrae, sphenoid
  5. sesamoid bone-patella (develop within tendons)
  6. pneumatic bones-mastoid part of temporal bone, paranasal sinus
  7. accessory (supernumerary) bones- in foot
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8
Q
  1. 10 elevations
  2. 3 depressions
  3. 2 articualtions
  4. 1 hole
A
    • crest-ridge of bone
    • linea-linear elevation
    • protuberance-projection of bone
    • epicondyle-eminence superior to a condyle
    • malleolus-rounded prominence
    • spine-thorn like process
    • process-projecting spine-like part
    • trochanter-large blunt elevation
    • tubercle- small raised eminence
    • tuberosity-large rounded elevation
    • fossa-hollow or depressed area
    • groove
    • notch- indentation at edge of bone
    • condyle-rounded articular area
    • facet- smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage, where bone articulate with another bone
  4. foramen-passage through a bone
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9
Q

6 names for development of bones

A
  1. ossification-bone formation
  2. osteoblast-bone forming cells
  3. osteocytes-bone cells
  4. osteoclasts-bone resorption cells
  5. chondrocytes-cartilage cells
  6. chondroblasts-cartilage forming cells
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10
Q
  1. bones develop from the condensations of what?

2. What are the two ossification by condensations?

A
  1. condensations of mesenchyme, an embryonic connective tissue
  2. Intramembranous ossification (direct)
    - mesenchyme–>bone (rapid process)
    ie. flat bones of skull

Endochondral ossification (indirect)

  • mesenchyme–>cartilage–>bone (slow)
    ie. most bones
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11
Q

Describe the process of endochondral ossification. 9 steps

A
  1. cartilage anlage
  2. periosteum layer forms
  3. primary center of ossification appear btw 7-12th weeks of prenatal life
  4. cartilage calcifies
  5. blood vessel invades
  6. blood vessel invades secondary center
    of ossification
  7. sec center appears after birth
  8. another sec ctr of ossification forms
  9. bone consist of epiphysis on both ends, metaphysis and diaphysis in middle
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12
Q
  1. Diaphysis grow between what and how?
  2. What happens before/after growth ceases?
  3. Fusions occurs at specific age for different bones. What is the dif btw xx vs. xy?
  4. name the 5 parts of a long bone
A
  1. btw growth plate & metaphysis by proliferation of cartilage
  2. before-bone replaces cartilage at growth plate
    after-diaphysis fuses with epiphysis= synostosis
  3. 1-2 yrs earlier in females than males
  4. epiphysis–>epiphyseal plate (growth plate)–>metaphysis–>diaphysis–>metaphysis–>epiphysis
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13
Q

Timeline of endochondral ossification:

  1. 3rd month of embryonic development
  2. 4th month embryonic dev
  3. birth-5 yrs
  4. 5 yrs-12 yrs in xx; 5-14 yrs in males
  5. 17-20 yrs
  6. 18-23 yrs
  7. 23-25 yrs
  8. by 25 yrs
A
  1. begins ossification of long bones
  2. most primary ctr appeared in diaphyses of bones
  3. sec ctr appear in epiphyses
  4. ossification spread rapidly from ctr and various bones are becoming ossified
  5. bone of upper limbs & scapulae becoming completely ossified
  6. bone of lower limbs & os coxae become completely ossified
  7. bone of sternum, clavicles, vertebrae become completely ossified
  8. nearly all bones completely ossified
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14
Q
  1. Why not have cells at ends t produce growth?

2. difference btw the development of long/short bones?

A
  1. moving joint damage growing tissue, bone must be capable of supporting loads
  2. same as long bones but no secondary centers (except the calcaneus in foot)
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15
Q 
What happens if there's a loss of blood supply to epiphysis of other parts of the bone?
2. vasculature & innervation of bone
Articular cartilage
epiphysial line
epiphysial artery
metaphyseal artery
lymphatics
periosteum
vein
periosteal nerve
periosteal artery
compact bone with haversian system
nutrient artery & vein
A
  1. avascular necrosis of bone tissue
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16
Q

Fibrous Joints

  1. Fibrous joints are united by what and the movement depends on what?
  2. what is diploe?
  3. Where is sutures seen?
  4. what is fontanelles?
  5. what is syndesmosis?
A
  1. fibrous joints are united by fibrous tissue and movement depends upon length of fibers uniting the bones.
  2. diploe is the central layer of spongy bone btw the 2 layers of compact bone
  3. sutures occurs only in skull linked by sutural ligament
  4. fontanelles are the wide areas of fibrous tissue in sutures, common in neonates where bone skull do not contact each other.
  5. syndesmosis is when two bones are linked by a sheet of fibrous tissue
17
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

  1. united by?
  2. what is the name of the primary/secondary cartilaginous joints?
  3. What is each united by?
  4. what is each function?
A
  1. cartilage
  2. primary=synchondrosis
    - united by hyaline cartilage
    - permits growth; after full growth, synchondrosis —>synostosis
  3. secondary=symphysis
    - united by fibrocartilage
    - strong, slightly movable
18
Q

Synovial Joint

  1. what are the 4 things synovial joint contains
  2. It’s functions
A
  1. contains:
    - a joint cavity contain synovial fluid
    - articular cartilage
    - articular joint capsule
    • synovial membrane
    • a fibrous capsule
  2. most common, most important functionally, provide free movement
19
Q

six types of synovial joints and its motion

A
  1. hinge-flexion/extension only
    ie. elbow, interphalangeal joints
  2. pivot-rotation around a long axis
    ie. atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar joints
  3. plane-gliding limited by joint capsules
    ie. zygapophyseal, acromioclavicular joints
  4. condyloid (ellipsoid)- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
    ie. metacarpophalangeal joints
  5. ball & socket-freest; universal movement
    ie. hip, shoulder joints
  6. saddle- several direction except rotation
    ie. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
20
Q

Muscular system

  1. consist of?
  2. movement by?
  3. provides (2)
  4. 3 types of muscles?
A
  1. contractile cells (muscle fibers)
  2. by contraction
  3. form to body and heat
    • skeletal (striated) m
    • cardiac (striated) m
    • smooth (non-striated)
21
Q

Skeletal M.

  1. % of body weight?
  2. function
  3. 2 attachments
  4. controlled by what NS?
  5. type of contraction
A
  1. 43%
  2. moves bones & other structures (skin of face, eyes, tongue)
  3. origin-least movable (proximal)
    insertion-more moveable (distal)
  4. voluntarily-somatic NS
  5. strong, quick intermittent (phasic) contraction
22
Q

Skeletal M

  1. description of skeletal fibers
  2. fibers bound by?
A
  1. skeletal m. are large, long, un-branched, cylindrical fibers with transverse striations arranged in parallel
  2. fibers bound by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves
23
Q
  1. Motor unit-functional unit consist of?

2. what is tone?

A
  1. consists of motor neuron & all muscle fibers innervated by it. Muscle fibers in a motor unit varies from one to several 100’s
  2. maintenance of posture, muscle is in a state of reflex contraction or tone
24
Q

skeletal M.

  1. produce movement by?
  2. muscle length is from?
  3. how is it named?
A
  1. produce movement by shortening
  2. length is distance between bony attachments
  3. named for their function, the bone to which it is attached, their position, or length
25
Q

1.Types of contraction 3

A
  1. isometric contraction-muscle remains same length; muscular force precisely matches the load, and no movement result
  2. concentric contraction-force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance, and the muscle shortens as it contracts.
  3. eccentric-force generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and he muscle fiber length as they contract
26
Q

4 skeletal m. actions

A
  1. prime movers (agonist)-main muscles activated during a specific movement
  2. antagonist-oppose the action of the prime movers
  3. synergist-complement the action of the prime movers
  4. fixators-steady the proximal part of a limb while the distal parts are moving

The same muscle can act differently under different conditions.

27
Q

Testing skeletal muscle

A
  1. patient maintains position, examiner attempts to move
  2. patient moves, examiner resists movement

EMG-electromyography

28
Q

Symptoms of peripheral nerve injuries

  1. motor nerve damage
  2. sensory nerve
A
  1. motor nerve
    - weakness
    - muscle atrophy
    - twitching
    - paralysis
  2. sensory nerve
    - pain
    - sensitivity
    - numbness
    - tingling/prickling
    - burning
    - problems with positional awareness
29
Q

5 classification of skeletal muscles (according to shape)

A
  1. pennate-featherlike arrangement of fibers
    - unipennate
    - bipennate
    - multipennate
  2. quadrate-having 4 sides like square
  3. fusiform-spindle shaped, round thick belly, tapered ends
  4. flat- parallel fibers often having an aponeurosis
  5. circular or sphincteral-fibers surrounding a body opening or orifice
30
Q

4 Structures associated with skeletal muscle

A
  1. aponeurosis-flat fibrous sheet or expanded broad tendons
  2. synovial tendon sheaths-tubular sacs wrapped around tendons
  3. tendons- fibrous bands of dense tissue that attach muscles to bones (or another muscle)
  4. bursae- flattened sacs of synovial membrane that facilitate movement by minimizing friction

Gross Ant (18 decks)

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