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Gross Ant > Joints of Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Joints of Lower Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

Hip joint is a type of

  • function
  • movement limited
  • more stable than?
A
  • Multiaxial ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) type
  • synovial joint
  • can support body weight without muscular exertion
  • movement is more limited than shoulder (glenohumeral) joint
  • hip joint is also more stable than glenohumeral joint
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2
Q

Acetabulum has 3 parts

A
  1. socket to head of femur
  2. lunate surface
  3. acetabular notch
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3
Q

What is an acetabular labrum

Transverse acetabular ligament function

A

Acetabular labrum

  • fibrocartilage rim that deepens the socket
  • retains femoral head in the socket even if ligaments & muscles are severed
    2. Transverse acetabular ligament
  • bridges the acetabular notch helps hold femoral head in place
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4
Q

Hip joint capsule

  • encloses what
  • location anterior/posterior
A
  • joints capsule encloses the head and neck of femur
  • anteriorly extends to intertrochanteric line
  • posteriorly extends to distal part of neck
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5
Q 
Iliofemoral ligament
-nickname
-function
-characteristic
Pubofemoral ligament function
Ischiofemoral ligament fucntion
A 
Iliofemoral ligament
-Y ligament of Bigelow
-limits hyperextension
-strongest ligament of body
Pubofemoral ligament
-limits abduction
ischiofemoral ligament
-limit hyperextension
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6
Q

Mechanics of hip joint

  • hip flexes
  • hip extends and hyperextends
  • hip components pulled together
A
  • As hip flexes, the ligaments untwist, become more relaxed. hip joint is less stable
  • As hip extends and hyperextends, ligaments twist become tighter. Hip joint components pulled together tighter more stable
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7
Q

Knee joint

  • characteristics
  • type of joint
  • location
  • encompassed
A
  • largest joint in the body
  • hinge type synovial joint which allows flexion and extension. Some rotation in flexed position
  • btw 2 condyles of femur & tibia; btw patella & femur
  • encompassed by fibrous capsule & synovial membrane
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8
Q

Ligaments of Knee Joint 3

A
  1. patellar ligament
  2. lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
  3. Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
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9
Q

rupture of fibular collateral ligament

rupture of tibial collateral ligament

A
  1. fibular collateral ligament- uncommon; complete rupture may however avulse head of fibula or stretch common fibular n. causing foot drop
    - tibial collateral ligament- associated with tearing of medial meniscus of ACL, common in football injury; look out for damage to 3 C’s (collateral ligaments, Cruciate ligaments, Cartilages (menesci)
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10
Q

Fibrous capsule of the knee joint

A
  • oblique popliteal ligament

- arcuate popliteal ligament

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11
Q

Intra-articular of knee joints (4)

A
  1. anterior cruciate ligament
  2. posterior cruciate ligament
  3. medial meniscus
  4. lateral meniscus
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12
Q

Function and characteristics

  1. Anterior cruciate ligament
  2. Posterior cruciate ligament
  3. Medial meniscus
  4. lateral meniscus
A
  1. Anterior cruciate ligament- prevents posterior displacement of femur on the tibia and hyperextension of knee joint; it is weak, sometimes torn with tibial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
  2. Posterior cruciate ligament- stronger; prevent anterior displacement of femur on the tibia and hyperflexion of knee joint
  3. Medial meniscus- C-shaped; lateral border attached to tibial collateral ligament
  4. lateral meniscus- posterior meniscofemoral ligament
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13
Q

Functions of knee joint ligaments

  • cruciate
  • collateral ligaments
A

cruciate
-prevent anterior & posterior movement of knee joint
-anterior: taut when knee extended; when knee flexes, femoral attachment of ACL moves anteriorly; ACL relaxes in flexion
-posterior: taut when knee flexed; when knee extends, femoral attachment of PCL moves posteriorly; PCL relaxes in extension
collateral ligaments
-prevent side to side movement
-become taut when knee fully extended

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14
Q

Attachment of medial & lateral meniscus

General descriptions of menisci

A
  • medial meniscus attached to medial collateral ligament & intercondylar eminence
  • lateral meniscus attached to intercondylar eminence & posterior meniscofemoral ligament
  • menisci deepen the cup formed by tibial condyles
  • menisci penetrated by nerves but almost no blood vessels
  • when menisci are torn, pain but no bleeding
  • torn meniscus does not heal
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15
Q

The menisci formed what and by what?
penetrated by? but no?
when torn, what is present or missing?

A
  1. menisci deepen the cup formed by tibial condyles
  2. menisci penetrated by nerves, but almost no blood vessels
  3. when torn, pain but no bleeding
  4. torn meniscus does not heal
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16
Q

Knee joint most stable when extended because?

  • femur & tibia?
  • structure
  • movement
A
  1. femur & tibia fit together best in this position
  2. joint structures are close packed
  3. tibia (or femur) is rotated to maximize congruence (medial side of tibia rotated anteriorly)
17
Q

What are bursae of the knee joint?

A
  • fluid filled sacs to protect the tendons
  • one continuous sac but there are 12 named parts
  • suprapatellar bursa (or pouch) under the patella
18
Q

Joints of Leg

Tibiofibular J

A

Tibiofibular joint

  • proximal (plane synovial joint)
  • distal (fibrous joint)
  • tibia & fibula are also held together by interosseous membrane
19
Q

Joints of Leg

Ankle J

A

Ankle Joint

  • hinged-type, synovial joint
  • articulations btw tibia/fibula & talus
  • dorsiflexion & plantarflexion
20
Q
  1. what part of talus trochlea is wider
  2. when dorsiflexed, which part of trochlea push what
  3. ankle joint is strongest/weakest in
A
  1. anterior trochlea wider than posterior trochlea
  2. when foot dorsiflexed, wide anterior part of trochlea pushed apart distal tibiofibular joint
  3. ankle joint strongest in dorsiflexion and weakest in plantarflexion
21
Q

Why is the dorsiflexion in ankle joint the strongest? (4)

A
  1. the trochlea fills the articular space completely
  2. malleoli grip the talus tighly because anterior part of talus is wider
  3. grip is further tighten by interosseous ligament and the anterior & posterior tiobiofibular ligaments
  4. several tendons & ligaments cross over the joint tightly bound down by the deep fascia
    - unstable in plantarflexion but can be strengthened by training.
22
Q

Components of lateral collateral ligament of ankle (3) limit?
Components of medial (deltoid) ligament (4) limit?
-which one is stronger? what does it prevents?
-fibrous capsule does?

A 
1. lateral collateral ligament of ankle
(limit eversion)
-posterior talofibular l
-calcaneofibular l
-anterior talofibular l
2. Medial (deltoid) ligament
(limit inversion)
-posterior tibiotalar part
-tibiocalcaneal part
-tibionavicular part
-anterior tibiotalar part
3. Deltoid ligament is stronger than lateral ligament. Prevents medial dislocation of ankle joint
4. the fibrous capsule is strengthened by the Deltoid ligament & lateral ligament
23
Q
  1. which joint most commonly injured?
  2. which side?
  3. what happen in a sprained ankle
A
  1. ankle joint
  2. lateral ligament is weaker, more likely to injured
  3. sprained= twisting of ankle and nearly always an inversion injury
    - unless foot held in eversion, fracture dislocation of ankle may occur if ankle is severely inverted again.
24
Q

Joints of Foot: Subtalar/talocalcaneal Joint

  • type of joint
  • movement
  • eversion/inversion which is more common injured
A
  • gliding type of synovial joint
  • considered as combined with talocalcaneal part of talocalcaneonavicular joint
  • movements: inversion, eversion, adduction (supination), abduction (pronation), plantarflexion, dorsiflexion
  • inversion injuries more common
25
Q

Joints of Foot: Transverse tarsal (2)

-movement

A
  • Transverse tarsal:
    1. talonavicular
    2. calcaneocuboid
  • inverson & eversion
26
Q

which 4 joints of foot cause flexion & extension

A
  1. tarsometatarsal
  2. metatarsophalangeal
  3. proximal interphalangeal
  4. distal interphalangeal
27
Q

tarsometatarsal joints

  • type
  • movement
  • description
A
  • plane type synovial joint= gliding or sliding
  • 3 separate joint cavities
  • first joint has max movmeent, 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform bone
  • second strongest is all 3 cuneiform bones and 2nd 3rd metatarsals. Vulnerable stress/march fractures
  • third involve cuboid bone and 4th 5th metatarsals
28
Q

metatarsophalangeal

  • type
  • movement
  • description
A
  • condyloid synovial joint
  • flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
  • 1st metatarso-phalangeal joint is largest owing to size of head of first metatarsal bone and the presence of sesamoid bone in the two tendons of flexor hallucis brevis.
29
Q

Function of arch

  • 2 arches
  • how are arches maintained?
A
  • arch of foot supports compressive stress, shock absorbers
  • arches maintained by:
    1. shapes of interlocking bones
    2. strength of ligaments & plantar aponeurosis
    3. action of muscles
  • longitudinal arch= medial & lateral; medial more important
  • transverse arch
  • body weight divided about equally btw calcaneous and head of metatarsal bones
  • plantar ligaments & plantar aponeurosis important in maintaining these arches
30
Q

Ligaments of the foot (6)

A
  1. plantar aponeurosis
  2. long plantar ligament,
    - provides main support for lateral longitudinal arch
    2a. short plantar ligament
    - aids in both spring and long ligaments
  3. plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring)
    - most important, provides resilience to medial longitudinal arch
  4. flexor digitorum longus
  5. flexor hallucis longus
  6. fibularis longus

Gross Ant (18 decks)

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