Cardiovascular Flashcards
Tissue that is dense due to more absorption of x-rau show up as? what about lower density?
white image; black on film (radiolucent)
standard anatomical position
upright posture, thumb point out laterally.
Name the four planes
Three sections
- median plane
- sagittal plane
- coronal plane (frontal)
- transverse plane (axial)
- longitudinal section, transverse (cross section), oblique section
- location of thorax
- thorax wall contain (7)
- thoracic cavity contain (5)
- region of trunk between neck and abdomen
- skin
fascia
nerves
vessels
muscles
cartilage
bones - heart
lungs
thymus
distal trachea
esophagus
- function of integumentary system
2. Function of superficial & deep fascia
- skin (epidermis + dermis); provides protection, regulates heat, transmits sensatins
- superficial fascia: location of cutaneous vessels & nerves and fat storage
deep fascia hold structures in place
difference between artery branch and tributaries of veins in major systemic blood vessels of body
arteries branch off as blood flow from the heart. Tributaries veins merge into larger veins as blood flow back to the heart.
- Function of lymph system
2. Two major lymph vessels
- return excess tissue fluid (lymph) to bloodstream. Nodes filter foreign materials, trigger immune system
- thoracic duct 3/4 of body empties into left subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct drains upper R quadrant, empties into right subclavian vein.
- pulmonary circulation
2. systemic circulation
- pulm arteries bring low O2 blood from heart to lungs
- systemic arteries bring high O2 blood from hear to body tissues, systemic vein bring low O2 blood from body tissues to heart.
Orientation of heart
mostly left in thorax cavity apex pointed anteroinferiorly right surface mostly R atrium anterior surface is mostly R ventricle left surface is mostly left ventricle
Four layers of the heart
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium (continuous membrane that forms two layers separated by serous filled pericardial cavity)
- parietal pericardium-ahered to deep surface of fibrous pericardium
- visceral pericardium (epicardium)- outer layer of hear tissue - myocardium-thick middle layer of specialized cardiac muscle
- endocardium- thin lining membrane of the heart that also lines the valves.
Right atrium receives and pump blood from?
The structures associated?
- received deoxy from body via SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus and pump blood to the right ventricle passes through tricuspid valve.
- right auricle, pectinate muscles, opening of coronary sinus, fossa ovalis
- Auricle lined with what muscle?
2. What was the past function of fossa ovalis?
- auricle and anterior part of atrium are lined with pectinate muscles
- remnant of fetal valve in atrial septum which shunt blood from R atrium to L atrium by pass non-functioning lungs
- Function of R ventricle
2. structure associated
- pumps blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk (artery) carrying low oxy blood to lungs
- pulmonary semilunar valve
tricuspid valve
chordae tendineae
papillary muscles (3)
- left atrium function
2. structures
- 4 pulmonary veins receive well oxy blood from lungs and into L atrium
- L auricle projects anteriorly
pectinate muscles
foramen ovale
blood leaves through mitral valve to L ventricle
- Function and structure of L ventricle
- pump blood through aortic semilunar valve into aortic arch
- mitral (bicuspid) valve
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle (2)
trabeculae carneae
very thick walls
Four heart valves and its function
- ricuspid-prevent backflow through R atrioventricular orifice
- pulmonary semilunar valve-prevvent backflow from pulmonary artery to R ventricle (3 cusps)
- bicuspid mitral-prevent backflow thru L atrioventricular orifice
- aortic semilunar valve-prevent backflow from aorta into L ventricle (3 cusps)
- CHordae tendineae and papillary muscles prevent cusps from inverting back into the atria due to pressure of blood inventricles
Function of coronary arteries R/L
- Supply heart tissue, 1st branches of aorta, arises from aortic sinuses.
- R Coronary a-supplies R atrium, most R ventricle, part of L ventricle
- L coronary a- supplies left atrium, most of L ventricle, part of R ventricle
- function of cardiac veins and its pathway
cardiac veins drain into–> coronary sinus–> Right atrium
location of SA node and its function
SA node is near the opening of SVC; it is the heart’s pacemaker creating AP spreads throughout muscular walls causing chambers to contract
Innervation of Heart:
- sympathetic nn
- parasym
- symp (T1-T5 cardiac nn)–> increase HR, Stroke volumbe, nad dilate coronary aa
- parasymp (vagus n)–>slow HRD, decrease stroke vol, constrict coronary aa
Organization of NS: sensory, motor, visceral, somatic, autonomic motor, somatic motor
NS branch into two
1. sensory (afferent)- transmit info from periphery to CNS
A. visceral sensory- receives info from viscera
B. somatic sensory-receives info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles.
- motor (efferent)-transmit info from CNS to body
A. Autonomic motor-involuntary, innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
B. Somatic motor-voluntary, innervates skeletal muscle
Autonomic NS structure, origin of presynaptic cell bodies and function
- sym
- para
origin of presynaptic cell bodies
1. thoracolumbar T1-L2 level of spinal cord
function: fight or flight, catabolic (expend energy)
2. craniosacral:
brain- CN 3, 7, 9, 10 (vagus)
spinal cord-S2-S4
function: rest & digest, homeostasis
symp/para autonomic function for heart- lung- stomach- sm.intestine- lg intestine- liver- kidney- adrenal medulla- bladder-
heart- sym:HR & force increase;
para: decrease
lung- sym: bronchial smooth muscle relaxed
para: contracted
stomach sym: peristalsis reduced
para: gastric juice secreted; motile up
sm.intestine- sym: motility reduced
para: digestion increased
lg intestine- sym: motility reduced
para: secretion & motile up
liver- sym: increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
para:
kidney- sym: decreased urine secretion
para: increased
adrenal medulla- sym: norepinephrine & epinenephrine secreted
para:
bladder- sym: wall relaxed, sphincter closed
para: wall contracted, sphincter relaxed
5 division of mediastinum
- superior
- posterior
- transverse thoracic plane (not a division)
- anterior
- middle
Location of anterior mediastinum
what it contains
- between body of sternum & pericardium
- remnants of thymus
internal thoracic a & branches
lymph nodes
fat
connective tissue
Description of mediastinum
- Mediastinum is an interpleaural space (area btw the pleural cavities
- contain all the thoracic viscera and structures except lungs
- extends from superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm and from sternum to thoracic vertebrae.
- had 4 divisions
Middle mediastinum and its contents
- btw R/L pleural cavities
- pericardium
heart
acending aorta
pulmonary trunk
superior VC
arch of azygos vein
primary bronchi
Superior mediastinum location and contents
- superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4-T5
- brachiocephalic veins
superior vena cava
arch of aorta & branches (ABCS)
trachea
esophagus
thoracic duct
thymus (early childhood)
vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nerve
Mediastinum great vessels (6 arteries, 3 veins)
Arteries
- Right common carotid artery
- Right subclavian artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- brachiocephalic trunk
- aortic arch
Veins
- Right brachiocephalic vein
- left brachiocephalic vein
- superior vena cava
Posterior Mediastinum location & contents
- btw pericardium an dT4-T12 vertebra
- esophagus
descending thoracic aorta
thoracic duct
axygos & hemiazygos veins
vagus nerves
symp trunk
Veins of thorax (6)
- brachiocephalic V
- superior VC (upper body)
- inferior VC (lower body)
- brachiocephalic vV drain R thorax
- hemiazygos drains L thorax
Middle mediastinum and its contents
- btw R/L pleural cavities
- pericardium
heart
acending aorta
pulmonary trunk
superior VC
arch of azygos vein
primary bronchi
Superior mediastinum location and contents
- superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4-T5
- brachiocephalic veins
superior vena cava
arch of aorta & branches (ABCS)
trachea
esophagus
thoracic duct
thymus (early childhood)
vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nerve
Mediastinum great vessels (6 arteries, 3 veins)
Arteries
- Right common carotid artery
- Right subclavian artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- brachiocephalic trunk
- aortic arch
Veins
- Right brachiocephalic vein
- left brachiocephalic vein
- superior vena cava
Posterior Mediastinum location & contents
- btw pericardium an dT4-T12 vertebra
- esophagus
descending thoracic aorta
thoracic duct
axygos & hemiazygos veins
vagus nerves
symp trunk
Veins of thorax (6)
- brachiocephalic V
- superior VC (upper body)
- inferior VC (lower body)
- brachiocephalic vV drain R thorax
- hemiazygos drains L thorax
Middle mediastinum and its contents
- btw R/L pleural cavities
- pericardium
heart
acending aorta
pulmonary trunk
superior VC
arch of azygos vein
primary bronchi
Superior mediastinum location and contents
- superior thoracic aperture to transverse thoracic plane (sternal angle to T4-T5
- brachiocephalic veins
superior vena cava
arch of aorta & branches (ABCS)
trachea
esophagus
thoracic duct
thymus (early childhood)
vagus nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
phrenic nerve
Mediastinum great vessels (6 arteries, 3 veins)
Arteries
- Right common carotid artery
- Right subclavian artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- brachiocephalic trunk
- aortic arch
Veins
- Right brachiocephalic vein
- left brachiocephalic vein
- superior vena cava
Posterior Mediastinum location & contents
- btw pericardium an dT4-T12 vertebra
- esophagus
descending thoracic aorta
thoracic duct
axygos & hemiazygos veins
vagus nerves
symp trunk
Veins of thorax (6)
- brachiocephalic V
- superior VC (upper body)
- inferior VC (lower body)
- brachiocephalic vV drain R thorax
- hemiazygos drains L thorax
