Multicultural Theories

Question 1

Freire’s education for the oppressed model (1973)

Answer 1

exists to recreate culture/maintains status quo

develop critical consciousness of how they engage with systems and work towards changing them

Question 2

reevaluation counseling (1998)

Answer 2

individuals listen to each other to recover from effects of racism, classism, sexism, and other types of oppression

co-counseling (listen and give advise to each other)

Question 3

terms influenced by culture

Answer 3

beliefs

emotions

behaviors

attitudes

expectations

treatment selection

interpersonal style

treatment response

Question 4

stages of minority identity development

Answer 4

1. conformity
2. dissonance
3. resistance-immersion
4. introspection
5. synergistic

some stages cause more distress than others, not everyone experiences all stages!

Question 5

stages of minority identity development: conformity

Answer 5

role models come from dominant group

see internalized racism

opportunity for distress

Question 6

stages of minority identity development: dissonance

Answer 6

begin to question the dominant groups values

Question 7

stages of minority identity development: resistance-immersion

Answer 7

shift in thinking/aligning with minority groups’ beliefs

getting rid of internalized racism

Question 8

stages of minority identity development: introspection

Answer 8

develop flexibility to establish identity without conforming to all cultural norms

Question 9

stages of minority identity development: synergistic

Answer 9

we fell self-fulfilled on who we are without categorizing one culture or another

take beliefs from different culture to make your own

Question 10

stages of white american identity development

Answer 10

1. contact (“I don’t see color”)
2. disintegration (prejudice)
3. reintegration
4. pseudo-independence
5. autonomy (respect and appreciate)

Question 11

stages of sexual orientation identity development

Answer 11

1. confusion
   -distress
2. comparison
   - start to accept but not fully claiming identity
3. tolerance
4. acceptance
   - increase contact with other sexual minorities
5. pride
   - proudly stand to say I prefer to be the way I am
6. synthesis
   - reach out to other side/hetero’s to help them understand my culture

Question 12

worldviews

Answer 12

define what it is to be a person

help therapist recognize behaviors

Question 13

2 types of worldviews

Answer 13

collectivistic
- define personhood in relation to other people
- connected to relationships with others, main goal to maintain
- emphasis on interdependence

individualistic
- define people based on own attributes
- less emphasis on relationships, more on individual success
- competition (USA/americans are viewed this way)

Question 14

intersectionality and ADDRESSING framework

Answer 14

more than one identity:

Age
Developmental
Disabilities (acquired)
Religion
Ethnicity
Socioeconomic status
Sexual orientation
Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender

Question 15

stakeholder input

Answer 15

input who would be patients in potential treatment

Question 16

cultural adaption for therapy

Answer 16

involve diverse people in development

include collectivistic values

attend to religion

pay attention to relevance of acculturation

acknowledge effects of oppression on minoritized groups

Question 17

cultural competence

Answer 17

set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that reflect an understanding in cultural and socio-political influences that effect worldviews and related health behaviors

Question 18

cultural destructiveness

Answer 18

1

actively engaged in policies/behaviors that are actively harming other cultures

rare but exists

ex. conversion therapy

Question 19

cultural incapacity

Answer 19

2

paternalistic way of looking at minority groups

believe in hierarchy

Question 20

cultural blindness

Answer 20

3

culture makes no difference

major culture is most acceptable

Question 21

cultural pre-competence

Answer 21

4

desire to provide ethical and fair treatment but don’t have resources to do so

Question 22

cultural competence (stage)

Answer 22

5

have genuine values, resources and appreciation for culture and congruent set of behaviors and values that align

culture matters and can influence/shape world and ways we experience distress

Question 23

cultural competence (2 types)

Answer 23

ethnocentric
- typically held by members of dominate culture
- “my culture is universal”
- seeks to deny that others exist

ethnorelative
- value cultural differences and shift perspectives to understand other view points
- how they define themselves in terms of other cultures as well

Question 24

goals of multicultural therapy

Answer 24

address cultural trauma

experience is valuable knowledge

healing results from:
- empowerment
- sharing multiple perspectives
- anchored in meaningful and relevant contexts

Question 25

therapeutic alliance in multicultural therapy

Answer 25

recognize client's expectation for therapists role (KEY) respond according to client's needs work towards cultural congruence in worldviews

Question 26

steps of multicultural assessment

Answer 26

1. explanatory model of distress - ask people "why do you think this is happening to you/feel this way?" - shows what is normal in cultures 2. cultural formulation and analysis 3. cultural genogram - understanding more family history, go back generations to try to understand context of culture/identify trauma 4. ethnocultural assessment - how one views own culture

Question 27

cultural empathy

Answer 27

learned ability to understand experiences of culturally diverse individuals - informed by cultural knowledge and interpretation -empathic witness (working to affirm your experiences/reality)

Question 28

steps of dialogue on cultural differences and similarities

Answer 28

1. suspend - suspend preconceptions/stereotypes (remember more variability within than between groups) 2. recognize - recognize clients may be different from other members of their group 3. consider - consider how client-therapist differences may affect therapy (mindful of pitfalls and how to capitalize on them, cultural transference/counter-transference) 4. acknowledge - acknowledge that power, privilege, and oppression might affect interactions

Question 29

how did the therapist start the session with Annie?

Answer 29

"What were your hopes for coming?"

Question 30

**inter**ethnic transference

Answer 30

different cultures between therapist and client client --> therapist, views therapist through their schemas wants to trust therapist but years of oppression stands in way overcompliance, mistrust, denial, ambivalence

Question 31

**intra**ethnic transference

Answer 31

same culture between therapist and client views therapist as omniscient or omnipotent(because of same identity, client thinks therapist as all knowing) traitor (betrayal of culture) autoracist (projection of internalized racism)

Question 32

**inter**ethnic countertransference

Answer 32

therapist --> patient, different cultures deny cultural differences, become overly curious about differences at the expense of psychological needs, guilt or pity

Question 33

**intra**ethnic countertransference

Answer 33

therapist --> patient, same culture overidentification (seeing your experiences in patient can cloud judgement/make job hard) shared victimization distancing (therapist trying too hard to not see themselves as patient) survivor's guilt cultural myopia (can't see clearly)

Question 34

mechanisms of multicultural therapy

Answer 34

cultural consciousness - reaffirmation of minoritized culture develop resilience meaning making manage cultural trauma

Question 35

does multicultural therapy have a high or low evidence base?

Answer 35

low; but culturally competent therapists are seen to enhance client satisfaction with treatment

Question 36

4 remaining questions for multicultural therapy

Answer 36

what are the effects of language? what are the ethnic and cultural contexts of therapist self-disclosure? what are the effects of cultural resilience on mental health? what kinds of treatments work best for which clients?