Multicultural Theories Flashcards
Freire’s education for the oppressed model (1973)
exists to recreate culture/maintains status quo
develop critical consciousness of how they engage with systems and work towards changing them
reevaluation counseling (1998)
individuals listen to each other to recover from effects of racism, classism, sexism, and other types of oppression
co-counseling (listen and give advise to each other)
terms influenced by culture
beliefs
emotions
behaviors
attitudes
expectations
treatment selection
interpersonal style
treatment response
stages of minority identity development
- conformity
- dissonance
- resistance-immersion
- introspection
- synergistic
some stages cause more distress than others, not everyone experiences all stages!
stages of minority identity development: conformity
role models come from dominant group
see internalized racism
opportunity for distress
stages of minority identity development: dissonance
begin to question the dominant groups values
stages of minority identity development: resistance-immersion
shift in thinking/aligning with minority groups’ beliefs
getting rid of internalized racism
stages of minority identity development: introspection
develop flexibility to establish identity without conforming to all cultural norms
stages of minority identity development: synergistic
we fell self-fulfilled on who we are without categorizing one culture or another
take beliefs from different culture to make your own
stages of white american identity development
- contact (“I don’t see color”)
- disintegration (prejudice)
- reintegration
- pseudo-independence
- autonomy (respect and appreciate)
stages of sexual orientation identity development
- confusion
-distress - comparison
- start to accept but not fully claiming identity - tolerance
- acceptance
- increase contact with other sexual minorities - pride
- proudly stand to say I prefer to be the way I am - synthesis
- reach out to other side/hetero’s to help them understand my culture
worldviews
define what it is to be a person
help therapist recognize behaviors
2 types of worldviews
collectivistic
- define personhood in relation to other people
- connected to relationships with others, main goal to maintain
- emphasis on interdependence
individualistic
- define people based on own attributes
- less emphasis on relationships, more on individual success
- competition (USA/americans are viewed this way)
intersectionality and ADDRESSING framework
more than one identity:
Age
Developmental
Disabilities (acquired)
Religion
Ethnicity
Socioeconomic status
Sexual orientation
Indigenous heritage
National origin
Gender
stakeholder input
input who would be patients in potential treatment
cultural adaption for therapy
involve diverse people in development
include collectivistic values
attend to religion
pay attention to relevance of acculturation
acknowledge effects of oppression on minoritized groups
cultural competence
set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that reflect an understanding in cultural and socio-political influences that effect worldviews and related health behaviors
cultural destructiveness
1
actively engaged in policies/behaviors that are actively harming other cultures
rare but exists
ex. conversion therapy
cultural incapacity
2
paternalistic way of looking at minority groups
believe in hierarchy
cultural blindness
3
culture makes no difference
major culture is most acceptable
cultural pre-competence
4
desire to provide ethical and fair treatment but don’t have resources to do so
cultural competence (stage)
5
have genuine values, resources and appreciation for culture and congruent set of behaviors and values that align
culture matters and can influence/shape world and ways we experience distress
cultural competence (2 types)
ethnocentric
- typically held by members of dominate culture
- “my culture is universal”
- seeks to deny that others exist
ethnorelative
- value cultural differences and shift perspectives to understand other view points
- how they define themselves in terms of other cultures as well
goals of multicultural therapy
address cultural trauma
experience is valuable knowledge
healing results from:
- empowerment
- sharing multiple perspectives
- anchored in meaningful and relevant contexts
therapeutic alliance in multicultural therapy
recognize client’s expectation for therapists role (KEY)
respond according to client’s needs
work towards cultural congruence in worldviews
steps of multicultural assessment
- explanatory model of distress
- ask people “why do you think this is happening to you/feel this way?”
- shows what is normal in cultures - cultural formulation and analysis
- cultural genogram
- understanding more family history, go back generations to try to understand context of culture/identify trauma - ethnocultural assessment
- how one views own culture
cultural empathy
learned ability to understand experiences of culturally diverse individuals
- informed by cultural knowledge and interpretation
-empathic witness (working to affirm your experiences/reality)
steps of dialogue on cultural differences and similarities
- suspend
- suspend preconceptions/stereotypes (remember more variability within than between groups) - recognize
- recognize clients may be different from other members of their group - consider
- consider how client-therapist differences may affect therapy (mindful of pitfalls and how to capitalize on them, cultural transference/counter-transference) - acknowledge
- acknowledge that power, privilege, and oppression might affect interactions
how did the therapist start the session with Annie?
“What were your hopes for coming?”
interethnic transference
different cultures between therapist and client
client –> therapist, views therapist through their schemas
wants to trust therapist but years of oppression stands in way
overcompliance, mistrust, denial, ambivalence
intraethnic transference
same culture between therapist and client
views therapist as omniscient or omnipotent(because of same identity, client thinks therapist as all knowing)
traitor (betrayal of culture)
autoracist (projection of internalized racism)
interethnic countertransference
therapist –> patient, different cultures
deny cultural differences, become overly curious about differences at the expense of psychological needs, guilt or pity
intraethnic countertransference
therapist –> patient, same culture
overidentification (seeing your experiences in patient can cloud judgement/make job hard)
shared victimization
distancing (therapist trying too hard to not see themselves as patient)
survivor’s guilt
cultural myopia (can’t see clearly)
mechanisms of multicultural therapy
cultural consciousness
- reaffirmation of minoritized culture
develop resilience
meaning making
manage cultural trauma
does multicultural therapy have a high or low evidence base?
low; but culturally competent therapists are seen to enhance client satisfaction with treatment
4 remaining questions for multicultural therapy
what are the effects of language?
what are the ethnic and cultural contexts of therapist self-disclosure?
what are the effects of cultural resilience on mental health?
what kinds of treatments work best for which clients?
