History and Modern Psychotherapy Flashcards
psychotherapy
how people develop distress and how to deal with it
foundations of psychotherapy
pre-christian retreats centers, tribal ceremonies, religious healing
hellenist physicians
- Hippocrates
- “do no harm”
- result of organic processes
2 people who were integral in early interest in the unconscious (17th-19th century)
Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz
- ahead of his time
- subliminal aim of study
Franz Anton Mesmer
- pioneer of hypnotherapy
4 key components of psychotherapy
patient/therapist rapport
importance of therapist characteristics and qualities
patient confidence in treatment
concept of spontaneous remission
3 roads of psychotherapy
psychologist-philosophers
natural science empiricists (lab)
- observe and record information that becomes knowledge
clinician-researchers
3 natural science empiricists
Gustav T Fechner and Herman von Helmholtz
- 19th century
- studying unconscious
Emil Kraepelin
- 19-20th century
- first DSM
- saw disconnect b/t lab findings/research and what’s happening in treatment
how was the first DSM organized?
classify: cause and course of disorder
establish benchmarks and easier to prove treatments are helping
3 psychologist-philosophers
arthur schopenhauer
- driven by blind, irrational fears
- The World as Will and Representation (1819)
carl gustav carus
- levels of unconscious that interact with others/role of the unconscious in communication
neitzsche
- we lie to ourselves more than we lie to others
biological sciences claim that the ____ and _____ can be separated when in reality they can’t
mind; body
epigenetics
study of gene expression that is altered by environment and input of stimuli coming in to us
bio-psycho-social approach
not separating these three components, understand how these components work together
cultural factors are a _____ influence in psychology
big
4 cultural factors in psychotherapy
demographics
culture
language shape experience
stigma
evidence-based treatment
what works, why it works and for whom it works
“theory of personality”
plain terms: what causes distress/why might someone develop distress?
continuum of health to illness
2 important questions when diagnosing
frequent or occasional?
interfering w/ function?
with diagnosing, think about these features:
frequency
intensity
disruption
distress
clustering of symptoms
can be more diversity with symptoms ______ group than _ groups
within; 2
the DSM is an ________ document that _____ overtime
evolving; changes
DSM is influenced by:
personal biases
cultural differences
determining how we handle new emergent disorders
socio-economic status
select group of authors/studied participants
mistakes (human error)
_____ diagnoses can severely impact peoples’ lives
wrong
say this instead of “minority groups”
marginalized/minoritized groups
landmark study for homosexuality
evelyn hooker found no difference with people living straight or gay lives
who spoke at 1972 APA convention in disguise due to fear or reputation being tarnished for sexuality?
John Freyer
3 stages of changes for homosexuality in DSM
- reclassified homosexuality as “sexual orientation disturbance”
- diagnosis of “ego-dystonic homosexuality” in DSM III
- gay = not disorder but disorder arises when you do not accept sexuality - diagnosis replaced by “sexual disorder not otherwise specified”
what is race?
constructed by people for a purpose
colonialism - creating in/out groups, basis was idea of hierarchy
The Great Chain of Being
- categorize all things into hierarchy
race is a ______
construct
problemitization with racism in early psychology
groups/individuals made into a problem for a study
reinforces there is a problem with out group that needs to be fixed
eugenics with racism in early psychology
goal: creating superior races/white supremacy
forced sterilizations
- criteria: intellectual disability, based on IQ tests licensed psychologists can only administer
- IQ tests shown to measure differences in different groups measure exposure, not intelligence
example of pseudoscience
pseudoscience
things presented as scientific but not actually
fundamental belief for racism in early psychotherapy
people had natural state of enslavement
2 disorders that used pseudoscience to justify slavery
drapetomania
diasthesia aethiopica
drapetomania
run away slave disorder/urge to run away
treatment: physical punishment
diasthesia aethiopica
disorder of poor work ethic
treatment: physical punishment
institutionalization: racism in early psychotherapy
late 1860’s, first institution segregated forming Jim Crow
black patients forced into labor
fake disorders to continue institutionalization
racism in modern psychotherapy
psychiatric diagnoses used to combat civil rights movement
- took existing diagnoses and changed how they applied them
- ex. schizophrenia: went from being applied to white house wives to black men as “protest psychosis” (delusional anti-whiteness after listening to groups, needed treatment for this)
deinstitutionalization
closing institutions that used unfair black labor
made into prisons
systematic –> large % of prisons are black people
anti-racism in psychology
Drs. Mamie Phipps Clark & Kenneth Clark Doll Study
- which doll is better, prettier, smarter, etc.
- found: white dolls are more positively received with black kids, evidence for internalized racism
- formed scientific basis for Brown v. Board of Ed
