MSK: Lucent Lesions Flashcards
How can you tell the age of a pt on radiographs?
- Open growth plates (pediatric pt)
- Degenerative changes (pt likely over 40)
Differential for epiphyseal (or epiphyseal equivalent) lytic lesions
- Giant cell tumor
- Chondroblatoma
- Infection
- Clear cell chondrosarcoma
Note: Aneurysmal bone cysts can also involve the epiphysis (if the growth plates are closed), but they usually start in the metaphysis.
Malignant epiphyseal Lucent lesion…
Clear cell chondrosarcoma
What are the epiphyseal equivalents?
- Carpal bones
- Patella
- Calcaneus
- Apohyses (greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, tuberosities, etc.)
Note: Lesions here will also get the epiphyseal lesion differential.
What is the fastest growing area of bone?
The metaphysis
Which area of bone has the most blood supply?
The metaphysis
Note: This is why metastases and infection are common here.
Fibrous dysplasia
A skeletal developmental anomaly of osteoblasts (failure of normal maturation and differentiation) that results in replacement of the normal medullary space
What is the classic imaging feature of fibrous dysplasia?
Ground glass appearance of the bony matrix (without any periosteal reaction or pain)
Note: It can look like anything though with lytic, mixed, and plastic phases).
What are the most common locations for fibrous dysplasia?
Ribs and long bones
If there is fibrous dysplasia of the pelvis, what other area is usually involved?
The ipsilateral femur (often with the Shepherd Crook deformity)
When does fibrous dysplasia tend to develop?
Monostotic: 20s and 30s
Polyostotic: <10 y/o (usually associated with genetic syndromes)
Shephard Crook deformity (coxa vara angulation)
Differential for Shephard Crook deformity
- Fibrous dysplasia (classically)
- Paget
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia is associated with…
- McCune Albright syndrome (young females with precocious puberty and cafe au lait spots)
- Mazabraud syndrome (middle aged females with soft tissue myxomas and increased risk for malignant transformation)
Adamantinoma
A mixed lytic and sclerotic tibial lesion that resembles fibrous dysplasia, but is potentially malignant (very rare)
Think non ossifying fibroma/fibrous cortical defect
Note: Chondromyxoid fibroma can also look like this, but is much more rare.
Treatment for non ossifying fibroma
Nothing (they typically become more sclerotic and then regress)
What is the most common location for a non ossifying fibroma/fibrous cortical defect?
Around the knee
What is the most common location for a non ossifying fibroma/fibrous cortical defect?
Around the knee
Where are non ossifying fibromas/fibrous cortical defects usually located within a bone?
Metaphyses (eccentrically located)
Note: They usually appear in the metaphysis near the physis, but then get progressively farther from the physis as the pt grows.
How can you differentiate a nonossifyinng fibroma/fibrous cortical defect from a giant cell tumor?
NOF/FCD should have a sclerotic border
GCTs don’t have a sclerotic border
Nonossifying fibromas/fibrous cortical defects are associated with…
Neurofibromatosis 1
What is the difference between a nonossifying fibroma and a fibrous cortical defect?
Size:
If < 3 cm, it is a fibrous cortical defect
If > 3 cm, it is a nonossifying fibroma
Note: Fibroxanthoma is an umbrella term that includes both.
Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome
- Multiple nonossifying fibromas
- Cafe au lait spots
- Mental retardation
- Hypogonadism
- Cardiac malformations
Note: These pts are at high risk for pathologic fractures.
Enchondroma
A hyaline cartilage tumor of the medullary cavity
What age group is enchondroma more common in?
10-30 y/o
Think enchondroma
Note: Chondroid matrix is usually visible when these are in the long bones (e.g. femur, humerus).
Think enchondroma
Note: These usually appear lytic in the fingers/toes.
What is the most common cystic lesion in the hands and feet?
Enchondroma
Do enchondromas typically have a periosteal reaction?
No, enchondromas are not associated with a periosteal reaction
Enchondroma with history of pain…
Think low grade chondrosarcoma
Enchondroma that is > 4-5 cm…
Think low grade chondrosarcoma
Enchondroma with a chondroid matrix that changes over time…
Think low grade chondrosarcoma
What syndromes are associated with multiple enchondromas?
- Ollier disease
- Maffucci syndrome (also will have hemangiomas)
Note: Both have an increased risk of chondrosarcoma, but Maffucci has a higher risk (“Maffucci has More”).
Multiple enchondromas and multiple hemangiomas…
Think Maffucci syndrome
Note: These pts are at increased risk for chondrosarcoma.
What is the usual age for eosinophilic granuloma?
< 30 y/o
Vertebra plana
Differential for vertebra plana
MELT:
- Mets/Myeloma
- Eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
- Lymphoma
- Trauma/Tubercuosis
7 y/o
Think Langerhanscell histiocytosis (most common cause of vertebra plana in a children)
Note: When there is a single skeletal lesion, it is onften referred to as an eosinophilic granuloma.
Eosinophilic granuloma
Note: Beveled edge lytic skull lesion.
What is the classic appearance of eosinophilic granuloma?
Highly variable and can look like everything (lytic, blastic, +/- sclerotic border, +/- periosteal reaction, +/- osseous sequestrum)
Note: Its usually included in the differential for any bone bone lesion in pts under 30.
Differential diagnosis for an osseous sequestrum
- Osteomyelitis
- Lymphoma
- Fibrosarcoma
- Eosinophilic granuloma
Note: Osteoid osteoma can also mimic a sequestrum.
What features must be present for you to consider a giant cell tumor?
- Physis must be closed
- No sclerotic border
- Lesion must abut the articular surface
Could this be a giant cell tumor metastasis?
Yes (5% of GCTs have pulmonary metastases)
Note: GCTs are considered quasi-malignant (they can be locally invasive and can have pulmonary metastases). The disease is still curable with resection of the pulmonary mets.
Treatment for giant cell tumor pulmonary mets
Wide margin resection (curable)
What is the most common location for a giant cell tumor?
The knee (abutting an articular surface)
What is the most common age for a giant cell tumor?
20-30
Note: The physes must be closed.
Giant cell tumors can turn into…
Aneurysmal bone cysts
Think giant cell tumor
Note: Well-defined lesion without a sclerotic border that abuts the articular surface in a pt with closed physes.
Bone pain at night that is relieved with aspirin…
Think osteoid osteoma
What is the typical pt age for an osteoid osteoma?
Adolescent (10-25 y/o)
Classic appearance of an osteoid osteoma
Lucent nidus surrounded by dense sclerotic cortical bone
What are the most common locations for an osteoid osteoma?
- Metaphysis/diaphysis of long bones (especially the femoral neck)
- Posterior elements of the spine
- Fingers