Mr Dewhurst- respiration Flashcards
what is the equation for aerobic respiration
(6)O2 + C6H12O6= (6)CO2 + (6) H20 + 2870 kj (energy)
what are some examples of what respiration is needed for
metabolic reactions (energy)
anabolic reactions (synthesis of large molecules)
active transport
mechanical work
maintain body temp
what is ATP and how does it work (ADP/AMP)
ATP- adenosine triphosphate
ADP- adenosine diphosphate
AMP- adenosine monophosphate
remove phosphate group- ADP releases 30.5 KJmol-1 of energy
universal- used by all organisms which proves it has evolved from the start of life
what is phosphorylation
an inorganic phosphate is added to a molecule like ATP during respiration.
where does glycolysis occur and what is it needed for
occurs in the cytoplasm in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration as glucose is to large to fit through mitochondria so is broken down into pyruvate
1st stage of glycolysis
ATP phosphorylates glucose (donates phosphate) and another ATP is added so another phosphate is added (Hexose bisphosphate)
2nd stage of glycolysis
this splits into 2, 3 carbon molecules called triose phosphate
NADH has been reduced as gained a hydrogen
makes 2 ATP ( with ADP left from start and one attached from cytoplasm) each but 2 used at the start
3rd stage of glycolysis
make a pyruvate which is transformed glucose to fit into mitochondria
what happens in the link reaction
1-pyruvate molecules pumped into mitochondria’s matrix via specific pyruvate H+ symport
2-pyravate reacts with coenzyme A to produce acetyl COA
3- pyruvate is decarbonated (coz is released) and NAD+ is reduced to become NADH
what is the 1st step in Krebs cycle
1-acetyl is brought to cycle as acetyl COA, this combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is a 6-carbon sugar and the COA is then recycled to bring another acetyl to the cycle.
what is the 2nd step in the Krebs cycle
citrate is dehydrogenated as hydrogen leaves to reduce the NADH to produce NADH+H and is decarbonated as co2 is released, as a carbon is lost this produces a 5-carbon molecule
what is the 3rd step in the Krebs cycle
this is repeated so NAD is reduced to produce NADH +H which is from the environment and releases one co2 this then produced a 4 carbon compound
what is the 4th step in the Krebs cycle
the 4 carbon compound generates molecule of ATP by substrate- level phosphorylation
what is the 5th step in Krebs cycle
4 carbon-compound is dehydronated to reduced the FAD to produce FADH2 which produces a different 4 carbon molecule
what is the 6th step in the Krebs cycle
4 carbon molecule is dehydrogenated and NAD is reduced to make NADH
what is the 7th step of Krebs cycle
the last 4c compound is converted to oxaloacetate
how are each compound converted
enzymes
how many ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 are produced in glycolysis for one glucose molecule
ATP- 2
NADH- 2
FADH2-0
CO2-0
how many ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 are produced in the link reaction for one glucose molecule
ATP-0
NADH-2
FADH2- 0
CO2- 4
how many ATP, NADH, FADH2, CO2 are produced in the Krebs cycle for one glucose molecule
ATP-2
NADH-6
FADH2-2
CO2- 4
Explain the electron transport chain
NAD is delivered where it is oxidised where it releases an e- and H, this electron is transferred to reduce the protein
Electrons being passed on creates energy to actively pump in H+ ions into the inter membrane
This creates high conc. of H+ causing electrochemical gradient
H+ go down conc gradient through atp synthesise which generates energy to bind adp to pi creating atp
This is then ready for oxidase phosphorylation
Electrons bind in inter membrane to form water
what is chemiosmosis
concentration of hydrogen ions that generates energy through ATP synthase
explain what is meant by leaky mitochondria
some ATP is lost, meaning it can’t pump pyruvate into mitochondria so no ATP can be made from cycles
what is meant by anaerobic respiration
no oxygen so reduced NAD cannot be recycled so Krebs and glycolysis cannot occur as not enough ATP
