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Biology > Miss Palmer- Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Miss Palmer- Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a circulatory system

A

uses blood to carry glucose and oxygen around the body which carries hormones, antibodies, and waste products ( co2 + urea)

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2
Q

what are features of multicellular organisms

A

relatively big so need transport system , low surface area: volume ratio, high metabolic rate ( speed reactions take place), very active as cells are constantly respiring so need constant oxygen and glucose and co2 removed

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3
Q

what is a single circulatory system

A

blood passes through the heart once each complete circuit of the body

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4
Q

what organism uses a single circulatory system

A

fish as they are less active so need less oxygen for respiration

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5
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

passes through the heart twice in one circuit, right is deoxygenated blood

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6
Q

what is a closed circulatory system and what organisms have ne

A

all vertebrates ( fish and mammals) have closed systems- blood is enclosed in blood vessels

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7
Q

what is an open circulatory system and what organisms have one

A

blood isn’t enclosed in blood vessels all the time, instead flows freely through body cavity, all invertebrates ( insects) have an open system

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8
Q

what are arteries and how are they specialised to their function

A

carry blood away from the heart
walls are thick, muscular and elastic to withstand the pressure and allows it to stretch and recoil
endothelium is folded to allow it to expand under high pressure
all carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries which takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

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9
Q

what are arterioles and what is their function

A

arteries branch into arterioles which are much smaller but have less elastic tissue
have a smooth layer of muscle to allow it to expand and contract, so controls the amount of blood

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10
Q

what are capillaries and what is their function

A

arterioles branch into capillaries
smallest blood vessels
glucose+ oxygen are exchanged between cell and capillaries - one cell thick for efficient diffusion

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11
Q

what are venules and what is their function

A

capillaries connect to venules
thin walls, muscle cells
join together to form veins

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12
Q

what are veins and what is their function

A

take blood back to heart
wider lumen as less pressure
valves to keep blood flowing in correct direction
all carry deoxygenated blood as it has been used up in the cells apart from pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood to heart from lungs

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13
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

surrounds cells in tissue
made from substances that leave blood plasma e.g. oxygen, water, nutrients
cells take oxygen and nutrients from tissue fluid which is made from substances that come out of capillary by pressure filtration

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14
Q

what is pressure filtration and how does it work

A

at start of capillary bed, nearest to arteries hydrostatic pressure is higher than tissue fluid so moves out of capillary into spaces around cell causing tissue fluid. this reduces hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries which means their is a lower water potential inside than outside but the oncotic pressure (plasma protein) is higher inside that outside so some water enters via osmosis to reach equilibrium.

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15
Q

what is a lymph vessel and how does it work

A

not all the tissue fluid re-enters the capillaries , so some tissue fluid left over this gets returned into the blood via the lymphatic system which is a drainage system made of lymph vessels
once inside the lymph, valves stop lymph going backwards , gradually moving towards lymph vessels in thorax

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16
Q

What side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

A

The right side

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17
Q

What does AV valves stand for and what does it do

A

Atrioventricular valves link atria to the ventricles

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18
Q

What does SL valves stand for and what do they do

A

Semi-lunar that link the ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta

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19
Q

What do valves do

A

Stop backflow of blood as they only open one way

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20
Q

What makes the valves open

A

The Higher the relative pressure behind the valves

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21
Q

What causes the valves to close

A

If the pressure is higher at the front of the valve

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22
Q

What is the cardiac cycle

A

Ongoing sequence of contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles which changes the volume and therefore the pressure.

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23
Q

What is stage one of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricles relax , atria contract
Decreases volume of chambers so the pressure increases , pushing blood out through the ventricle through AV valves

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24
Q

What is stage 2 of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricles contract and atria relaxes
The pressure inside the ventricles is higher than atria which causes the AV valve to close to prevent back-flow and SL valves to open so blood is forced into arteries

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25
Q

What is stage 3 of the cardiac cycle

A

Ventricles and atria relax
High pressure now in pulmonary artery and aorta which closes SL valve , blood then returns to heart and atria refills due to pressure in vena cava and pulmonary vein repeating the cycle

26
Q

What does monogenic mean

A

Can contract and relax without receiving signals from nerves , this controls heart beat (around 60bmp)

27
Q

What does monogenic mean

A

Can contract and relax without receiving signals from nerves , this controls heart beat (around 60bmp)

28
Q

What is the resting heart rate for adults on average

A

64 bmp

29
Q

What is the resting heart rate for adults on average

A

64 bmp

30
Q

How is the basic heart rate maintained

A

Waves of electrical activity

31
Q

The process starts in sino-atrial node , what does this do ?

A

In the wall of right atrium and sets rhythm for heartbeat by regular waves of electrical activity casing left and right atrium to contract at the same time

32
Q

What prevents the electrical waves from going straight to ventricles

A

Non-conducting collagen tissue

33
Q

The next step is the atrioventricular node what does this do ?

A

This passes the wave of electrical activity to the bundle of HIS with a slight delay as it ensures the atrium is empty

34
Q

The next step is the atrioventricular node what does this do ?

A

This passes the wave of electrical activity to the bundle of HIS with a slight delay as it ensures the atrium is empty

35
Q

What is the bundle of a HIS

A

Group of muscle fibres that conduct the purkyne tissue

36
Q

What is purkyne tissue

A

Carries waves into muscular walls in ventricles causing them to contract

37
Q

What is an electrocardiogram

A

Machine that records electrical activity By placing electrodes on the chest
A healthy heart the pattern is the same and gaps are regular

38
Q

What does it mean when the heart muscle depolarises

A

It loses electrical charge when it contracts

39
Q

What does it mean when the heart muscle depolarises

A

It loses electrical charge when it contracts

40
Q

What does it mean when the heart muscle repolarises

A

The charge remains when it relaxes

41
Q

What is the p wave on ecg

A

Caused by contraction of atria

42
Q

What is the QRS waves

A

Caused by relaxation of atria and then contraction on ventricle (main peak )

43
Q

What is the t wave (last wave)

A

Caused by relaxation of the ventricles

44
Q

What does the height of the ecg wave indicate

A

How much electrical charge is passing through

45
Q

What indicates the height of the graph

A

How much electrical charge passes through

46
Q

How can you calculate heart rate from ECG

A

60/time taken for one heartbeat (s)

47
Q

What is the tachycardia

A

When the hear beats to fast (relaxation of ventricle is too close to contraction of atria ) can be treated by medication

48
Q

What is bradycardia

A

The heart beats to slow , may be normal for resting athlete , can lead to pacemaker

49
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat

A

Extra small heartbeat
Early contraction of atria so p wave (first one looks different )

50
Q

What is fibrillation

A

Irregular heart beat , completely loose rhythm and can stop contracting properly , can result in chest pain/ lack of pulse or death

51
Q

What is the structure and function of haemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen (can carry 4 at a time ) as is a quaternary protein ( 4 polypeptide chains which all contain a haem group (iron) to give red colour

52
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin and what is the processes

A

When oxygen binds to iron In haemoglobin (assimilation/loading)
When oxygen leaves oxyhemoglobin( dissociation/ unloading )

53
Q

What does affinity for oxygen mean

A

The tendency for molecule to bind with oxygen

54
Q

What does partial pressure mean in simple terms

A

Pressure of oxygen (concentration of dissolved oxygen)

55
Q

Explain how oxygen is carried around

A

As partial pressure increases so does the affinity for oxygen
Oxygen loads onto haemoglobin where there are high areas of po2 (get rid of it ) e.g alveoli where oxygen is loaded onto haemoglobin
Blood goes to areas of low po2 where oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin is dissociated ( allows cells to respire )

56
Q

To summarise what do RBC do in terms of carrying haemoglobin

A

Delivers oxyhaemoglobin to respiring tissues, haemoglobin then returns to lungs to pick up more oxygen

57
Q

What is a dissociation curve and what does it tell us (shape )

A

Shows how saturated haemoglobin is with o2 at any partial pressure
When haemoglobin combines with oxygen it shape alters to help other oxygen molecules join to it (increases)
But the more saturated-less oxygen can attarhx to it so levels off

58
Q

What is fetal haemoglobin and how is it transported

A

Haemoglobin in fetid which has a higher affinity for oxygen as they don’t breath so need to absorb oxygen
Transported via placenta which has a low p02 so adult oxyhaemoglobin unloads oxygen

59
Q

How does co2 concentration effect haemoglobin

A

Higher the pco2 (pressure of co2)
The more easier haemoglobin gives up oxygen
slower it is to reach full saturation

60
Q

What is the Bohr affect

A

Most co2 goes into red blood cells -some goes into haemoglobin (lungs)
The co2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid
The carbonic acid disassociates to form hydrogen carbonate and hydrogen ions
Enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses this reaction
The increase in of h+ concentration cause’s oxyhaemoglobin to unload oxygen

Biology (15 decks)

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