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miss palmer- biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

importance of calcium ions

A

needed for nerve impulse transmission and nerve contraction.

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2
Q

importance of sodium ions

A

needed for nerve impulse transmission and kidney function

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3
Q

importance of potassium ions

A

nertve impulse transmission and stomatal opening

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4
Q

importance of hydrogen ions

A

catalysis of reactions and ph determination

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5
Q

importance of ammonium ions

A

production of nitrate ions by bacteria

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6
Q

importance of nitrate ions

A

needed for nitrogen supply to plants for amino acid, protein formation

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7
Q

importance of hydrogen carbonate ions

A

needed for maintenance of blood ph

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8
Q

importance of chloride ions

A

balance positive charge of sodium and pottasium ions

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9
Q

importance of phosphate ions

A

cell membrane formation, nucleic acid ,bone formation

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10
Q

importance of hydroxide ions

A

needed for catalysis and PH determination

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11
Q

bonds of life rule ?

A

atoms with a greater share of electrons will be slightly negative compared with another atom in the bond that will be slightly positive.

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12
Q

what is a polar molecule and how is water one ?

A

polar: they have areas of negativity and positivity.
oxygen always has a greater share of electrons compared to hydrogen.

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13
Q

characteristics of water

A

high boiling point (100)
medium- takes a lot to increase temp.
ice less dense in water as hydrogen bonds fix into position slightly further apart - floats.

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14
Q

what does cohesive mean ?

A

moves as one mass because the molecules are attracted to each other.

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15
Q

what does adhesive mean ?

A

water molecules are attracted to other molecules.

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16
Q

what is water used for in life?

A

acts as solvent (liquid that dissolves solutes)
transports dissolved substances in and out of cell
a coolant , buffer temp change in cells- constant temp so enzymes work efficienlty but don’t denature.

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17
Q

how do hydrogen bonds form?

A

oxygen and hydrogen share electrons unequally when they bond. oxygen has greater share than hydrogen. they are attracted.

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18
Q

What elements is carbohydrates made of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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19
Q

Carbohydrate is a polymer but what are the monomers

A

Monosaccharides Glucose and ribose

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20
Q

What is glucose and what kind of sugar is it ?

A

A monosaccharide composed with 6 carbon atoms. Hexose sugar.

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21
Q

Properties of glucose

A

Polar molecule
Soluble in water because hydrogen bonds form between h20 and OH.
Bonds contain lots of energy.

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22
Q

What is a benefit of glucose being soluble?

A

Glucose dissolves so it can be used in cells. It dissolves in the cytosol of the cell which is an area of cytoplasm that’s not held by organelles .

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23
Q

What is the ribose

A

Pentose monosaccharide so made of 5 carbons.
Sugar part of RNA nucleotide.

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24
Q

What is the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars?

A

1.Place sample ( sucrose glucose ) in a boiling tube. Has to be in liquid from so may need blending.
2.add equal volume of Benedict’s reagent.
3. Heat mixture in a water bath for 5 mins.
Should turn brick-red if positive if not it will be blue

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25
Q

Benedict’s test for non-reducing sugars

A

Remains blue after heating- sucrose most common non- reducing sugar.
1. Heat non-reducing sugar with dilute HCL.
Non-reducing sugar has been hydrolysed(reacted with hydrogen ) by the acid.

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26
Q

Iodine test for starch

A

Add a few drops of iodine dissolved in potassium iodine solution.
Positive- changes from yellow/brown to purple/black.
Negative- remains yellow/brown

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27
Q

What is a reagent strip

A

Tests concentration of glucose. Colour gradient chart like a PH scale.

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

How are polysaccharides formed

A

Monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic bonds

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30
Q

How does a condensation reaction work

A

During synthesis a hydrogen atom bonds to a hydroxyl group (OH) forming water.

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31
Q

How does hydrolysis reaction work

A

Break the glycosidic bond apart by addition of water

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32
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides together

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33
Q

What is starch and its properties

A

Main energy store in plants mixture of 2 polysaccharides amylose/amylopectin
Insoluble in water which is good for storage as water doesn’t enter by osmosis.

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34
Q

Amylose

A

Long unbranded chain of Alpha glucose.
Angles of glycosidic bonds gives it a cool structure which is compact and good for storage. ➿

35
Q

Amylopectin

A

Long-branched chain of alpha glucose.
Branches allows enzymes to get at glycosidic bond and break it apart giving a quick release of energy

36
Q

What is glycogen

A

Main energy store in animals .
Has many branches which means glucose can be released quickly which is important for animals but is compact so good for storage.

37
Q

What is cellulose

A

Main component in cell wall of plants.
Long unbranched chain of beta-glucose linked together with hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils.
Strong fibrils mean cellulose provide structural support for cell wall

38
Q

what are lipids made of

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen.

39
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
synthesised by formation of ester bonds through esterification. broken down by aa hydrolysis reaction (addition of water)

40
Q

what is the function of triglyceride

A

used as an energy store as they have long hydrocarbon tails that when broken release a lot of energy.
they are insoluble so doesn’t cause substances to enter by osmosis.

41
Q

what is a saturated acids

A

they have single bond

42
Q

what is unsaturated acids

A

they have a double bond.

43
Q

what are phospholipids

A

same as glycerides but instead of one fatty acid they have a phosphate group.
heads are hydrophilic and bond to water.
tails are hydrophobic which repel water.

44
Q

what is the function of phospholipids

A

found in cell membranes.
controls what enters and leaves cells.
water soluble substances cannot easily pass through.

45
Q

what is cholesterol

A

hydrocarbon ring structure attached to hydrocarbon tail.
ring structure has a polar hydroxyl group attached to it.

46
Q

function of cholesterol

A

help regulate fluidity by breaking up phospholipids as when temperature decreases they may solidify.

47
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

They are polymers made of monomers of amino acids.

48
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Two amino acids joined together.

49
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

Two or more amino acids join. Proteins are made of two or more polypeptides.

50
Q

What is the amino acid structure

A

General structure of a carboxyl group (COOH) and amino acid group NH2 attracted to a carbon atom. With a variable group/element that changes.

51
Q

How are dipeptide and polypeptide bonds formed

A

Amino acids linked together with peptide bonds to form dipeptides and polypeptides.
Condensation reaction ( water released ) this is reversed by hydrolysis (addition of water)

52
Q

nucleotide structure

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphate.
pentose sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group.

53
Q

what does DNA do and what does it stand for.

A

nucleic acid that stores genetic information in the nucleus
contains ribose sugar
1 chain of nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid
replaces thymine with uracil.

54
Q

what is mRNA and what does it do

A

part of transcription messenger rna- copy’s DNA code and takes it out of the nucleus as DNA is to big to move out into the cytoplasm.

55
Q

what is tRNA do and what does it stand for

A

transfer RNA
single strand that folds into clover shape.
at one end is an anti-codon and the other is an amino acid bonding site.
carries amino acids to ribosomes

56
Q

what does rRNA do and what does it stand for.

A

ribosomal RNA- 2 subunits
ribosomes move along the mRNA during protein synthesis
helps catalyse formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

57
Q

what is the genetic code

A

sequence of base triplets, code for specific amino acids.
degenerate
universal- same codons code for same amino acid for al living organisms.
non-overlapping- reads 3 bases at a time so no base is shared.

58
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

more codons than amino acids so same codon may code for same amino acid.

59
Q

what does ATP and ADP do and stand for

A

stores and transports energy.
adenosine diphosphate- adenine base, ribose sugar and 2 phosphates.
adenosine triphosphate- adenine base, ribose sugar and 3 phosphates.

60
Q

what are the 4 complementary base pairs

A

adenine- thymine
guanine- cytosine

61
Q

what is a purine and what bases are

A

2 ring structure
adenine and guanine

62
Q

what is pYrimidines and what bases are

A

single ring structure
cYtosine, thYmine ( uracil)

63
Q

what is ATP and how does it work.

A

energy from glucose in plants and animals is used to make ATP and the molecules of ATP provide energy for chemical reactions.
ATP is synthesised to form ADP and inorganic phosphate. the ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP and phosphate is formed.
when energy is needed it is broken back down so energy is released form the phosphate bond.

64
Q

what does phosphorylated mean

A

addition of a phosphate.

65
Q

where is energy released form specifically

A

phosphate bond

66
Q

structure of nucleotides

A

2 nucleotide chains in helix
nucleotides join together to form polynucleotides
nucleotides join between a phosphate group and onto a sugar of another nucleotide- this forms a phosphodiester bond ( phosphate and 2 ester bonds)
this chain of sugars and phosphate is the phosphate backbone.

67
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine

A

2

68
Q

how many bonds between cytosine and guanine

A

3

69
Q

why does DNA replicate

A

so each cell has full amount of DNA
passes genetic material onto other generations

70
Q

how is DNA replicated

A

1- DNA helicase ( breakdown)
2- template (copy)
3-DNA polymerase ( joined together)

71
Q

what happens when DNA helicases

A

helicase breaks down between base by unzipping it so separates strands.

72
Q

what happens when DNA copies

A

each strand is a template exposed to the complimentary base pair

73
Q

what happens when DNA joins together

A

DNA polymerase joins together strands with hydrogen bonds. strands twist into helix now it is semi-conservative which means there is one original strand and one copied.

74
Q

how accurate is DNA reciliation

A

99.9%- very accurate

75
Q

what is a mutation

A

change in sequence of DNA bases

76
Q

what is a gene

A

sequence of DNA nucleotides that code for a polypeptide.

77
Q

what is a codon

A

3 bases that code for an amino acid.

78
Q

what is the 1st stage of transcription

A

RNA polymerase attaches to DNA which breaks down the hydrogen bonds between strands, separating them.
one strand used as template to make mRNA copy.

79
Q

what is the 2nd stage of transcription

A

the complementary mRNA is formed from RNA polymerase lining up the RNA nucleotides.
thymine now turns to uracil

80
Q

what is the 3rd stage of transcription

A

RNA enzymes moves along DNA and assembles mRNA and the hydrogen bonds between uncoiled strands reform and the strands go back into double helix.

81
Q

what is stage 4 of transcription

A

when a stop codon is reached it stops the making of mRNA and detaches from the DNA
mRNA moves out nucleus through nucleic pores and attaches to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

82
Q

what is the first stage of translation

A

tRNA moves along the amino acids with anti-codon that is complementary to start codon on the mRNA.

83
Q

what is the 2nd stage of translation

A

second tRNA molecule attaches to the next codon then the first one leaves as one attaches to the third.

84
Q

what is the 3 rd stage of translation

A

the rRNA catalyses the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids joining two together to make a chain until stop codon.

Biology (13 decks)

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