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Biology > Mr Allsop- biodiversity > Flashcards

Mr Allsop- biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biodiversity

A

the number of different ecosystems and habitats in an area, the number of species within ecosystem and genetic variation within each species

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2
Q

habitat

A

where an organism lives

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3
Q

species

A

group of organisms of common ancestry that produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

3 levels of biodiversity

A

habitat, species, genetic

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5
Q

habitat biodiversity and what factors effect this

A

number of different habitats in an area .
abiotic factors- temperature, light, water, PH, humidity
biotic- food webs, competition, food , predators

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6
Q

species biodiversity

A

number of different species ( richness) and abundance of each species ( evenness)
may have same number but one more diverse

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7
Q

genetic biodiversity (+-)

A

variation of alleles within species
allows for better adaptation to changing environment
limited in small populations, more chance of interbreeding

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8
Q

what is sampling

A

taking measurements of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area

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9
Q

what are 3 things the sample should be representative of

A

size of area/ length of transect
repeat measurements
different times of year ( seasons)

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10
Q

species richness

A

number of different species

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11
Q

species evenness

A

measure of relative abundance of different species in the area

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12
Q

what is a quadrat used for (3)

A

1-species frequency- % of quadrats that include each species
2- species density- no.of organisms in quadrat (m2)
3- percentage cover- % of area quadrat in which plant, animal occurs

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13
Q

how to calculate species frequency

A

no.of quadrats with species/ total quadrats x100

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14
Q

what is random sampling

A

randomly generates coordinates to ensure everywhere has an even probability of being chosen

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15
Q

strengths and weaknesses of random sampling

A

+- less bias as is equal chance of coordinates being chosen
– may only cover one area if coordinates come out same

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16
Q

what is opportunistic sampling

A

makes decisions based on prior knowledge e.g. may sample a specific area they know the species will be

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17
Q

what are strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling

A

+- more chance of species being present
– bias as they have prior knowledge

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18
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

studies 2 areas and takes data from both e.g. meadow grass and short grass

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19
Q

what are strengths and weaknesses of stratified sampling

A

+- takes into account multiple areas
– over representative as only looks at 2 areas a lot

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20
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

samples taken at fixed intervals along a transect
belt transect- taken along continuously
interrupted belt transect - record quadrats at set intervals
line transect- record only the species touching the transect line

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21
Q

what are strengths and weaknesses of systematic sampling

A

+- more representative
– bias as other species may be missed

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22
Q

what is a pooter

A

suck small animals into glass or plastic tube

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22
Q

what is a pitfall trap

A

cans/jars buried in ground, filled with paper to allow shelter and covered with a lid on stones to stop water getting in.

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22
Q

what is capture-mark-release-recapture method

A

get a certain number of animal and mark it then release it, after a certain time to allow them to mix in population, then catch second sample, the smaller amount of marked the bigger the population

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22
Q

what is the beating tray method

A

large white sheet placed under tree and tree shaken to allow insects to drop out of habitat

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22
Q

what is a sweep net

A

large nets to catch flying insects or live in long grass

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22
Q

what is a pond net

A

strong nets that can lift volumes of water from rivers and ponds, the water drains through leaving vegetation and animals behind in the net

23
Q

how to estimate population size of animals/insects

A

no.in first sample x no. in second sample/ no. marked in second sample

23
Q

What do you use when calculating biodiversity

A

species richness and evenness and Simpsons index of diversity

24
Q

what does Simpsons index of diversity tell us about the biodiversity

A

the closer the index is to 1, the more diverse the habitat and greater ability to cope with change
lower index values (closer to 0) suggests habitat is less stable so more likely to be damaged by change

25
Q

number of successful species in low/high biodiverse areas

A

low- relatively few
high- large number

26
Q

nature of environment in low/ high biodiverse areas

A

low- stressful/ extreme conditions with few ecological niches
high- relatively not stressful with more niches

27
Q

adaptations of species to environment in low/high biodiverse areas

A

low- few species, adaptations for specific harsh environment
high- many species live, few adaptations to environment

28
Q

type of food webs in low/high biodiverse areas

A

low- relatively simple
high- complex

29
Q

effect to changing environment on the ecosystem as a whole in high/low biodiverse areas

A

low- major effects to ecosystem
high- small effect

30
Q

what can cause genetic variation

A

mutations that create different versions of the same gene, increasing the ‘gene pool’

31
Q

why is genetic variation important

A

used to asses value of population as resource of conservation, determines efforts needed to increase diversity
allows species to adapt to future environment changes, avoid interbreeding

32
Q

factors that limit genetic diversity

A

selective breeding
captive breeding
rare breeds
artificial cloning
natural selection
genetic bottlenecks
founder effect
genetic drift

33
Q

what is artificial cloning

A

asexual reproduction

34
Q

what are genetic bottlenecks

A

few individuals survive event as have advantageous alleles, reduces ‘gene pool’

35
Q

what is the founder effect

A

small number of individuals to create a colony ( interbreeding)

36
Q

what is genetic drift

A

random nature of alleles being passed one means the frequency of occurrence of an allele will vary

37
Q

what is polymorphism

A

have locus with more than 2 alleles
monomorphic- single allele for gene

38
Q

what is the locus

A

point where alleles are found on same gene

39
Q

how do you calculate genetic diversity

A

No.of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci (gene)

40
Q

What are the main threats of biodiversity caused by humans

A

Habitat destruction
Over exploitation and unsustainable use of resources
Modern agriculture, monoculture, chemical fertilizers
Climate change

41
Q

how is agriculture affecting biodiversity

A

the growing population needs to be fed, so monoculture (one plant grown) selectively bred.
head rows are constantly being removed to allow machinery for fertilising and harvesting which reduces biodiversity as destroys habitats.

42
Q

how does climate reduce biodiversity

A

burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of c02+ pollutants which increases global temperatures
this melts ice caps which destroys habitats of species in that region but also causes floods.
the rise in temp means some plant species can’t survive and xerophytic plants become dominant

43
Q

how does the economy influence low biodiversity and then the knock on effect on economy ?

A

demand for timber for housing increases deforestation which soil depletion- increases soil erosion and desertification which reduces ability to grow crops which could collapse industry.
large scale loses means potential medicine may become extinct before discovered which is a financial loss for medical industry

44
Q

how are aesthetics affected by reduction in biodiversity

A

-different species enrich peoples lives and people recover quickly from stress/illness if supported by plants/environment.
-gives inspiration for poets, writers etc.
-ecotourism- more visitors want to see biodiverse area

45
Q

how does the human population affect biodiversity

A

over 7 billion people living
the increased rate is linked with medicine, hygiene and infrastructure - which enables people to live longer but to enable people to live, work and eat humans must disrupt ecology of many areas

46
Q

what ecological reasons affect biodiversity

A

organisms are interdependent, removal of one of these may affect others.
keystone species, pay a role in maintaining structure of an ecological community
this determines species evenness / richness- if a key stone species is removed, all others are affected may disappear all together which disrupts the food chain

47
Q

what is meant by ecological reasons

A

the effect on other organisms if one is harmed

48
Q

conservation of biodiversity

A

conservation to ensure survival of endangered species

49
Q

in situ conservation

A

protection and maintenance of an area so species can continue to live in natural habitat

50
Q

how do wildlife reserves maintain biodiversity

A

an area set aside for conservation of species or habitats

51
Q

what are the three principles for choosing a wildlife reserve

A

comprehensiveness- how many species are represented?
adequacy-large enough for long term?
representativeness- range of species and environmental conditions?

52
Q

examples of some wildlife reserves in UK

A

national park, nature reserve, sites of scientific interest, marine conservation.

53
Q

advantages of in situ conservation

A

keeps them in their natural environment
facilitates scientific research

54
Q

disadvantages of in situ conservation

A

endangered habitats may become fragmented due to fencing
may act as honey pot site which causes disturbance
leaves them in a vulnerable area

55
Q

what is ex situ conservation

A

zoos where species are removed to a protected place that is not its normal habitat.
they run captive breeding programs to get species healthy and a large enough population to be released back into the wild

56
Q

how do zoos ensure interbreeding doesn’t occur and how do they breed

A

international catalogue detailing genealogical data allowing mating to be arranged, to maintain biodiversity
oftern IVF and artificial insemination so animals don’t have to move.

57
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of ex situ conservation

A

adv- protected from predation/poaching
health is monitored, gives education to schools etc.
dis- animals may not survive reintroduction into wild as may have lost hunting instinct, strength etc, no natural gene flow

58
Q

what are botanic gardens

A

conserve endangered plants to allow research and keep them in case they are of use and could be reproduced, a nice display that is not seen in the wild.

59
Q

what are seed banks

A

seeds of plants are kept for years to prevent extinction so can be repopulated if necessary.

60
Q

strengths and weaknesses of botanic/ seed banks

A

adv- little disturbance, seeds can be easily stored for long periods of time unlike animals who are hard to store.
dis- funding may be limited as people are less interested and aware than animal conservation, after a while seeds won’t germinate.

61
Q

what are 3 cooperation’s and how do they help conservation of plants and animals

A

CBD- international agreements on conservations of plants and animals
CITES- laws on trading endangered species- illegal to kill some animals
CSS- countryside stewardship scheme- for farmers to conserve wildlife which encourages head row regeneration as that is taking away habitats and food sources for large machinery to fit.

Biology (15 decks)

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