Mr Allsop- Hormonal communication

Question 1

outline how the hormonal system differs from the nervous system

Answer 1

transmission in blood, wide spread responses, long- lasting response that can be permanent, slow transmission and response

Question 2

what are steroid hormones

Answer 2

lipids so they can pass through the bilayer and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 3

what are non-steroid hormones

Answer 3

hydrophilic so cannot pass through the membrane and must bind to receptors on the cell surface membrane

Question 4

where is the pancreas located

Answer 4

upper abdomen behind the stomach

Question 5

what’s meant by the pancreas being an exocrine gland

Answer 5

releases enzymes from pancreatic duct into duodenum which is at the top of the small intestine

Question 6

what 3 digestive enzymes are produced in the pancreas

Answer 6

protease, amylase lipase

Question 7

how does the pancreas act as an endocrine gland

Answer 7

secretes insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream produced by the islets of Langerhans which are small regions of endocrine tissue

Question 8

what are alpha cells

Answer 8

produce and secrete glucagon

Question 9

what are beta cells

Answer 9

produce and secrete insulin

Question 10

under the microscope what are the darker regions of the pancreas

Answer 10

acini cells- produce and secrete digestive enzymes (exocrine)

Question 11

under a microscope what are the lighter bands of the pancreas

Answer 11

islets of Langerhans- circular structure that secretes and produces hormones (endocrine)

Question 12

how are alpha and beta cells distinguished

Answer 12

differential dye- some retains dye better
crystal violet added, iodine to fix dye
alpha cells- stained pink
beta cells- stained blue

Question 13

where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 13

2 small glands located on each kidney

Question 14

what are the two main structures of the adrenal glands

Answer 14

adrenal cortex- outer region that produces hormones vital for life
adrenal medulla- inner region - produces non-essential hormones

Question 15

what are glucocorticoids that the cortex produces

Answer 15

includes cortisol which helps regulate metabolism by controlling how body converts fats, proteins and carbohydrates to energy, blood pressure and corticosterone which helps with immune response- controlled by hypothalamus

Question 16

what are mineralocorticoids that the cortex produces

Answer 16

aldosterone which helps control blood pressure by maintaining balance of salt and water concentration in blood and other bodily fluids - release mediated by signals triggered by kidney

Question 17

what are androgens that the cortex produces

Answer 17

sex hormones- makes oestrogen and testosterone released by ovaries or testes but is important for women post-menopause

Question 18

what hormones are released from medulla and their roles

Answer 18

nor-adrenaline and adrenaline-only released when nervous system is stimulated.
adrenaline- increases heart rate so blood is delivers quickly to muscles and brain as well as raising blood glucose levels by converting glycogen into insulin
nor-adrenaline- widening of air passages, narrowing of blood vessels - works with adrenaline