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Biology > Miss palmer- disease and immunity > Flashcards

Miss palmer- disease and immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by communicable disease

A

caused by a pathogen

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2
Q

what is a pathogen

A

microorganism that causes disease

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protoctista

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4
Q

what are the features of bacteria

A

prokaryotes- no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles instead they have bacterial chromosomes and a plasmid
cell wall- peptidoglycan
once in body- release toxins that damage the host cell and tissue leading to symptoms of disease

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5
Q

what are 2 examples of bacterial diseases

A

human- tuberculosis (supresses immune system and destroys lung tissue)
plant- ring rot

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6
Q

what are the features of viruses

A

non-living, no cellular structure
genetic material wrapped in protein called capsid
invade living cells by attaching to host cell, when entered into the host cells DNA enzymes make a copy of virus , it then leaves and infects other host cells

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7
Q

what are 3 examples of viruses ( 2 human, 1 plant)

A

human- influenza ( kills ciliated epithelium cells- leaving airways open to infection)
HIV (targets helper T cells- destroys immune system)
plant- tobacco mosaic

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8
Q

what are the features of fungi

A

eukaryotic, multi or unicellular
obtain nutrients by releasing enzymes to digest material around them which causes damage to host cell/tissue
reproduce- release large number of spores- spread widely
in plants it stops photosynthesis- decay- fungi digest it

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9
Q

what are 3 examples of disease caused by fungi (2 human, 1 plant)

A

human- thrush, athletes foot ( type of ring worm that causes feet to crack and scale)
plants- black sigatoka

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10
Q

what are the features of protoctista

A

group in colonies, single celled, eukaryote
parasitic- they use people or animals as host e.g. mosquitos- plasmodium is spread through bite
digest and use cell components from host cell as they reproduce

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11
Q

what is 2 examples of disease caused by protoctista

A

humans- malaria
plants- potato and tomato late blight

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12
Q

what is mean by direct transmission in animals and some examples

A

pathogen transferred from one organism to another
skin contact, bodily fluids, droplet

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13
Q

what is meant by indirect transmission in animals and some examples

A

pathogen passed via intermediate
water, vector, bedding/ socks, food

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14
Q

what are 3 factors that can influence the transmission of diseasein animals

A

living conditions- e.g. overcrowding
social factors - income- access to heath care, education- do they know how disease can be spread/ symptoms
climate- changes in temp can benefit pathogens/vectors

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15
Q

what is an example of direct and indirect transmission in plants

A

direct- healthy plant touching diseased e.g. by their leaves
indirect- pathogens/reproductive spores left in soil
vectors-wind, water, animals, humans e.g machinery

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16
Q

3 factors that can influence transmission of disease in plants

A

overcrowding of plants
planting variety of crops susceptible to disease
climate change- conditions for pathogens, rainfall and wind increase

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17
Q

what physical defences do plants have

A

waxy cuticle- prevents entering of pathogen
lets water run off that is potential infected with pathogen so isn’t absorbed
callose- polysaccharide that is deposited between cell wall and membrane an din plasmodesmata to act as a barrier between cells

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18
Q

what chemical defences do plants have

A

antibacterial compounds e.g antibiotics
insect repellents
insecticides - toxins to pesticides

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19
Q

how is skin a barrier to the entry of pathogens

A

covers body to block pathogens from entering
produces antimicrobial substances that lowers PH, inhibiting growth of pathogens

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20
Q

how does mucous stop entry of pathogens

A

protects openings of body by goblet cells secreting mucus which traps pathogens - cilia removes it
type of explosive reflex- coughing/ sneezing to get rid of pathogen

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21
Q

how does blood clotting stop entry of pathogens

A

mesh of fibre proteins which plug the wound to prevent pathogens entering
work by platelets in contact with skin or damage blood vessels they secrete substances to form clot

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22
Q

how does inflammation act as a defence

A

triggered by tissue damage that could be caused by pathogen so isolates the area by causing redness, swelling ( vasodilation), cytokines attract white blood cells to area to dispose pathogens

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23
Q

what is the next line of defence after keeping pathogens out

A

destroying them/ prevent them from growing

24
Q

how do fevers inhibit pathogen reproduction

A

when pathogen enters body, cytokines stimulates hypothalamus to increase body temp, pathogens reproduce best at 37* or less so inhibits their reproduction

25
Q

what are phagocytes

A

specialised white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens

26
Q

explain the 5 stages of phagocytosis

A

1- phagocyte recognises antigen on pathogen
2- cytoplasm of phagocyte moves around pathogen engulfing it which is made easier by opsosnins which bind to pathogens and ‘tag’ them so they are easily recognised by phagocytes
3- phagocyte engulfs pathogen, enclosing it to form phagosome - cytokines release chemicals to inform other phagocytes its under attack
4- lysosome fuses with phagosome to break pathogen down
5- phagocyte then prevents pathogens antigens on surface to activate other immune system cells

27
Q

what is meant by APC

A

antigen present cell- phagocyte once broken down pathogen to signal antibodies

28
Q

why are antibodies a specific immune repsonse

A

takes up to 14 days to respond as they are specific to one antigen

29
Q

explain the structure of antibodies

A

Y shaped glycoproteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogen
2 long polypeptide chains (heavy)
2 short polypeptide chains (light)
joined by disulphide bridges
variable region - determines what its fighting against
when antibody binds to antigen it forms a antigen-antibody complex

30
Q

how many binding sites does one antibody have

A

2 one on each end of the Y

31
Q

what does the antibody-antigen complex act as

A

opsonin -‘tags’ where its located so complex can be engulfed by phagocytes

32
Q

how can antibodies be described as agglutinins

A

2 binding sites - causes pathogens to clump together, this prevents spread and means multiple can be engulfed at once

33
Q

how are antibodys antitoxins

A

bind to toxins produced by pathgoens making them harmless

34
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

T ( thymus) and B (bone marrow)

35
Q

what do T- helper cells do

A

make interleukins which are a type of cytokine ( cell signalling) which stimulates B lymphocytes and T killer cells .

36
Q

what do T- killer cells do

A

destroys pathogens carrying the antigen

37
Q

what do T- regulator cells do

A

supress immune system- don’t attack self antigens only foreign

38
Q

what do T- memory cells do

A

if antigen appears again , they divide forming clones of T killer cells

39
Q

how are T-cells activated

A

antigen presentation - one phagocyte had engulfed pathogen and made complex- antigen presenting cell
clonal selection- T cell receptors are complementary to antigens on APC - binding causes cells to be activated
clonal expansion- activated T-cells divide by mitosis

40
Q

what does a B- effector cell do

A

divide to form plasma cell clones

41
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce antibodies to particular antigen, only live for a few days but produce around 2000 antibodies per socnd

42
Q

what is cell-mediated immunity

A

doesn’t involve production of antibodies T- lymphocytes respond to cells that have bee changed e.g. viruses- viral antigens - has T-receptors that bind to antigen on a cell - producing clones

43
Q

how is humoral immunity different to cell-mediated immunity

A

involves antibodies

44
Q

what is meant by autoimmune disease

A

immune system recognises self cells as foreign
there are about 80 different types that destroy tissue, chronic inflammation etc.
immunosuppressants - drug to supress immune system- prevent attack

45
Q

examples of autoimmune diseases

A

rheumatoid arthritis - attacks joint tissues - given anti-inflammatories, pain relief
type 1 diabetes- insulin -secreting cells destroyed - insulin injections

46
Q

what is meant by natural immunity

A

immune system fighting disease and producing memory B and T lymphocytes for future disease

47
Q

what is meant by artificial passive immunity

A

for certain fatal diseases- antibodies are formed in one individual , extracted then injected into bloodstream of another individual- temporary but can save someone’s life

48
Q

what is artificial active immunity and how does it work

A

vaccines can be developed in multiple ways:
inactivated bacteria/viruses
detoxified toxins
isolated antigens extracted from pathogen
genetically engineered antigens
used to give long-term immunity -m primary response triggered to produce antibodies and memory T/B lymphocytes

49
Q

what is medicine used for and what types are there

A

used to treat or cure symptoms such medicines are painkiller, anti-inflammatories etc.
personalised medicines: tailored to DNA ( pharmogentics) - diseases can be cause by mutations in DNA e.g. some cancers
synthetic- artificially made by proetins, cells, microorganisms,

50
Q

what is penicillin

A

fungus that interferes with bacterial cell wall, so water enters and the cells burst

51
Q

what is another example of how antibiotics destroy bacteria

A

interfere with ribosomes so cannot synthesis proteins

52
Q

why don’t antibiotic harm human cells

A

they have different cell walls and ribosomes

53
Q

what are antibiotics used to treat

A

bacterial infections - drug has binding site to bacterium

54
Q

what is meant by antibiotic resistance

A

if a mutation causes a bacterium to not be affected by drugs, this will reproduced and pass on resistant gene

55
Q

how can antibiotic resistance be prevented

A

minimising use of antibiotics, ensuring a complete course is finished

Biology (15 decks)

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