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Miss palmer- disease and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by communicable disease

A

caused by a pathogen

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2
Q

what is a pathogen

A

microorganism that causes disease

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, virus, fungi, protoctista

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4
Q

what are the features of bacteria

A

prokaryotes- no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles instead they have bacterial chromosomes and a plasmid
cell wall- peptidoglycan
once in body- release toxins that damage the host cell and tissue leading to symptoms of disease

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5
Q

what are 2 examples of bacterial diseases

A

human- tuberculosis (supresses immune system and destroys lung tissue)
plant- ring rot

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6
Q

what are the features of viruses

A

non-living, no cellular structure
genetic material wrapped in protein called capsid
invade living cells by attaching to host cell, when entered into the host cells DNA enzymes make a copy of virus , it then leaves and infects other host cells

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7
Q

what are 3 examples of viruses ( 2 human, 1 plant)

A

human- influenza ( kills ciliated epithelium cells- leaving airways open to infection)
HIV (targets helper T cells- destroys immune system)
plant- tobacco mosaic

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8
Q

what are the features of fungi

A

eukaryotic, multi or unicellular
obtain nutrients by releasing enzymes to digest material around them which causes damage to host cell/tissue
reproduce- release large number of spores- spread widely
in plants it stops photosynthesis- decay- fungi digest it

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9
Q

what are 3 examples of disease caused by fungi (2 human, 1 plant)

A

human- thrush, athletes foot ( type of ring worm that causes feet to crack and scale)
plants- black sigatoka

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10
Q

what are the features of protoctista

A

group in colonies, single celled, eukaryote
parasitic- they use people or animals as host e.g. mosquitos- plasmodium is spread through bite
digest and use cell components from host cell as they reproduce

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11
Q

what is 2 examples of disease caused by protoctista

A

humans- malaria
plants- potato and tomato late blight

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12
Q

what is mean by direct transmission in animals and some examples

A

pathogen transferred from one organism to another
skin contact, bodily fluids, droplet

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13
Q

what is meant by indirect transmission in animals and some examples

A

pathogen passed via intermediate
water, vector, bedding/ socks, food

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14
Q

what are 3 factors that can influence the transmission of diseasein animals

A

living conditions- e.g. overcrowding
social factors - income- access to heath care, education- do they know how disease can be spread/ symptoms
climate- changes in temp can benefit pathogens/vectors

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15
Q

what is an example of direct and indirect transmission in plants

A

direct- healthy plant touching diseased e.g. by their leaves
indirect- pathogens/reproductive spores left in soil
vectors-wind, water, animals, humans e.g machinery

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16
Q

3 factors that can influence transmission of disease in plants

A

overcrowding of plants
planting variety of crops susceptible to disease
climate change- conditions for pathogens, rainfall and wind increase

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17
Q

what physical defences do plants have

A

waxy cuticle- prevents entering of pathogen
lets water run off that is potential infected with pathogen so isn’t absorbed
callose- polysaccharide that is deposited between cell wall and membrane an din plasmodesmata to act as a barrier between cells

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18
Q

what chemical defences do plants have

A

antibacterial compounds e.g antibiotics
insect repellents
insecticides - toxins to pesticides

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19
Q

how is skin a barrier to the entry of pathogens

A

covers body to block pathogens from entering
produces antimicrobial substances that lowers PH, inhibiting growth of pathogens

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20
Q

how does mucous stop entry of pathogens

A

protects openings of body by goblet cells secreting mucus which traps pathogens - cilia removes it
type of explosive reflex- coughing/ sneezing to get rid of pathogen

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21
Q

how does blood clotting stop entry of pathogens

A

mesh of fibre proteins which plug the wound to prevent pathogens entering
work by platelets in contact with skin or damage blood vessels they secrete substances to form clot

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22
Q

how does inflammation act as a defence

A

triggered by tissue damage that could be caused by pathogen so isolates the area by causing redness, swelling ( vasodilation), cytokines attract white blood cells to area to dispose pathogens

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23
Q

what is the next line of defence after keeping pathogens out

A

destroying them/ prevent them from growing

24
Q

how do fevers inhibit pathogen reproduction

A

when pathogen enters body, cytokines stimulates hypothalamus to increase body temp, pathogens reproduce best at 37* or less so inhibits their reproduction

25
what are phagocytes
specialised white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
26
explain the 5 stages of phagocytosis
1- phagocyte recognises antigen on pathogen 2- cytoplasm of phagocyte moves around pathogen engulfing it which is made easier by opsosnins which bind to pathogens and 'tag' them so they are easily recognised by phagocytes 3- phagocyte engulfs pathogen, enclosing it to form phagosome - cytokines release chemicals to inform other phagocytes its under attack 4- lysosome fuses with phagosome to break pathogen down 5- phagocyte then prevents pathogens antigens on surface to activate other immune system cells
27
what is meant by APC
antigen present cell- phagocyte once broken down pathogen to signal antibodies
28
why are antibodies a specific immune repsonse
takes up to 14 days to respond as they are specific to one antigen
29
explain the structure of antibodies
Y shaped glycoproteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogen 2 long polypeptide chains (heavy) 2 short polypeptide chains (light) joined by disulphide bridges variable region - determines what its fighting against when antibody binds to antigen it forms a antigen-antibody complex
30
how many binding sites does one antibody have
2 one on each end of the Y
31
what does the antibody-antigen complex act as
opsonin -'tags' where its located so complex can be engulfed by phagocytes
32
how can antibodies be described as agglutinins
2 binding sites - causes pathogens to clump together, this prevents spread and means multiple can be engulfed at once
33
how are antibodys antitoxins
bind to toxins produced by pathgoens making them harmless
34
what are the two types of lymphocytes
T ( thymus) and B (bone marrow)
35
what do T- helper cells do
make interleukins which are a type of cytokine ( cell signalling) which stimulates B lymphocytes and T killer cells .
36
what do T- killer cells do
destroys pathogens carrying the antigen
37
what do T- regulator cells do
supress immune system- don't attack self antigens only foreign
38
what do T- memory cells do
if antigen appears again , they divide forming clones of T killer cells
39
how are T-cells activated
antigen presentation - one phagocyte had engulfed pathogen and made complex- antigen presenting cell clonal selection- T cell receptors are complementary to antigens on APC - binding causes cells to be activated clonal expansion- activated T-cells divide by mitosis
40
what does a B- effector cell do
divide to form plasma cell clones
41
what do plasma cells do
produce antibodies to particular antigen, only live for a few days but produce around 2000 antibodies per socnd
42
what is cell-mediated immunity
doesn't involve production of antibodies T- lymphocytes respond to cells that have bee changed e.g. viruses- viral antigens - has T-receptors that bind to antigen on a cell - producing clones
43
how is humoral immunity different to cell-mediated immunity
involves antibodies
44
what is meant by autoimmune disease
immune system recognises self cells as foreign there are about 80 different types that destroy tissue, chronic inflammation etc. immunosuppressants - drug to supress immune system- prevent attack
45
examples of autoimmune diseases
rheumatoid arthritis - attacks joint tissues - given anti-inflammatories, pain relief type 1 diabetes- insulin -secreting cells destroyed - insulin injections
46
what is meant by natural immunity
immune system fighting disease and producing memory B and T lymphocytes for future disease
47
what is meant by artificial passive immunity
for certain fatal diseases- antibodies are formed in one individual , extracted then injected into bloodstream of another individual- temporary but can save someone's life
48
what is artificial active immunity and how does it work
vaccines can be developed in multiple ways: inactivated bacteria/viruses detoxified toxins isolated antigens extracted from pathogen genetically engineered antigens used to give long-term immunity -m primary response triggered to produce antibodies and memory T/B lymphocytes
49
what is medicine used for and what types are there
used to treat or cure symptoms such medicines are painkiller, anti-inflammatories etc. personalised medicines: tailored to DNA ( pharmogentics) - diseases can be cause by mutations in DNA e.g. some cancers synthetic- artificially made by proetins, cells, microorganisms,
50
what is penicillin
fungus that interferes with bacterial cell wall, so water enters and the cells burst
51
what is another example of how antibiotics destroy bacteria
interfere with ribosomes so cannot synthesis proteins
52
why don't antibiotic harm human cells
they have different cell walls and ribosomes
53
what are antibiotics used to treat
bacterial infections - drug has binding site to bacterium
54
what is meant by antibiotic resistance
if a mutation causes a bacterium to not be affected by drugs, this will reproduced and pass on resistant gene
55
how can antibiotic resistance be prevented
minimising use of antibiotics, ensuring a complete course is finished

Biology (22 decks)

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