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Biology > Mr Alsop- classification > Flashcards

Mr Alsop- classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is biological classification

A

organisation of living and extinct organisms into systematic groups based on similar/differences between species

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2
Q

what is taxonomy

A

study and practice of naming and classifying species and groups of species within the hierarchical classification scheme

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3
Q

what is the classification system

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

where is the genus in the classification

A

first word and always starts with a capital

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5
Q

what kingdoms comes under the domain eukarya

A

animal, plant, protists, fungi

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6
Q

what kingdoms come under archaea

A

some prokaryotes

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7
Q

what kingdoms come under bacteria

A

some prokaryotes

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8
Q

what is autotrophic and heterotrophic

A

autotrophic is when organisms make their own food whereas heterotrophic is when they consume food

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9
Q

what does parasitic mean

A

they rely on other organisms to live

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10
Q

features of prokaryotes

A

unicellular
no nucleus - loop of DNA
autotrophic and heterotrophic
no membrane bound organelles
70’s ribosomes
can be free-living or parasitic

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11
Q

features of protists

A

mostly single celled
wide variety of forms
various plant/animal like features
free-living
autotrophic and heterotrophic

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12
Q

features of fungi

A

single cells have mycelium that consists of hyphae ( root like fungus in ground)
cell made of chitin
mostly free-living and saprophytic- decays matter

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13
Q

features of plantae

A

multi-cellular
cell wall made of cellulose
contains chlorophyll
autotrophic- absorbs small molecules making them into larger molecules like glucose

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14
Q

features of Animalia

A

multi-cellular
heterotopic
motile

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15
Q

what is artificial classification and +/-

A

Artificial classification is the ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of non-evolutionary features. ( they may look the same but hasn’t evolved eg number of stamens ( produce pollen) on a plant
+- convenient, stable
– only based on a few characteristics, limited info, doesn’t reflect evolution

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16
Q

what is natural classification and +/-

A

groups together organisms based on similar inherited characteristics

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17
Q

what is homology

A

shared features inherited from a common ancestors that may not have the same function

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18
Q

what is phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relationships between
organisms - continuous tress not taxonomical groups

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19
Q

5 things that affect evolution

A

genetic variation- mutations in genes
environment- competition
natural selection- respond
inherited- desired characteristics
evolution

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20
Q

Darwin’s observations

A

offspring are similar to parents
no individual are identical
organisms have ability to produce large numbers of offspring
population in nature remain fairly stable in size

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21
Q

Wallace’s observations

A

organisms with advantageous adaptations evolved my natural selection
geographical boundaries- mark species boundaries
organisms are best fitted for environment

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22
Q

evidence of evolution

A

fossils, comparative anatomy, comparative biochemistry

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23
Q

what is a fossil

A

mineralised/ preserved remains of an animal, plant or microorganisms

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24
Q

process of fossils

A

animal or plant dies > organisms become buried under sediment > high temp and pressure turns sediment to stone > remains dissolve and leave behind a space> minerals crystalize in space and forms cast( fossil)

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25
Q

why are some fossil record incomplete

A

natural events can destroy them like volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami

26
Q

what is comparative biochemistry and what does it say

A

studies sim/diff in proteins and other molecules that control function.
-there are many amino acids but only 20 used to make proteins which is the same in all organisms
-molecule of inheritance is DNA
- genetic code that makes amino acids is basically the same in all organisms
-ATP is universal currency for energy

27
Q

what is the homologous structure

A

organisms have the same bones but they have a different function

28
Q

what does DNA have to do with evolution

A

differences in sequence of DNA would be due to mutations
more similar sequence of DNA- more closely related
more differences- earlier evolution- less related

29
Q

what does cytochrome c have to do with evolution

A
30
Q

What is intraspecific variation

A

Variation between members of the same species
Used to study evolution
Selective breeding can increase this as leads to variations not visible in the wild
Harder to identify physical differences

31
Q

What is interspecific variation

A

Differences between species
Used to identify different species and classify them

32
Q

What is continuous variation

A

Measurable differences like height, weight
Ranges between to extreme eg. Small and tall
No distinction categories

33
Q

What is discontinuous variation

A

Variation of one feature
Not measurable
District categories
Controlled by single gene (monogenic) e.g. blood type

34
Q

What are genetic causes of variation

A

Alleles , mutations , sexual reproduction, chance , meiosis

35
Q

What are environmental factors effecting variation.

A

Climate, food, lifestyle

36
Q

what is standard deviation and what does it tell us

A

spread around the mean and tells us how reliable research is by how consistent the results are.
a larger spread of answers from the mean the higher the standard deviation so less reliable .

37
Q

how do you calculate standard deviation

A

1- calculate the mean of the data
2- take away the mean from the data
3- square the difference
4- add all the squared differences up
5- divide by number of ppts-1
6- square root answer

38
Q

what does spearman’s rank tell us

A

if the answer is positive the there is a positive correlation if the answer is negative there is a negative correlation
the observed value has to be greater than or equal to the critical value for it to be significant and the null hypothesis rejected

39
Q

when do we use T-test

A

small sample
normal distribution

40
Q

what is an unpaired T-test

A
  • if the sample size is different
  • compare means from different categories
  • data not linked to each other
41
Q

what is a paired T-test

A

-same sample size
-compare from same individuals before or after
-each individual in a data set has a ‘pair’ of data

42
Q

how do you calculate degrees of freedom in biology

A

number of pairs in condition 1 + number of pairs in condition 2 -2

43
Q

what is an adaptation

A

the way a structure, function or aspect of behaviour helps an organism to survive in its environment or perform an activity

44
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation

A

way an organism acts to improve its chance of survival can either be inherited or learnt e.g. survival adaptations- rabbits play dead when predator is near

45
Q

what is physiological adaptations

A

processes inside organisms body that increases chance of survival
e.g. poison production- venom that kills prey

46
Q

what is anatomical adaptations

A

structures that increase chance of survival
e.g body covering- features, scales etc.

47
Q

what anatomical, behavioural, physiological features of marram grass

A

anatomical- long roots, stomata in pits behavioural- leaves roll tightly depending on water availability physiological- hinge cells allow leaf to roll

48
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms from different taxonomical groups have similar characteristics because they are adapted to their environment

49
Q

analogous structure

A

different structures have the same function but are in different origins

50
Q

what are marsupial mammals-

A

not in uterus for long
don’t develop full placenta
baby born early in development and climb into pouch to attach to teat and develop with milk.

51
Q

what are placental mammals

A

long gestation period
develop placenta to exchange nutrients
born more fully developed

52
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

spontaneous mutation so one allele is resistant so when treated with antibiotic it will survive producing offspring.

53
Q

what are darwins contributions

A

produce more offspring than ever going to survive
population fluctuates but never increase or decrease significantly
variation in characteristics
offspring resemble parents

54
Q

what is natural selection

A

process where organism is best suited for its environment to pass characteristic onto offspring.

55
Q

2 ways bacterium gains resistance

A

1- genes can mutate to give form that codes for polypeptide that isn’t affected by antibiotic
2- bacterium gain plasmid with gene for resistance from another bacterium

56
Q

how does penicillin work

A

prevents growth of cell wall
resistant bacteria has enzyme that breaks down penicillin so cell wall can build up

57
Q

consequences of antibiotic resistance

A

serious concern to medical industry
new antibiotics created/discovered
some strains of bacteria are untreatable

58
Q

how to reduce cases of antibiotic resistance

A

only prescribed when necessary
ensure course is finished
rotate use of antibiotics
keep some as ‘last resort’
invest in further research

59
Q

pesticide resistance- problems of it

A

can lead to bioaccumulation- kills organisms further up the food chain
unbale to control insects/ pests
instead use biological control- introduce new species that will either eat or scare away the pest
sprayed on top of leaf so may not work if they are under leaf.

60
Q
A
60
Q
A

Biology (15 decks)

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