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Biology > Mr Alsop- classification > Flashcards

Mr Alsop- classification Flashcards

1
Q

what is biological classification

A

organisation of living and extinct organisms into systematic groups based on similar/differences between species

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2
Q

what is taxonomy

A

study and practice of naming and classifying species and groups of species within the hierarchical classification scheme

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3
Q

what is the classification system

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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4
Q

where is the genus in the classification

A

first word and always starts with a capital

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5
Q

what kingdoms comes under the domain eukarya

A

animal, plant, protists, fungi

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6
Q

what kingdoms come under archaea

A

some prokaryotes

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7
Q

what kingdoms come under bacteria

A

some prokaryotes

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8
Q

what is autotrophic and heterotrophic

A

autotrophic is when organisms make their own food whereas heterotrophic is when they consume food

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9
Q

what does parasitic mean

A

they rely on other organisms to live

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10
Q

features of prokaryotes

A

unicellular
no nucleus - loop of DNA
autotrophic and heterotrophic
no membrane bound organelles
70’s ribosomes
can be free-living or parasitic

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11
Q

features of protists

A

mostly single celled
wide variety of forms
various plant/animal like features
free-living
autotrophic and heterotrophic

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12
Q

features of fungi

A

single cells have mycelium that consists of hyphae ( root like fungus in ground)
cell made of chitin
mostly free-living and saprophytic- decays matter

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13
Q

features of plantae

A

multi-cellular
cell wall made of cellulose
contains chlorophyll
autotrophic- absorbs small molecules making them into larger molecules like glucose

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14
Q

features of Animalia

A

multi-cellular
heterotopic
motile

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15
Q

what is artificial classification and +/-

A

Artificial classification is the ordering of organisms into groups on the basis of non-evolutionary features. ( they may look the same but hasn’t evolved eg number of stamens ( produce pollen) on a plant
+- convenient, stable
– only based on a few characteristics, limited info, doesn’t reflect evolution

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16
Q

what is natural classification and +/-

A

groups together organisms based on similar inherited characteristics

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17
Q

what is homology

A

shared features inherited from a common ancestors that may not have the same function

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18
Q

what is phylogeny

A

study of evolutionary relationships between
organisms - continuous tress not taxonomical groups

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19
Q

5 things that affect evolution

A

genetic variation- mutations in genes
environment- competition
natural selection- respond
inherited- desired characteristics
evolution

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20
Q

Darwin’s observations

A

offspring are similar to parents
no individual are identical
organisms have ability to produce large numbers of offspring
population in nature remain fairly stable in size

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21
Q

Wallace’s observations

A

organisms with advantageous adaptations evolved my natural selection
geographical boundaries- mark species boundaries
organisms are best fitted for environment

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22
Q

evidence of evolution

A

fossils, comparative anatomy, comparative biochemistry

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23
Q

what is a fossil

A

mineralised/ preserved remains of an animal, plant or microorganisms

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24
Q

process of fossils

A

animal or plant dies > organisms become buried under sediment > high temp and pressure turns sediment to stone > remains dissolve and leave behind a space> minerals crystalize in space and forms cast( fossil)

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25
why are some fossil record incomplete
natural events can destroy them like volcanic eruption, earthquake, tsunami
26
what is comparative biochemistry and what does it say
studies sim/diff in proteins and other molecules that control function. -there are many amino acids but only 20 used to make proteins which is the same in all organisms -molecule of inheritance is DNA - genetic code that makes amino acids is basically the same in all organisms -ATP is universal currency for energy
27
what is the homologous structure
organisms have the same bones but they have a different function
28
what does DNA have to do with evolution
differences in sequence of DNA would be due to mutations more similar sequence of DNA- more closely related more differences- earlier evolution- less related
29
what does cytochrome c have to do with evolution
30
What is intraspecific variation
Variation between members of the same species Used to study evolution Selective breeding can increase this as leads to variations not visible in the wild Harder to identify physical differences
31
What is interspecific variation
Differences between species Used to identify different species and classify them
32
What is continuous variation
Measurable differences like height, weight Ranges between to extreme eg. Small and tall No distinction categories
33
What is discontinuous variation
Variation of one feature Not measurable District categories Controlled by single gene (monogenic) e.g. blood type
34
What are genetic causes of variation
Alleles , mutations , sexual reproduction, chance , meiosis
35
What are environmental factors effecting variation.
Climate, food, lifestyle
36
what is standard deviation and what does it tell us
spread around the mean and tells us how reliable research is by how consistent the results are. a larger spread of answers from the mean the higher the standard deviation so less reliable .
37
how do you calculate standard deviation
1- calculate the mean of the data 2- take away the mean from the data 3- square the difference 4- add all the squared differences up 5- divide by number of ppts-1 6- square root answer
38
what does spearman's rank tell us
if the answer is positive the there is a positive correlation if the answer is negative there is a negative correlation the observed value has to be greater than or equal to the critical value for it to be significant and the null hypothesis rejected
39
when do we use T-test
small sample normal distribution
40
what is an unpaired T-test
- if the sample size is different - compare means from different categories - data not linked to each other
41
what is a paired T-test
-same sample size -compare from same individuals before or after -each individual in a data set has a 'pair' of data
42
how do you calculate degrees of freedom in biology
number of pairs in condition 1 + number of pairs in condition 2 -2
43
what is an adaptation
the way a structure, function or aspect of behaviour helps an organism to survive in its environment or perform an activity
44
what is a behavioural adaptation
way an organism acts to improve its chance of survival can either be inherited or learnt e.g. survival adaptations- rabbits play dead when predator is near
45
what is physiological adaptations
processes inside organisms body that increases chance of survival e.g. poison production- venom that kills prey
46
what is anatomical adaptations
structures that increase chance of survival e.g body covering- features, scales etc.
47
what anatomical, behavioural, physiological features of marram grass
anatomical- long roots, stomata in pits behavioural- leaves roll tightly depending on water availability physiological- hinge cells allow leaf to roll
48
convergent evolution
organisms from different taxonomical groups have similar characteristics because they are adapted to their environment
49
analogous structure
different structures have the same function but are in different origins
50
what are marsupial mammals-
not in uterus for long don't develop full placenta baby born early in development and climb into pouch to attach to teat and develop with milk.
51
what are placental mammals
long gestation period develop placenta to exchange nutrients born more fully developed
52
what is antibiotic resistance
spontaneous mutation so one allele is resistant so when treated with antibiotic it will survive producing offspring.
53
what are darwins contributions
produce more offspring than ever going to survive population fluctuates but never increase or decrease significantly variation in characteristics offspring resemble parents
54
what is natural selection
process where organism is best suited for its environment to pass characteristic onto offspring.
55
2 ways bacterium gains resistance
1- genes can mutate to give form that codes for polypeptide that isn't affected by antibiotic 2- bacterium gain plasmid with gene for resistance from another bacterium
56
how does penicillin work
prevents growth of cell wall resistant bacteria has enzyme that breaks down penicillin so cell wall can build up
57
consequences of antibiotic resistance
serious concern to medical industry new antibiotics created/discovered some strains of bacteria are untreatable
58
how to reduce cases of antibiotic resistance
only prescribed when necessary ensure course is finished rotate use of antibiotics keep some as 'last resort' invest in further research
59
pesticide resistance- problems of it
can lead to bioaccumulation- kills organisms further up the food chain unbale to control insects/ pests instead use biological control- introduce new species that will either eat or scare away the pest sprayed on top of leaf so may not work if they are under leaf.
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Biology (22 decks)

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