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Biology > Mr Allsop-exchange surfaces > Flashcards

Mr Allsop-exchange surfaces Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what size cell has a larger SA:V ratio

A

smaller

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2
Q

what are villi

A

folds in intestine.

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3
Q

what does the root hair cell do

A

increases the SA of the cell which increases absorbance of nutrients.

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4
Q

what is ficks law

A

rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the surface area x concentration difference / thickness of membrane.

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5
Q

what does the trachea do

A

windpipe.
c shaped cartilage to prevent is collapsing against the trachealis muscle but allows it to expand.

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6
Q

what is the trachea lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that wafts away mucus and is one layer of long cells.

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7
Q

what is the goblet cells

A

in-between the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and releases mucus made in the Golgi apparatus.

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8
Q

how does mucus get destroyed

A

pathogens, bacteria, dust etc. gets stuck in mucus and the cilia then waft it back up towards the oesophagus where it goes to the stomach and is broken down by the strong PH hydrochloric acid.

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9
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive disease. ( non-sex chromosome) requires two recessive alleles so people can be carries ( have one dominant allele)
overproduces mucus so can’t be moved.

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10
Q

what does the trachea branch into

A

the left and right bronchi

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11
Q

what is the hilum

A

bronchi makes contact with the lung.

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12
Q

what happens to airways in bronchioles

A

they get narrower and are no longer tissue instead they are elastic tissue.

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13
Q

what do terminal bronchioles divide into

A

respiratory bronchioles are the start of respiratory zone where airs delivered to alveoli for gas exchange.

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14
Q

what is the epithelium at the start of bronchioles called and its structure.

A

simple ciliated columnar epithelium and then changes into simple cuboidal epithelium as size decreases.

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15
Q

structure of alveoli

A

moist lining that gases dissolve in, before moving across membrane by simple diffusion.
surfactant- liquid inside keeping it inflated so has a large surface area.

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16
Q

explain the process from trachea to the alveoli

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, primary bronchioles, secondary bronchioles, tertiary bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.

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17
Q

what is the squamous epithelium

A

scaled lining of alveoli.

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18
Q

what is the pleura

A

surrounds each lung with a pleura sac that contains pleural fluid to allow inner and outer walls to slide over each other during act of breathing with little friction.

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19
Q

what does the phrenic nerve do

A

autonomous nerve that causes the diaphragm to contract so moves down and out.

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20
Q

what does the external inter costal muscle do.

A

contracts causing them to elevate bending them open.

21
Q

what does internal inter costal muscle do.

A

depresses causing them to open
so it relaxes.

22
Q

what is a pressure gradient in ventilation

A

change in pressure from the thoratic cavity to the atmospheric pressure.

23
Q

explain what happens when we inhale

A

stimulation from the phrenic nerve contracts the diaphragm moving it in the inferior direction and out. this causes the external intercostal muscle to elevate bending them open by contracting them so the volume increases and therefore decreases the pressure in the thoratic cavity causing a pressure gradient where the atmospheric pressure is higher than in the thoratic cavity causing air to enter by the mouth or nose to reach equilibrium.

24
Q

where is the larynx

A

near the voice box.

25
Q

what is the pharynx

A

throat.

26
Q

what is an antagonistic muscle

A

a muscle that contracts (agonist) and one that relaxes (antagonist)
for example external inter costal muscle (contrasts) and interior costal muscle (relaxes)

27
Q

what are two factors effecting gas exchange

A

levels of activity
size of organs

28
Q

what is peak flow meter

A

small hand held device
£10-£13
measures how hard and quick you can blow air out of your lungs.
anticipates asthmatic
airways are tight and inflamed- peak flow score is lower than usual.

29
Q

what is a spirometer

A

large and full of water.
lid moves up when you breath out and down when you breath in.
attached to trace marker which works out the tidal volume which is the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle- looks like a wave

30
Q

what is a digital spirometer

A

connects to a data logger
+- expired air
– inspired air
detachable mouthpiece
nose clip- air only leaves mouth

31
Q

what is the residual volume

A

always some air in the lung as alveoli need to be inflamed.

32
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum inspiratory and expiratory volume

33
Q

what kind of circulatory system do fish have

A

single system that only goes through the heart once.

34
Q

4 stages of the circulatory system

A

heart- gills- body- heart

35
Q

operculum

A

bony flap that covers the gills.

36
Q

what’s lamellae and primary/secondary

A

where gas exchange takes place.
primary- gill filaments
secondary- folded primary lamellae that create a large SA.

37
Q

what’s the gill arch

A

where blood flows
bony
supports gills.

38
Q

what’s countercurrent flow

A

two fluids flowing in opposite directions. creates a high concentration of oxygen in water than lamellae to maximise absorption of oxygen.

39
Q

why is a fish’s circulatory system non-parallel

A

flows in opposite directions so their is always a concentration gradient so oxygen diffuses.

40
Q

buccal cavity

A

fish mouth

41
Q

opercular

A

space underneath operculum

42
Q

buccal- opercular pump

A

keeps oxygenated blood flowing over gills.

43
Q

how does ventilation and gas exchange work in fish

A

floor of mouth moves downwards so water enters
increases volume so pressure decreases
mouth closes pushing water to gills.
operculum moves outwards so water moves out.

44
Q

What type of circulatory system does insects have

A

Open circulatory as they have no blood vessels organs are bathed in haemolymph which acts as tissue fluid

45
Q

What is a spiracle

A

Respiratory opening in the exoskeleton of the thorax and abdomen of an insect.

46
Q

What is the throax known as for humans

A

The chest

47
Q

What gives the trachea support in insects

A

Polysaccharide called chitin

48
Q

What does tracheole fluid do

A

It is at the end of the trachea and when insects are active the fluid moves out of the tracheoles, exposing the surface for diffusion.

Biology (13 decks)

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