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Miss Palmer- Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need new cells

A

For growth and repair

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2
Q

What is mitosis and how many cells does it produce

A

Needed for growth and repair
Continuous process but broken down into stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Produces 2 cells

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3
Q

What is interphase/ stages and what growth stages is it broken down to

A

Period of growth and DNA replication
1-Cell prepares to divide
2- cells DNA is unravelled and replicated (doubles genetic information)
3- organelles replicated so it has a spare one and ATP content is increased(needed for process to take part)
Divided into g1,g2 and s

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4
Q

Structure of chromosomes in mitosis

A

-Made of 2 strands joined by centromere
- seperate strands called chromatids
- two strands on same chromosome called sister chromatids
There are 2 strands as an identical copy had already been made in Interphase
When mitosis is over chromatids end up in one-strand chromosomes in new daughter cells.

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5
Q

What is a centromere

A

Joins 2 strands of chromatids

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6
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One strand of the chromosome

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7
Q

What’s sister chromatid

A

2 chromatids on the same chromosome

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8
Q

What happens in the first stage of mitosis prophase

A

-Chromosomes condense (shorter and fatter)
-centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, forming protein fibres across it called a spindle
- nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie feee in cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are centrioles

A

Tiny bundles of proteins that move to opposite ends of the cell

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10
Q

What’s a spindle

A

Fibres across cell

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11
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of spindle equator and attach to spindle by their centromere
At metaphase checkpoint it checks all chromosomes are attached to spindle before mitosis can continue

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12
Q

What is the spindle equator

A

Middle of cell

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13
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Centromeres divided spreading each pair of sister chromatids
Spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends

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14
Q

What is m phase

A

A period of cell division that involves mitosis and cytokinesis

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15
Q

what happens in telophase

A

chromatids uncoil becoming long and thin making them chromosomes again.
nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

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16
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

-cytoplasm divides to form two identical daughter cells
- separate to mitosis

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17
Q

how is cytokinesis different in animals and plants

A

animals- cleavage furrow separates cytoplasm
plants- its initiated from formation of cell plates in middle of cell

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18
Q

how do we investigate mitosis

A

tips of growing roots ( mitosis responsible for growth) dipped in HCL and spread on cover slip
few drops of stain put on slip then squashed to view under microscope

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19
Q

what are sperm and egg cells know as

A

gametes

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20
Q

what is a zygote

A

when two gametes join together at fertilisation

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21
Q

what is the scientific name for the number of chromosomes a normal body cell has

A

diploid

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22
Q

what are different versions of the same gene called

A

alleles

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23
Q

what are a pair of chromosomes called

A

homologous chromosomes

24
Q

what is the scientific name for the number of chromosomes gametes have

25
what is meiosis as a definition
cell division that forms 4 genetically different gametes with a combination of chromosomes
26
what does meiosis start with
interphase where the cell unravels and replicates to produce double armed chromosomes( sister chromosomes)
27
what happens in meiosis 1
(mitosis) 2 divisions (M1 and M2) after interphase the cell enters M1 which halves the number of chromosomes
28
what happens in meiosis 2
daughter cells undergo (mitosis) again except the 4 gametes now have genetically different cells
29
what is genetic variation
differences between genetic material caused by meiosis which gives individual cells a mixture of alleles
30
what are stem cells
unspecialised cells that can differentiate into different types of cell
31
from an embryo to a human what are stem cells used for
embryo- can differentiate into any type of cell adult- stem cells in bone marrow
32
what is differentiation
stem cells divide into new cells that are specialised but can also divide into undifferentiated stem cells to then pick u[ a function
33
what is differentiation in animals
adult stem cells are used to replace damaged cells adult stem cells replace worn out blood cells
34
what is the name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
35
what is the name for white blood cells
neutrophils
36
differentiation in plants and where are stem cells found
stem cells used to make new shoots and roots found: meristem( growth), stem cells of vascular cambium divide and differentiate to become xylem and phloem sieve tubes
37
how are stem cells used in medicine
heart disease- researching if stem cells can replace damaged heart cells Alzheimer's- hoping stem cells can regrow nerve cells Parkinson's- hoping stem cells regenerate dopamine-producing cells
38
what is a specialised cell
when cells differentiate they have a specific function with a structure adapted to perform function
39
how are erythrocytes specialised
carry oxygen in blood biconcave- large SA for gas exchange so can carry more oxygen no nucleus- more room for haemoglobin ( protein carries oxygen)
40
how are neutrophils specialised
defends body against disease flexible shape- allows them to engulf pathogens many lysosomes in cytoplasm- contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles
41
what is a pathogen
virus, fungi, protist, bacteria
42
how are epithelial cells specialised
cover surface of organs joined by interlinking membranes ciliated epithelial cells- waft mucus small intestine- creates large SA for more nutrients to be absorbed squamous epithelium- thin to allow for efficient exchange of gases
43
how are sperm cells specialised
lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim acrosome- digestive enzyme to penetrate surface of egg flagellum- helps swim to egg
44
how are palisade mesophyll specialised
where photosynthesis occurs contains many chloroplast- absorb sunlight thin walls so carbon dioxide can diffuse easily into cells
45
how are root hair cells specialised
absorb water and mineral ions from soil large SA for absorption thin permeable cell wall - entry of water and ions cytoplasm with extra mitochondria for active transport
46
how are guard cells specialised
in pairs with a gap in the middle for stomata to open/ close in light guard cells take up water and become turgid thin outer wall and thick inner wall to bend open.
47
what is tissue
group of cells that are specialised to work together to carry out a particular function can contain more than one type of cell type
48
what is squamous epithelium tissue and where is it found
thin layer of cells that allow for affective gas exchange, found in alveoli in lungs.
49
what is ciliated epithelium and where is it found
layer of cells covered by cilia found on surface of things that need to be moved e.g. trachea
50
what is muscle tissue and 3 different types
bundles of elongated cells called muscle fibres types: smooth- found in stomach cardiac- found in heart skeletal- used to move
51
what is cartilage, where is it found and how is it formed
type of connective tissue found in joints. it shapes and supports ear, nose and windpipe formed when cells chondroblasts secrete an extra cellular matrix, which they become trapped inside.
52
what is the xylem
transports water around the plant and supports plant (goes up stem) hollow xylem vessel, dead and living parenchyma cells ( fills gaps between vessels
53
phloem
transports sucrose and mineral arranged in tubes ,made of sieve cells, companion cells, and ordinary plant cells each sieve tube has sieve plates with holes allowing for sap to pass through
54
what are organs and some example's
group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function e.g. lungs- gas exchange blood cells-elastic connective tissue and vascular tissue
55
what are plant organs
leaf which carries out exchange and photosynthesis which contains palisade, epidermal, xylem/phloem tissue.
56
what is an organ system
organs that work together to from systems that have a particular function e.g. respiratory system- made of all organs, tissues and cells involved in gas exchange circulatory system- made of organs in blood- heart, veins, arteries and capillaries

Biology (22 decks)

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