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Biology > Miss Palmer- Cell Division > Flashcards

Miss Palmer- Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we need new cells

A

For growth and repair

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2
Q

What is mitosis and how many cells does it produce

A

Needed for growth and repair
Continuous process but broken down into stages (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
Produces 2 cells

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3
Q

What is interphase/ stages and what growth stages is it broken down to

A

Period of growth and DNA replication
1-Cell prepares to divide
2- cells DNA is unravelled and replicated (doubles genetic information)
3- organelles replicated so it has a spare one and ATP content is increased(needed for process to take part)
Divided into g1,g2 and s

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4
Q

Structure of chromosomes in mitosis

A

-Made of 2 strands joined by centromere
- seperate strands called chromatids
- two strands on same chromosome called sister chromatids
There are 2 strands as an identical copy had already been made in Interphase
When mitosis is over chromatids end up in one-strand chromosomes in new daughter cells.

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5
Q

What is a centromere

A

Joins 2 strands of chromatids

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6
Q

What is a chromatid

A

One strand of the chromosome

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7
Q

What’s sister chromatid

A

2 chromatids on the same chromosome

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8
Q

What happens in the first stage of mitosis prophase

A

-Chromosomes condense (shorter and fatter)
-centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, forming protein fibres across it called a spindle
- nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie feee in cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are centrioles

A

Tiny bundles of proteins that move to opposite ends of the cell

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10
Q

What’s a spindle

A

Fibres across cell

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11
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of spindle equator and attach to spindle by their centromere
At metaphase checkpoint it checks all chromosomes are attached to spindle before mitosis can continue

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12
Q

What is the spindle equator

A

Middle of cell

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13
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Centromeres divided spreading each pair of sister chromatids
Spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends

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14
Q

What is m phase

A

A period of cell division that involves mitosis and cytokinesis

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15
Q

what happens in telophase

A

chromatids uncoil becoming long and thin making them chromosomes again.
nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes

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16
Q

what happens in cytokinesis

A

-cytoplasm divides to form two identical daughter cells
- separate to mitosis

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17
Q

how is cytokinesis different in animals and plants

A

animals- cleavage furrow separates cytoplasm
plants- its initiated from formation of cell plates in middle of cell

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18
Q

how do we investigate mitosis

A

tips of growing roots ( mitosis responsible for growth) dipped in HCL and spread on cover slip
few drops of stain put on slip then squashed to view under microscope

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19
Q

what are sperm and egg cells know as

A

gametes

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20
Q

what is a zygote

A

when two gametes join together at fertilisation

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21
Q

what is the scientific name for the number of chromosomes a normal body cell has

A

diploid

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22
Q

what are different versions of the same gene called

A

alleles

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23
Q

what are a pair of chromosomes called

A

homologous chromosomes

24
Q

what is the scientific name for the number of chromosomes gametes have

A

haploid

25
Q

what is meiosis as a definition

A

cell division that forms 4 genetically different gametes with a combination of chromosomes

26
Q

what does meiosis start with

A

interphase where the cell unravels and replicates to produce double armed chromosomes( sister chromosomes)

27
Q

what happens in meiosis 1

A

(mitosis)
2 divisions (M1 and M2)
after interphase the cell enters M1 which halves the number of chromosomes

28
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

daughter cells undergo (mitosis) again except the 4 gametes now have genetically different cells

29
Q

what is genetic variation

A

differences between genetic material caused by meiosis which gives individual cells a mixture of alleles

30
Q

what are stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that can differentiate into different types of cell

31
Q

from an embryo to a human what are stem cells used for

A

embryo- can differentiate into any type of cell
adult- stem cells in bone marrow

32
Q

what is differentiation

A

stem cells divide into new cells that are specialised but can also divide into undifferentiated stem cells to then pick u[ a function

33
Q

what is differentiation in animals

A

adult stem cells are used to replace damaged cells
adult stem cells replace worn out blood cells

34
Q

what is the name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

35
Q

what is the name for white blood cells

A

neutrophils

36
Q

differentiation in plants and where are stem cells found

A

stem cells used to make new shoots and roots
found: meristem( growth), stem cells of vascular cambium divide and differentiate to become xylem and phloem sieve tubes

37
Q

how are stem cells used in medicine

A

heart disease- researching if stem cells can replace damaged heart cells
Alzheimer’s- hoping stem cells can regrow nerve cells
Parkinson’s- hoping stem cells regenerate dopamine-producing cells

38
Q

what is a specialised cell

A

when cells differentiate they have a specific function with a structure adapted to perform function

39
Q

how are erythrocytes specialised

A

carry oxygen in blood
biconcave- large SA for gas exchange so can carry more oxygen
no nucleus- more room for haemoglobin ( protein carries oxygen)

40
Q

how are neutrophils specialised

A

defends body against disease
flexible shape- allows them to engulf pathogens
many lysosomes in cytoplasm- contain digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles

41
Q

what is a pathogen

A

virus, fungi, protist, bacteria

42
Q

how are epithelial cells specialised

A

cover surface of organs joined by interlinking membranes
ciliated epithelial cells- waft mucus
small intestine- creates large SA for more nutrients to be absorbed
squamous epithelium- thin to allow for efficient exchange of gases

43
Q

how are sperm cells specialised

A

lots of mitochondria to provide energy to swim
acrosome- digestive enzyme to penetrate surface of egg
flagellum- helps swim to egg

44
Q

how are palisade mesophyll specialised

A

where photosynthesis occurs
contains many chloroplast- absorb sunlight
thin walls so carbon dioxide can diffuse easily into cells

45
Q

how are root hair cells specialised

A

absorb water and mineral ions from soil
large SA for absorption
thin permeable cell wall - entry of water and ions
cytoplasm with extra mitochondria for active transport

46
Q

how are guard cells specialised

A

in pairs with a gap in the middle for stomata to open/ close
in light guard cells take up water and become turgid
thin outer wall and thick inner wall to bend open.

47
Q

what is tissue

A

group of cells that are specialised to work together to carry out a particular function
can contain more than one type of cell type

48
Q

what is squamous epithelium tissue and where is it found

A

thin layer of cells that allow for affective gas exchange, found in alveoli in lungs.

49
Q

what is ciliated epithelium and where is it found

A

layer of cells covered by cilia
found on surface of things that need to be moved e.g. trachea

50
Q

what is muscle tissue and 3 different types

A

bundles of elongated cells called muscle fibres
types:
smooth- found in stomach
cardiac- found in heart
skeletal- used to move

51
Q

what is cartilage, where is it found and how is it formed

A

type of connective tissue found in joints.
it shapes and supports ear, nose and windpipe
formed when cells chondroblasts secrete an extra cellular matrix, which they become trapped inside.

52
Q

what is the xylem

A

transports water around the plant and supports plant (goes up stem)
hollow xylem vessel, dead and living parenchyma cells ( fills gaps between vessels

53
Q

phloem

A

transports sucrose and mineral
arranged in tubes ,made of sieve
cells, companion cells, and ordinary plant cells
each sieve tube has sieve plates with holes allowing for sap to pass through

54
Q

what are organs and some example’s

A

group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
e.g. lungs- gas exchange
blood cells-elastic connective tissue and vascular tissue

55
Q

what are plant organs

A

leaf which carries out exchange and photosynthesis which contains palisade, epidermal, xylem/phloem tissue.

56
Q

what is an organ system

A

organs that work together to from systems that have a particular function
e.g. respiratory system- made of all organs, tissues and cells involved in gas exchange
circulatory system- made of organs in blood- heart, veins, arteries and capillaries

Biology (15 decks)

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