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Biology > Mr Allsop- Neuronal communication > Flashcards

Mr Allsop- Neuronal communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively constant conditions inside the body

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2
Q

what are some internal environmental factors

A

blood PH
blood Temp
water potential
blood glucose- too high- organ failure
too low- unconsciousness

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3
Q

what are some external environmental factors

A

temperature, light, humidity, soil PH, loud noises , water

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4
Q

what are 2 ways animals respond to changes

A

electrical responses ( via neurons)
chemical responses (via hormones)

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5
Q

how are hormones transported in the blood

A

blood as they are transported long distance

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6
Q

what do glycoproteins do

A

cell adhesion, receptors for signalling

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7
Q

what does a sensory neurone do

A

transmits electrical impulse from a receptor cell to a relay neurone, motor neurone or brain.

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8
Q

what are dendrites

A

connect to receptor cells to send impulse to dendron

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9
Q

what are the features of a sensory neurone

A

dendrites, dendron, cell body, myelin sheath, axon, axon terminals, node of Ranvier

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10
Q

what does a dendron do

A

carries impulse towards cell body

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11
Q

what does myelin sheath do

A

insulates axon/dendron so impulse bounces to the nodes of Ranvier increasing neurotransmission speed.

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12
Q

what does the axon do

A

carries the impulse away from cell body

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13
Q

what does a motor neurone do and how does it differ from a sensory neurone

A

transmits impulses from relay or sensory neurone to an effector such as muscle or gland
no dendron only dendrites, cell body isn’t central it is on left.

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14
Q

what do axon terminals do

A

connect to dendrites of other neurones

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15
Q

what does relay neurone do and how is the structure different

A

transmits impulse between neurones by connecting sensory and motor neurone
has multiple axons and dendrites which look the same
circular

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16
Q

what are Schwann cells

A

type of glia cell which supports the roll of neurones
produces layers if plasma membrane around axon called myelin sheath

17
Q

what is saltory conduction

A

signals jump form node to node to increase neurotransmission speed

18
Q

what is sclerosis

A

myelin sheath gets destroyed which reduces neurotransmission speed so axon potential takes a long time to travel through

19
Q

what is the function of Pacinian corpuscle (skin) and where is it located

A

sensory receptor for mechanoreceptors ( stimulus of pressure/movement deep in skin of fingers and soles of feet

20
Q

what is a transducer

A

converts a stimulus to an action potential which creates a response

21
Q

explain to process from stimulus to response

A

pressure is applied to sesnory receptor which opens stretch mediated sodium channels increasing the volatge inside receptor known as depolarisation. this initiates a genrator potential which is turned into a action potential.

22
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

-70MV

23
Q

exaplain nervous transmission

A

sodium-potassium pump, pumps in 2 potassium for every 3 sodium pumped out.
the increase in positive charge outside causes electrochemical gradient which makes sodium have a tendency to re-enter but cannot as sodium channels are gated. however potassium channels are open causing them to diffuse out. this then takes the resting membrane potential back to -70mv

24
Q

what is meant by propagation of an action potential

A

axon potential starts at one end of the neurone and is propagated (passed on) to other end by the depolarisation at one region acting as stimulus for depolarisation of next region

25
Q

explain how the propagation of action potential

A

-70mv is resting potential
some sodium gated channels open causing depolarisation and increase in positive charge in membrane.
at peak of positive charge is when the action potential is fired
at 40MV voltage gated channels close, potassium channels open
causing inside of membrane to loose lots of potassium and sodium (hyperpolarisation) which prevents the constant firing of axon potentials
potassium gates close causing resting membrane to return to -70mv

26
Q

what is the refractory period

A

axon potential fired but short period of time when axon cannot be excited again; the voltage- gated sodium ion channels remain closed, to ensure it is propagated uni-directional and doesn’t constantly fire

27
Q

what is myelination

A

myelination is the process of specialised cells called Schwann cells produce layers of membrane around axon forming myelin sheath. Between them is a small gap called node of Ranvier which allows for electrical impulse to jump to each gap, increasing electrochemical impulse speed.

28
Q

what are synapses

A

junction between 2 neurones (or neurone and effector)

29
Q

what is the function of synapses

A

ensure impulse travels uni-directional
impulses from one neurone to many others
allows impulses from many neurones to be transmitted to one

30
Q

what are the key features of a synapse

A

pre-synaptic neurone
post-synaptic neurone
synaptic cleft
synaptic knob
synaptic vesicle
receptors

31
Q

explain the process of synaptic transmission with neurotransmitter acetylcholine alevel standard

A

action potential travels along the synaptic knob, this causes the voltage gated calcium channels to open creating influx of calcium which triggers the vesicles to fuse to pre-synaptic neurone and release acetylcholine across synaptic cleft to diffuse across and bind to receptors on post-synaptic neurone which triggers sodium gated channels to open, creating influx of sodium which depolarises post-synaptic neurone causing impulse to travel.

32
Q

what is the function of acetylcholinesterase

A

breaks down acetylcholine bound to receptors into chlorine and acetyl which diffuses back into pre-synaptic neurone where the ATP from mitochondria repackages back together

33
Q

what are excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

excitatory- neurotransmitters that result in depolarisation of post-synaptic neurones so generate action potential
inhibitory- neurotransmitters that result in hyperpolarisation which stops action potential from being fired e.g GABA

34
Q

what is temporal summation

A

one pre-synaptic neurone constantly fires neurotransmitters to meet threshold

35
Q
A
36
Q

what is spatial summation

A

multiple pre-synaptic neurones give their neurotransmitters to meet threshold to generate action potential

Biology (13 decks)

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