Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Mr Allsop- Neuronal communication > Flashcards

Mr Allsop- Neuronal communication Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively constant conditions inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are some internal environmental factors

A

blood PH
blood Temp
water potential
blood glucose- too high- organ failure
too low- unconsciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some external environmental factors

A

temperature, light, humidity, soil PH, loud noises , water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 2 ways animals respond to changes

A

electrical responses ( via neurons)
chemical responses (via hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are hormones transported in the blood

A

blood as they are transported long distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do glycoproteins do

A

cell adhesion, receptors for signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does a sensory neurone do

A

transmits electrical impulse from a receptor cell to a relay neurone, motor neurone or brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are dendrites

A

connect to receptor cells to send impulse to dendron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the features of a sensory neurone

A

dendrites, dendron, cell body, myelin sheath, axon, axon terminals, node of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does a dendron do

A

carries impulse towards cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does myelin sheath do

A

insulates axon/dendron so impulse bounces to the nodes of Ranvier increasing neurotransmission speed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the axon do

A

carries the impulse away from cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does a motor neurone do and how does it differ from a sensory neurone

A

transmits impulses from relay or sensory neurone to an effector such as muscle or gland
no dendron only dendrites, cell body isn’t central it is on left.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do axon terminals do

A

connect to dendrites of other neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does relay neurone do and how is the structure different

A

transmits impulse between neurones by connecting sensory and motor neurone
has multiple axons. axon terminals and dendrites which look the same
circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are Schwann cells

A

type of glia cell which supports the roll of neurones
produces layers if plasma membrane around axon called myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is saltory conduction

A

signals jump form node to node to increase neurotransmission speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is sclerosis

A

myelin sheath gets destroyed which reduces neurotransmission speed so axon potential takes a long time to travel through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of Pacinian corpuscle (skin) and where is it located

A

sensory receptor for mechanoreceptors ( stimulus of pressure/movement deep in skin of fingers and soles of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a transducer

A

converts a stimulus to an action potential which creates a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain to process from stimulus to response

A

pressure is applied to sesnory receptor which opens stretch mediated sodium channels increasing the volatge inside receptor known as depolarisation. this initiates a genrator potential which is turned into a action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is resting membrane potential

A

-70MV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

exaplain nervous transmission

A

sodium-potassium pump, pumps in 2 potassium for every 3 sodium pumped out.
the increase in positive charge outside causes electrochemical gradient which makes sodium have a tendency to re-enter but cannot as sodium channels are gated. however potassium channels are open causing them to diffuse out. this then takes the resting membrane potential back to -70mv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is meant by propagation of an action potential

A

axon potential starts at one end of the neurone and is propagated (passed on) to other end by the depolarisation at one region acting as stimulus for depolarisation of next region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
explain how the propagation of action potential
-70mv is resting potential some sodium gated channels open causing depolarisation and increase in positive charge in membrane. at peak of positive charge is when the action potential is fired at 40MV voltage gated channels close, potassium channels open causing inside of membrane to loose lots of potassium and sodium (hyperpolarisation) which prevents the constant firing of axon potentials potassium gates close causing resting membrane to return to -70mv
26
what is the refractory period
axon potential fired but short period of time when axon cannot be excited again; the voltage- gated sodium ion channels remain closed, to ensure it is propagated uni-directional and doesn't constantly fire
27
what is myelination
myelination is the process of specialised cells called Schwann cells produce layers of membrane around axon forming myelin sheath. Between them is a small gap called node of Ranvier which allows for electrical impulse to jump to each gap, increasing electrochemical impulse speed.
28
what are synapses
junction between 2 neurones (or neurone and effector)
29
what is the function of synapses
ensure impulse travels uni-directional impulses from one neurone to many others allows impulses from many neurones to be transmitted to one
30
what are the key features of a synapse
pre-synaptic neurone post-synaptic neurone synaptic cleft synaptic knob synaptic vesicle receptors
31
explain the process of synaptic transmission with neurotransmitter acetylcholine alevel standard
action potential travels along the synaptic knob, this causes the voltage gated calcium channels to open creating influx of calcium which triggers the vesicles to fuse to pre-synaptic neurone and release acetylcholine across synaptic cleft to diffuse across and bind to receptors on post-synaptic neurone which triggers sodium gated channels to open, creating influx of sodium which depolarises post-synaptic neurone causing impulse to travel.
32
what is the function of acetylcholinesterase
breaks down acetylcholine bound to receptors into chlorine and acetyl which diffuses back into pre-synaptic neurone where the ATP from mitochondria repackages back together
33
what are excitatory vs inhibitory neurotransmitters
excitatory- neurotransmitters that result in depolarisation of post-synaptic neurones so generate action potential inhibitory- neurotransmitters that result in hyperpolarisation which stops action potential from being fired e.g GABA
34
what is temporal summation
one pre-synaptic neurone constantly fires neurotransmitters to meet threshold
35
36
what is spatial summation
multiple pre-synaptic neurones give their neurotransmitters to meet threshold to generate action potential
37
what features are part of the central nervous system
brain, spinal chord, relay neurone
38
what are the features of peripheral nervous system
sensory, motor and Pacinian corpuscle
39
what are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic
40
what is a somatic response and examples
conscious- movement, speech
41
what is the autonomic response and examples
subconscious- frees up higher order thinking breathing, heart rate, salivating, cough, sickness, excretion
42
what are the two pathways an autonomic response can take and neurotransmitters responsible
sympathetic- 'fight or flight' noradrenaline (increases heart rate) parasympathetic- relaxing responses but can increase/decrease some factors acetylcholine (decreases heart rate)
43
what is the cerebrum responsible for
controls voluntary actions- split into two hemispheres that communicate impulses from opposite side via corpus callosum
44
what is frontal lobe responsible for
problem solving, decision making, personality, memory, language
45
what is the parietal lobe responsible for
integrating sensory info
46
what is the temporal lobe responsible for
listening, speech, emotion
47
what is the occipital lobe responsible for
visual processing
48
what is the cerebellum responsible for
muscular movement, posture and balance doesn't initiate movement- coordinates it
49
what is the medulla oblongata responsible for
controls reflex activities such as heart rate, breathing rate, swallowing, coughing
50
what are the two endocrine glands and what are they responsible for
hypothalamus- main control centre of hormones + homeostasis controls pituitary gland pituitary gland= anterior(front)- secretes hormone posterior- stores hormones
51
what is a reflex
involuntary responses to a sensory stimuluz
52
what is the purpose of reflexes
avoid body being harmed leaves brain to deal with more complex responses - prevents overloading brain doesn't have to be learn'- immediate protection from birth very fast everyday reflexes- keeps us alive
53
explain the knee jerk
patella is hit, patella tendon stretches quadriceps which is detected by muscle spindles which stimulates sensory neurones which travel to spinal chord to synapse with motor neurones antagonist- when quadriceps contract, relay neurone causes hamstring to relax
54
explain the reflex blinking
stimulus in cornea triggers impulse- impulse sent along sensory neurone (trigeminal nerve) to relay neurone in lower brain stem, then along motor neurone to close eyes ( cranial nerve)
55
explain voluntary muscles
skeletal- attach to tendons make up bulk of muscle tissue regulary arranged to contract in 1 direction
56
what are the two involuntary muscles
smooth muscle and cardiac muscles
57
explain structure and function of smooth muscle
make walls of hallow organs peristalsis - contract to move food down oesophagus for example no regular arrangement so can contract in different directions- non-striated - fibres are spindle shaped- multinucleated
58
explain structure and function of cardiac muscles
myogenic- contract without need for nervous stimulation are striated but are fainter than skeletal muscles - branched and uninucleated
59
what is meant by the rope analogy of muscles
rope- muscle string- muscle fibre threads- myofibrils
60
what is the prefix for muscle
sarco
61
what is the sarcolemma
specialised membrane for contraction of muscle fibres
62
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
generates calcium ions
63
what are T tubules
extends inwards as extension of sarcolemma- extends into middle of cell to allow all of calcium ions to depolarise simultaneously
64
what are myofibrils
cylindrical organelle made of protein for specialised contraction
65
what are the two types of protein present in myofibrils
actin- thinner - two strands of fibre rapped round each other myosin- thicker filament- long rod shaped fibres with bulbous heads
66
explain what is a sarcomere
functional region of myofibril by contracting when muscle contracts
67
what is meant by the Z line of sarcomere
end of structure that moves closer together when muscle contracts
68
what is the light band of sarcomere
only actin is present in this region as it is a thinner protein ( next to z line )
69
what is the dark band of sarcomere
area where both myosin and actin are present (middle section)
70
what is the H zone
area where only myosin is present - reduces in size when sarcomere contracts-less darker zone of dark band
71
what is meant by fast twitch fibres
quick burst of energy that runs out quickly for example sprinter- increased size of fast twitch fibres
72
what is meant by slow twitch fibres
remains small but contracts slowly over long period of time for example marathon runner
73
how can slow twitch/fast twitch fibres be seen as genetically based or environmentally based
training muscles for example at the gym can increase size of fast twitch fibres genetics- most people are born with around 50/50 fast and slow twitch fibres but some athletes may be born with more of one than the other
74
what is creatine phosphate and how does it work in relation to fast twitch fibre
used to turn ADP-ATP to prolong energy - anaerobic as when no oxygen ATP still needs to be produced
75
what is mean by the sliding filament model
in order to contract the sarcomere the actin and myosin must slide over each other
76
what is tropomyosin
covers binding site at resting state (coil like)
77
what is the tropin
keeps tropomyosin in place
78
what the structure of myosin
bulbous head- ADP attached
79
explain the sliding filament model
1-action potential depolarises sarcoplasmic reticulum which causes ca+ ions to open binding them to tropism 2- this causes conformational change which moves tropomyosin out of the way of binding site on actin 3- the bulbous head of myosin binds to actin creating another conformational change causing head to flex pulling actin along and releasing ADP 4- ATP binds to myosin removing head from binding site 5- ca2+ binds to bulbous head activating ATPase to hydrolyse ADP+PI- this energy returns it to unflexed shape
80

Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions