Movements Flashcards
City Beautiful Movement
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, U.S. cities were becoming places that had severe poverty, crime, and blight. At the time, there was a movement to address these issues through the expression of moral and civic virtues. Daniel Burnham was a leader in promoting this movement. City Beautiful leaders believed that creating a beautiful city would inspire residents to lead virtuous lives.
White City
City Beautiful Movement. The first model civic center, created by Daniel Burnham in Chicago for the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893.
The McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C.
City Beautiful Movement. Sought to resurrect L’Enfant’s 1791 Plan for Washington and restore the city to civic greatness.
Garden City Movement Book
1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. This book was later reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. It explained the principles behind Garden City.
Garden City Movement Principles
Self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres.
A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas.
Garden City was intended to bring about economic and social reform. Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
Letchworth
1903, Garden City. This was the first English city of its kind, and it was influential to the New Town Movement in the U.S.
Sunnyside Gardens, New York
1922, the first EFFORT at building a Garden City. A total of 77 acres in Queens was purchased and Clarence Stein devised a plan for 1,202 housing units.
Radburn, New Jersey
1928, the construction of the first American Garden City in Radburn, New Jersey began, designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright.
City Efficient, aka City Functional or City Scientific
A reaction against the City Beautiful movement, which was seen as overly focused on beauty and not sufficiently concerned with matters of function and efficiency. The City Beautiful movement was openly denounced at the first planning conference in 1909.
Focused on efficiency = land use segregation, prioritizing cars, concerded with lowering congestion and stimulating commericalization
Resettlement Administration
President Roosevelt established in 1935, during the Great Depression. This agency was responsible for the Greenbelt Towns Program
The Green Towns program
Developed three cities based on Howard’s ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland.
Park Forest, Illinois
Also following World War II it was developed as a New Town.
Failure of Garden Cities
Most lacked industry and true city centers and, in the end, most became residential suburbs.
Broadacre City
Frank Lloyd Wright 1932. Low density community is that each family would be given one acre of land and the surrounding community would have some office and apartments as well as a train station. The automobile would be dominant form of transportation.
New towns
Planned communities developed after World War II with focus of moving the population away from the City into at new town. Ex. Reston, VA and Columbia, Maryland.
Smart Growth
Development that compact and has mix uses to prevent sprawl and encourage sustainability.
Edge Cities
Primary residential or agriculture area before but have developed into areas with more businesses and jobs than residents.
Radiant City
Le Corbusier. envisioned superblocks and delineated between different uses such as housing, factories, and businesses.
Back to the City Movement
1950’s-60s urban areas began to see population decline a people, mainly middle class, moved to suburbs but in the 2000 the number of upper income people moved back into the city or core areas have increased rapidly.
Sustainability
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
New Urbanism
walkable neighborhoods, interconnected land uses, sustainability, and creating a sense of place.
Ex Seaside ,Fl
The great society
President Lyndon Johnson. programs that focused on eliminating poverty and racial injustices. Programs address education, poverty, and transportation.
