AICP Deck 2 Flashcards
What year were generation y or millenials born>
1977-2000
1972 Coastal Zone Management Act
Administered at federal level by NOAA. Applies to coastal or Great Lakes states. States develop coastal mgt programs to meet minimum fedeal standards - identify ways to control land use and protect coastal environment (State, Regional)
A Planning Director sets up an executive meeting with the Planning Commission and Council prior to public to participate in a comp plan update. The City Attorney informs the Director that an executive session is a violation of state law. Why?
The procedure is a violation of Due process
Community Development Goals
Facilitate local economic growth. Improve community by changing physical design. Provide variety of services for local needs.
What is a location quotient?
The location quotient is the ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other level of government). A location quotient of < 1 indicates an import econ. If the quotient is > 1 then the area is an export econ.
Trade Bloc
A large free trade area formed by one or more tax, tariff and trade agreements. Typically trade pacts that define such a bloc specify formal adjudication bodies, e.g. NAFTA trade panels. This may include even a more democratic and particip
first skyscraper
chicago 1885
What is mitigation plannings focus?
reducing the likelihood of a natural hazard resulting in loss
What is the purpose of discretionary approval?
to allow for citizen-based public evaluation of project quality & to ensure the ability of the city to approve, conditionally approve, or deny a project
Forest Management Act,
1897 allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. the regulated harvesting of timber, mining of mineral resources, and use of water on forest reservations may be permitted by the Secretary of the Interior.
The Sierra Club was founded in:
- The Sierra Club is an environmental organization in the United States. It was founded San Francisco, California, by the Scottish-American preservationist John Muir, who became its first president.
The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year (gross domestic product) plus income that residents have received from abroad, minus income claimed by nonresidents.
Gross National Product
Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association)
1938, Created to purchase National Housing Administration (FHA) loans. Today also purchases conventional mortgages. Publicly traded corporation
First Major Shopping Center
Northland, near Detroit, 1954
1879, NYC Tenement House Law
Address light, air, and sanitary conditions. Reqd narrow airshaft between adjacent buildings and 2 toilets/floor
Welch v. Swasey 1909
The Court established the right of municipalities to regulate building height.
“What case established the ““permanent physical presence”” test for a regulatory taking?”
1982, Loretto v. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp.
Shift share technique
An projection for employment / population that takes into account the shift/movement of jobs & people from or to a community
Who is associated with incremental planning?
“Lindblom, wrote ““Muddling Through”””
This occurs when a state coordinates transportation and infrastructure planning with other types of planning (growth, education)
Concurrency
Consensus Buildng
effective with many groups ivolving multiple, complex issues.
Allen Jacobs
1985, Making City Planning Work. 1995, Great Streets.
Theory of Supply and Demand
Look for intersection of supply curve with demand curve to determine point of equilibrium.
Landsat 1972
Landsat is the longest running enterprise for acquisition of imagery of Earth from space.
Religious Land Use and Institutional Persons Act
“2000 (RLUIPA) ““No gov’t shall impose or implement a LU regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious ex. of a person, including a religous assmbly or inst., unless the gov’t demonstrates that imposition of the burden on person”
Who founded the American City Planning Institute, and when?
Olmstead, Jr
UrbanSim
Software-based simulation system for supporting planning and analysis of urban development, incorporating the interactions between land use, transportation, the economy, and the environment.
Young v. American Mini Theaters, Inc.; U.S. Supreme Court (1976)
The Court upheld a zoning scheme that decentralized sexually oriented businesses in Detroit
EIS Key Questions
Purpose and Need, Affected Environment, Range of Alternatives, analysis of the environmental impacts
Goal
A general statement that may not be realized, but is something towards which to strive.
Resettlement Administration
- used New Deal funds to develop new towns
Environmental Assessment does not include
Scoping (an EIS does)
Hybrid Center
aka Lifestyle Center with big box retail attached.
Regional Plan for New York City and Its Environs (1929)
Included explanation by Clarence Perry of neighborhood unit concept
Variance
The average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.
Satisficing
is a decision-making strategy which attempts to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than to identify an optimal solution
You are a planner in a medium sized city. You have been accused of a violation of the AICP Code of ethics. You may be disciplined by a majority vote of which of the following?
After review by the Ethics Officer the Ethics Committee can be convened to make a decision.
NOT an advantage of a mail survey
High Response Rate
The Housing Act of 1954 created what?
Funds for urban renewal.
Emergency Housing Act 1975
authorized HUD to provide short-term assistance to help defray mortgage payments for persons temporarily unemployed or underemployed as the result of poor economic conditions.
What is the symptomatic method used for?
Estimating current population (not forecasting)
Carrying capacity
Ian McHarg’s wrote extensively about the design of cities with the intention of examining issues such as the carrying capacity of parks to support a community
What is a measure of the organic material that can be readily oxidized through microbial decomposition, consuming oxygen dissolved in water ?
BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand)
What are the major steps of mitigation planning?
1.id locations most at rick 2.degree to which pop. is exposed & potential effects 3.id mitigation strategies to reduce negative impacts of likely hazards
What natural resource does an underground injection well most threaten?
Drinking water supplies/groundwater
The industry classification system that replaced the SIC system is the __________________.
North American Industry Classification System
Donald Shoup, in his 2005 book The High Cost of Free Parking, estimates that what percentage of parking in the U.S. is free?
99.00%
What was the significance of 1980, Agins v. Tiburon?
U.S. Supreme Court: Governmental action was not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate government interest; downzoning to preserve open space did not result in a taking of property
UGB
Urban Growth Boundary is the most effective method for preventing development in specified geographic areas.
The Indian Reorganization Act provide for?
Organization of Native Americans and adoption of constitutions. The 1934 Act allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare
Business Incubators
Dedicated facilities to support start-ups; professional advice, technology, admin staff, promotion
TEA-21
The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century was enacted June 9, 1998
John Wesley Powell (1834-1902) 2nd USGS director
Champion of conservation and preservation, believing American’s needed to maximize and make the best use of resources. He led the first exploration of the Upper Colorado River and the Grand Canyon
What type of land accounts for about 2/3 of the privately held lands in the US?
Agricultural
When was the first issue of City Planning published
In 1925, the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.
1935 Soil Conservation Act
Administered by USDA. Created Soil Conservation Service (now NRCS). made prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.
Denver’s Parks and Railways System 1906
Charles Mulford Robinson and George Kessler designed Denver’s parks and parkway’s system.
Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA)
Defined by the US Office and Budget to provide data description for areas where there is a core area with at least 10,000 people that when combined with other adjacent communities is socially and economically integrated.
What land use maps are included in a comprehensive plan?
Current land use map an future land use map (basis for zoning map)
Chi Square
non-parametric test statistic that provides a measure of the amount of difference between two frequency distributions. Chi Square is commonly used for probability distributions in inferential statistics.
Enterprise fund
Established to manage the revenues and expenditures of a golf course
What household type makes the most number of trips? The fewest?
Most–single fam home; Least–retirement homes
Regional transportation planning is common today, but first got its start with …
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
linear method
Pop Estimate. Uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population.
Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe
Developed the Cincinnati Plan 1925. First comp plan ever
How many acres of national forest in the U.S.?
191 million acres
Electronic surveys
Growing in popularity. Administered on web or via e-mail. Inexpensive method that can generate quick responses. This method has a higher response rate than written or interview surveys. Downside will not reach people w/o Internet access.
GANTT
is a popular type of bar chart that illustrates a project schedule
Rational Planning Model
Set Goals, Determine Alternatives, Evaluate Alternative, Choose Alternative, Implement, Evaluate
What is a marsh?
Type of wetland that does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000
that no government may implement land use regulation in a manner that imposes substantial burden on the religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that imposition of burden both is in furtherance of compelling government interst
Standard Error
standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Provided for the rectangular land survey of the NW Territory
Housing and Home Finance Agency 1947
All federal housing programs were consolidated under this agency, the predecessor to HUD.
Who is Sal Alinsky?
Authored Rules for Radicals, known for his advocacy planning.
What year was the National Environmental Policy Act adopted?
1969
Plural Planning
Multiple plans prepared by different groups in order to achieve the best result for all. Paul Davidoff. Associated with Advocacy Planning
Effluent Standards
set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. Effluent guidelines reduce the discharge of pollutants that have serious environmental impacts. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories.
4 Steps of Hazard Mitigation Planning
1) Mitigation planning, to minimize damage; 2) Preparation planning; 3) Response planning; 4) Recovery planning
Who drafted the first zoning ordinance?
Edward Bassett
National Env Policy Act 1970 - Section 101
Basic substantive policy - use all practicable means to avoid env degradation, preserve resrouces and promote beneficial use to FULLEST EXTENT POSSIBLE (Regional)
What is ordinal measurement of central tendency
has values that are ordered so that inferences can be made regarding magnitude but which have no fixed interval between values. Educational attainment or a letter grade on a test would be examples. Other example: AICP exam
What is the purpose of UGB?
contains growth within certain areas & to maintain rural lands outsidee of boundary
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) fulfills the goals and objectives of what federal program?
NEPA (1969)
Consensus Planning
Consensus decision-making is a group decision making process that not only seeks the agreement of most participants, but also to resolve or mitigate the objections of the minority to achieve the most agreeable decision.
How much energy can be saved by lowering thermostat by 1 degree?
1 to 3 percent
Civic entrepreneurialism
Emphasizes role of local govt, community organizations, and private secotr in aconomid development process. Local govt plays cetnral hands-on role in stimulating economic activity
Designers of Radburn
Henry Wright and Clarence Stein
How many cell towers were in the US in 2005?
150000
What theory is John Friedmann associated with?
Transactive planning. It focuses on interpersonal dialogue that develops ideas, which will be turned into action. One of the central goals is mutual learning where planner gets more information on the community and citizens become more educated.
Tax Increment Financing TIF
Used to finance certain types of redevelopment projects. Capture higher assessment from improved properties to finance public improvements in that district for more redevelopment.
Kelo v. City of New London 2005
The Supreme Court ruled that a economic development is a valid use of eminent domain. The court found that it is not in a position to determine the amount or character of land needed for a particular public project.
Lacustrine
Refers to a lake or lake-type environment, such as a wetland
Housing and Urban Development Act (1965)
Created HUD; Robert Weaver first HUD secretary
Where was first zoning ord. and when?
NYC 1916
What are two water quality considerations of primary recharge areas?
They provide little or no attenuation of contaminants, and travel time from surface to aquifer is rapid
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
Allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare
3 basic elements of subdivision requirements
1) Plat (shows the location and boundaries of streets, lots/parcels, and other site info); 2) Design/construction stds to establish specifics of how improvements will be built; 3) Exactions specify subdividers responsibility for financing public improveme
What are the three basic types of map projections?
Conic, cylindrical and planar
TIGER file
Digital database of geographic features, such as roads, railroads, rivers, lakes, legal boundaries, census statistical boundaries, etc. covering the entire United States
What is interval measeurement of central tendency.
is data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude. Temperature is an example. 30 degrees is not twice as cold as 60 degrees.
What was Ian McHarg known for?
Design with Nature
What was Innes known for?
Consensus building
What important principle was established in Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)?
“The extraction must be ““roughly proportional”” in both size and scope relative to the harm the condition or extraction seeks to miminize.”
In his term as Planning Director of the City of Cleveland Krumholz’s utilized which planning theory?
Advocacy planning
What kind of easement affects property abutting the holder?
Appurtenant easement
Zoning Text Amendment
Changes the rules regarding the use and development of every property in a specified zoning district
Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB)
all expenditures must be justified as if it were a new program. Steps include: Analyzing, priority ranking and isolating decision packages
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act
Requires a permit be obtained from the Army Corp for the discharge of material.
Garden City Movement 1898
A Garden City is self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas.
Rachel Carson
the author of Silent Spring, which was published in 1962. In the book, Carson examined the dangers of chemical pesticides, such as DDT, on plants, animals, and humans. This book greatly influenced the way people think about the environment.
Agins v. City of Tiburon; U.S. Supreme Court (1980)
The Court upheld a city’s right to zone property at low-density and determined this zoning was not a taking. Government action not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate government interest.
Planner’s responsibility to the public?
Consider: how public interest is defined through continuous and open debate (opps for participation); Rights of others, long-range consequences, interrelatedness of decisions, preservation of natural/built environment; Accurate info; Expand choice and be
Councils of governments
Regional bodies, serve an area of several counties. Addressing planning, economic, cartography and GIS, hazard mitigation and emergency planning, aging services, water use, pollution control, transit administration, and transportation planning.
A city with rapid growth had a difficult time keeping up with the demand for infrastructure. The City Council has asked you, as Planning Director, to come up with a plan to reduce the number of lots that become buildable each year. What procedures is appr
A public facilities ordinance allows the City to determine when infrastructure will be extended and maintain an adequate level of service. New building permits would not be issued unless infrastructure is adequate.
What is the Cohort Survival Method of population projection and estimation?
It uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The pop is calc in specific age groups. The cohort survival method provides the most accurate pop proj, but requires a lrg amt of data.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (1926)
Hoover, Dept of Commerce
What percentage of underground fuel tanks does EPA estimate are leaking?
25.00%
The General Land Law Revision Act of 1891?
This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
An age group in the 75% percentile has what percentage of the population above it?
25.00%
In what city was the first Historic Preservation Commission?
New Orleans, 1924
Herbert Simon
Organizational Behavior - Decision Making
Scale of 1:24,000
that 1 inch represents 2,000 feet.
Who wrote Urban Land Use Planning? when?
Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957. This book became a common textbook on land use planning.
Clarence Perry
defined the neighborhood unit (1 mile square with arterial roads on all sides and retail on all four corners. Houses and parks surrounded schools located in the center).
Approximately how many wireless sites are in the United States as of 2005?
According to the wireless industry there are approximately 150,000 cell tower sites.
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel 1975
Mt Laurel had a zoning ord setting the min lot size to .5 acres for remaining undeveloped land and had exclusionary zoning that prohibited multifamily,mobile home,or low/moderate income housing. court req inclusionary zoning to produce affordable housing.
What book written in 1961 critiques the practice of planning?
The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs
Conservation zoning
requires the clustering of homes while preserving open space
Rapanos v. United States 2006
The Court found that the Army Corp of Engineers must determine whether there is a significant nexus between a wetland and a navigable waterway.
Are a set of management cultural and structural practices that are intended to decrease pollution and can be applied in barious types of planning and development.
Best Management Practices
Place
A concentration of population either legally bounded as an incorporated place, or identified as a Census Designated Place
How the Other Half Lives
In 1890, Jacob Riis published which highlighted the plight of the poor in New York
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
Formed in 1965. put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects.
Communicative Planning
The current theory of choice: Planner listens and assist in developing consensus.
What is density in land use?
number of dwelling units per unit area, ex. 30 houses per acre
In 1928 the U.S. Department of Commerce passed the _________ Act.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA), covering: planning commission master plan provision for adoption provision for approval control of private subdivision of land regional planning commission and a regional plan
Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA)
Considers request for variances; Hears appeals; Approves special use permits; Makes recommendations to city governing body.
What is the difference between a Dillion’s Rule state and a Home Rule State
Dillion’s rule state provides for local government to do only that which the state has set in policy. Home Rule states allow for local government to develope policy without state authority.
What is a normal distribution with regards to data distribution?
A normal distribution is one that is symmetrical around the mean. This is a bell curve.
Forest Hills Gardens
Olmsted Jr, 1911; Influenced Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit concept
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) 1924
Confirmed New York State’s authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances. Drafted and approved under Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover.
What was the central finding of Rutgers U. v. Piluso?
NJ Supreme Court ruled that Rutgers (state university) was not to be thwarted or restricted by local land use regulations.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)
Highly mobile organic compound such as petroleum, hydrocarbons, and solvents that readily evaporate
Who is associated with Transactive Planning?
Friedman
Step-Down Ratio Method
Pop Estimate. Relatively simple way to estimate or project population. This method uses the ratio of the population in a city and a county (or a larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial Census
Estuary
an area where fresh water meets salt water
Generation X
US Population born between 1965 and 1976
What is fiscal impact analysis?
Fiscal Impact Analysis, also known as cost-revenue analysis, is used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.
Homer Hoyt
Proposed in 1939 the idea that urban areas developed by sectors; sectors form along communication & transportation routes (Sector Theory)
What is a dedication requirement?
Requirement that developers set aside, or dedicate, open space, land for roads and infrastructure, etc. within a subdivision
1973 Farm Bill
1st Omnibus Farm Bill. adopted target prices and deficiency payments as a tool that would support farm income but reduce forfeitures. authorized disaster payments, Rural Environmental Conservation Program; amended the Food Stamp Act of 1964 (Natl, State)
Esri
Environmental Systems Research Institute
Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)
Takings; Coastal zone protection prohibited building a house on shorefront; U.S. Supreme Court found that regulations that deny all economic use of property constitute a taking (unless existing state prop and nuisance law prohibit such use
Shift-share analysis
analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth. uses employment information by sector for two points in time.
This author provided seminal contributions to the field of city planning through empirical research on how individuals perceive and navigate the urban landscape.
Kevin Lynch
IRA
Indian Reorganization Act
What data was eliminated from the 2000 census
Source of water
How did the Survey of New York and Its Environs view land use?
func of accessibility
What is the most likely to be used as an alternative travel mode to the automobile to get to and from work?
Public Transportation
What is the Federal Antiquities Act of 1906?
This act was the first to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
What is an environmental assessment?
An environmental assessment is a document that a Federal agency prepares under the (NEPA) to provide sufficient evidence and analysis to determine whether a proposed agency action would require preparation of an EIS) or a finding of no significant impact.
City of Rancho Palos Verde v Abrams
Telecommunications Act
The Federal Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972
amended the Water Pollutant Act of 1948. The amendments broadened the government’s authority over water pollution and restructured the authority for water pollution under the Environmental Protection Agency. The Act changed the enforcement from water qual
Unemployment Rate Calculation
d. Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force
Lingle v. Chevron USA, Inc. 2005
Court overturned portion of the Agins precedent declaring regulation of property effects a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests.Court found this prong of formula imprecise and not appropriate for determining a taking
Amitai Etzioni
Introduced concept of Mixed Scanning.
Moraine
Glacial deposit of rock and soil
on a per household basis, it takes ________ acres of land to feed the US population
2 acres
In calculating FAR, do all the floor count in a multi story building?
For the purposes of this test, unless otherwise specified, yes
Design Charrette
PI. Intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a specific area.
What is typically included in subdivision regulations?
standards for design & layout of lots, streets, utilities, roads
What is a metropolitan statistical area?
A census designated place that includes a central city plus adjacent communities to which it is linked economically
What theory did Hoyt posit?
Sector Theory: Transportation routes resulted in cities growth radiating from those areas.
Incremental Planning (humanistic movement), associated w who?
Charles Lindblom
What is the stated, or face, value of a bond?
Par value
What % of rural employment is in manufacturing?
<25%
Housing Act of 1949
Focus on slum clearance, urban renewal and new housing construction (initialed Urban Renewal)
Who wrote Image of the City?
Image of the City by Kevin Lynch published in 1960. It defined basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.
Qualitative Variables
can be nominal or ordinal
What are 4 steps of a travel demand model?
1) Trip generation; 2) Trip distribution; 3) modal split; 4) trip assignment in network
When was ASPO founded and what does it stand for?
In 1934, the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded.
1909 Chicago Plan
The plan, co-authored by Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett, featured waterfront parks and prominent civic buildings, applying the principles of the City Beautiful Movement.
1964 Urban Mass Transportation Act
Fed govt provides grant money to local govt for public transit. Includes capital investments and operating costs.
How do you calculate FAR?
Dive the total floor area of a building by the area of the lot
Food Security Act - 1985
a 5-year omnibus farm bill, allowed lower commodity price and income supports and established a dairy herd buyout program. Several enduring conservation program were created, including sodbuster, swampbuster, and the Conservation Reserve Program.
Alfred Betman
Lawyer who drafted the bill to enable the first planning commission in Ohio in 1915. Lawyer who represented the government interest in the case Euclid vs. Ambler in 1926.1st president of the American society of Planning officials (ASPO) in 1934.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
Cradle-to-grace legislation for hazardous waste materials (EPA controled)
City of Renton v Playtime Theaters (1986)
US Supreme Court upheld zoning ordinance that prohibited adult theaters with 1K ft of residence etc bc it did not violate free speech bc it didn’t altogether prohibit use in city
Charleston, SC 1931
First city to enact a Historic Preservation Ordinance, which can protect landmarks, entire historic districts or both and typically regulate the design of new construction as well as changes to existing structures.
Grand Coulee Dam 1941
built under the auspices of the US Bureau of Reclamation on the Columbian River in WA. It is the largest concrete structure in the US and the largest electric power producing facility in the US.
What is a t-test?
The t-test allows the comparisons of the means of two groups to determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance.
Thomas Adams
was an important planner during the Garden City movement. secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
Which city had the first regional plan?
Plan of Chicago, 1909
