Housing Flashcards
National Housing Act of 1934 (Capehart Act)
This housing act was part of the New Deal passed during the Great Depression. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.
Housing Act of 1937 (Wagner-Steagall Act)
This Act tied slum clearance to public housing and provided subsidies paid by the U.S. government to local public housing agencies.
National Housing Act of 1949
The first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the U.S. The Act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.
Housing Act of 1954
This Act provided funding for planning for cities under 25K pop (701 funds). The Act also called for slum prevention and urban renewal.
Housing Act of 1959
This Act made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels.
Housing Act of 1961
This Act provided subsidies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent.
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act
This 1966 Act launched the “model cities” program, providing financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning.
CDBG Program
The Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG) was created under the Housing and Community Development Act (1974) and provided flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas.
Housing and Urban Development Act (1970)
aka New Communities Assistance Program. Title VII made largescale projects feasible. The law significantly expanded the concept of urban renewal to permit acquisition of land which was not blighted.
Housing and Community Development Act (1974)
The Act created the CDBG program and the Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing.
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965
This Act created the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
This Act provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units and authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low-income families.
Urban Development Action Grant Program (1977)
The UDAG program promoted public-private partnerships for the redevelopment of urban areas.
National Manufactured Housing Construction
and Safety Act of 1974
This Act regulated manufactured housing units (“mobile homes”) for the first time
Fair Housing Act (1968)
Titles VIII through IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 comprise the Fair Housing Act (FHA), an expansion of previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (1944) aka GI Bill
Guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
NYC Tenement Housing Act of 1867
The first major housing code in the U.S. The Act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside.
NYC Tenement Housing Act of 1879
This law required that windows open to outside air, which resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type, referred to as “Old Law Tenements.”
NYC Tenement House Law of 1901
This law created “New Law” tenements and outlawed dumbbell tenements. It required wide light and air areas between buildings, as well as toilets and running water in each apartment unit.
Public Works Administration (PWA) 1934
Created in 1934 following the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing program.
Resettlement Administration (1935)
In 1935, the Resettlement Administration used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the U.S. Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, WI, Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD, which are all in existence today.
Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act of 1990
The Act, signed by President George H. W. Bush, authorized the use of HOME funds for rental assistance
Hope VI (1992)
Provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. Emphasized mixed-income neighborhoods and New Urbanist design principles.
Consolidated Plan
A process (and document) through which a community identifies its housing, homeless and community development needs. Required to receive funding from HUD programs.
Sweat equity
The interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put towards the restoration of a property. Habitat for Humanity is a sweat equity program.
Urban homesteading
Used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders.
Workforce housing
A term used for subsidized housing meant for teachers, nurses, police officers, and others in the workforce. The term is popular because it is seen as having less social stigma than “affordable housing.” 80% 120% area median income.
Community development banks
Banks that operate in low to moderate income areas. They are certified by the US Department of Treasury.
Colonias
Unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure that are sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas, and their residents are predominantly Hispanic.
Neighborhood Unit
The Neighborhood Unit Concept developed by Clarence Perry in 1929 defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center. Each neighborhood is approximately 160 acres.
HOME Program
The HOME Investment Partnerships Program was authorized by the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act of 1990. HOME is a federal block grant program that provides funding to states and localities for affordable housing.
Pruitt-Igoe
A public housing development in St. Louis, first occupied in 1954, demolished in 1972. Its demolition marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing.
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (1975)
This federal law requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public.
Community Reinvestment Act (1977)
This federal law encourages banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. One of the aims of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining.
Federal Home Land Act 1932
Encouraged homeownship by lowering its cost and longer terms by banks.
Tax reform act 1986
Low income housing tax (LIHTC) program created.
Mckinney - Vento Homeless assistance act 1987
Provides money for homeless shelters
Americans with Disabilities act (ADA) 1990
Prohibits discrimination upon disability
Supportive Housing
Housing that comes with supportive or special services for tenants to help live independently.
Jobs-housing balance
Ratio of jobs to housing within community. Types of housing available so the employees can live and work in the same community.
Housing Presevation
Preservation of older, market rate housing both in the owner occupied housing stock as well as with rentals..
Inclusionary Housing
Requires developers or others to include housing units affordable to low to moderate income households in the market rate housing developments.
*Can be voluntary or mandatory.
Exclusionary Housing
One or multiple segments of the population, typically low-moderate income household, are excluded from housing within a development or a community.
Low income housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)
Creates affordable housing. Allocating agencies are given an annual distribution of tax credits to help with the construction or rehabilitation of rental housing for lower income households.
Housing choice vouchers (Section 8)
Assists low income households by providing a housing subside for rent.
Affordable housing
Housing that is affordable to low to moderate income housing is standard metric used in the housing sector.
30% of income for housing.
Rent control
Government control or other regulation for the amount of rent charged for rental housing.
Public housing
Housing owned and managed by a housing agency (government agency) which rents to low income households.
Housing Redlining
When mortgages are denied or limited on a certain neighborhoods because of the racial or ethnic make up of the residents living in the neighborhood, rather than their qualification and financial solvency
Universal design
Making housing accessible to those of any physical ability or age.
Supply and Demand
As more households compete for a certain type of housing or for housing in a particular location, the demand increases. if there is a low supply of housing, so that demand outpaces the supply, it can increase the cost of housing.
Housing Need
Understanding the demand side for housing.
Consolidated Plan
in 1995, HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan in order to receive funding from HUD programs.
A process and a document. Annual action and multi-year goals
Consolidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for
Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
HOME Investment Partnership Program (HOME)
Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG)
Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA)
By 2030, people over the age of 65 are expected to represent
20 percent of the US population. 1 out of 5 people.
Homelessness
has risen over the last twenty years as a result of a growing shortage of rental housing and an increase in poverty.
the first model tenement
1855, NYC
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act 1966, the launch of the model cities program
The Act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of “new communities.” The Civil Rights Act of 1968 made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal.
New Communities Act of 1968
Provided funding for private development of new towns (Reston, VA; Columbia, MD)
Housing-school linkages
schools in many cities have seen a resurgence in segregation and concentration of poverty. Because the quality of schools is a deciding factor for families, developers and others, some cities and planners around the United States are beginning to work school districts to help reduce the segregation and concentration of poverty issues within the school. This coordination is occurring not only with existing schools, but also as new schools are being considered.
Jobs-housing balance
tool planners can use and looks at the ratio of jobs to housing within the community. Ideally, the types of jobs in a community would be matched by the types of housing available so that employees can live and work in the same community.
Housing preservation
less about preservation of housing for historic purposes and more about the preservation of older, market rate housing—in both the owner- occupied housing stock as well as with rental units. In many cases, this type of housing is affordable to low and moderate income households; however, because of the deterioration of the housing units—because of disinvestment or from other factors, it becomes an easy target for redevelopment. The cost of the new construction will either cause the units to be market rate or there will be significant financial gaps to make the units affordable.
Inclusionary housing
housing are often put into place as either policies or through a city’s zoning ordinance. In the most basic form, inclusionary housing requires developers or others to include housing units affordable to low- to moderate-income households in their market rate housing developments.can be voluntary or mandatory
Exclusionary housing
one or multiple segments of the population—typically low- to moderate-income households, are excluded from housing within a development or a community. Regulatory barriers such as certain provisions in zoning ordinances, high fees, and design/housing code requirements can be perceived as exclusionary housing techniques.
Low Income Housing Tax Credits (LIHTC)
Created as part of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the LIHTC program is an important resource for creating affordable housing. States and other LIHTC allocating agencies are given an annual distribution of tax credits to help with the construction or rehabilitation of rental housing for lower income households.
Housing Choice Vouchers
sometimes called Section 8, is a federal program which assists low income households by providing a housing subsidy for rent. The vouchers are administered by a local public housing authority, which pays a subsidy directly to the landlord. The household then pays the difference between the subsidy and the rent charged (typically no more than 30% of their income). In general a household’s income may not exceed 50% of the area median income.
HOPE VI program
provides funds from the federal government to states and communities to assist in constructing or rehabilitating affordable housing for those at 60% area median income or less. The program may also provide direct rental assistance.
Affordable housing
housing that is affordable to low and moderate income households according to area median income.
Housing affordability
the amount that a household can pay towards housing.
% of household income and how much they can afford per month
30%
Rent control
government control or other regulation for the amount of rent charged for rental housing. It limits how much a property owner can charge a renter
Homelessness
“An individual who (1) lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and (2) has a primary nighttime residents that is (a) a supervised, publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations (including welfare hotels, congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the mentally ill), (b) an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized, or (c) a public or private place not designed for or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings
Public housing
Housing owned and managed by a housing agency (government agency), which rents to low income households.
Supply and demand
Housing affordability can be dependent upon the supply of housing and the demand for that housing. As more households compete for a certain type of housing or for housing in a particular location, the demand increases. If there is a low supply of housing, so that demand outpaces the supply, it can increase the cost of housing.
Housing need
is understanding the demand side for housing. Information on a community’s householder age, household size, household income, transportation costs and many other factors help to define what the housing need is in a certain community.
Workforce housing
housing typically to those making 80% to 120% of area median income.
Workforce housing
housing typically to those making 80% to 120% of area median income.
Supportive housing
supportive or special services for tenants to help live as independently as possible. Services can include help with healthcare, jobs, meals, medication or personal needs, or other similar types of assistance.
Zombie subdivisions
unfinished housing developments with at least some infrastructure in place that were left unfinished after the housing bubble burst.
