AICP Deck 1 Flashcards
1975 Energy Policy Conservation Act
Est CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards in response to Arab oil embargo of 70s. (National
Where was the first urban growth boundary? when?
Lexington & Fayette County, KY 1958
What is the CCA?
Community Character Act
What is Chicago’s most famous public park?
Grant Park
What is noncumulative zoning?
allows only stated use & not more restrictive (less intensive) uses
What are the 4 key elements of New Urbanism?
Walkability, mix use, transportation and urban design.
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mt. Laurel (II), 456 A.2d 390 (N.J. 1983)
Created the model fair housing remedy for exclusionary zoning.
Business Improvement District BID
special assessment district where property owners pay additional tax for extra service to benefit their district
Forest lands
191 million acres of national forest.
Top ten fastest growing metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2010
- Palm Coast, FL 2. St. George, UT 3. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV 4. Raleigh-Cary, NC 5. Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL 6. Provo-Orem, UT 7. Greeley, CO 8. Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX 9. Myrtle Beach-North Myrtle Beach-Conway, SC 10. Bend, OR
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Is the ratio of the gross floor area of the building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site or, more specifically, the size of a building in relation to the size of the lot on which it sits.
In what year did the U.S. Department of Commerce issue the Standard City Planning Enabling Act?
1928
Gautreaux
1976 housing voucher program for public housing residents to move to suburbs for better economic and educational opportunities
Concentric Circle Theory
Ernest Burgess (1925). Cities grow in a series of outward rings. Centered by a business district surrounded by a transition zone filled with low-income, high-crime area, then a working-class residential zone, then a middle-class residential zone, and fina
What is Dillon’s Rule?
local governments are not provided with authority absent an express delegation of power from the state. In 1872, Judge Dillon found that local governments are subordinate to the state and are only authorized to perform actions permitted by the state.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
1924,1926 confirmed states authority to delegate police power to municipalities to enact local zoning ordinances
“Stating that ““phased growth is well within the gambit of enabling legislation,”” what case confirmed the principle that communities can regulate growth based upon their ability to provide services demanded by the growth?”
Golden v. Ramapo, 1972
What are descriptive statistics?
Descriptive Statistics describe the characteristics of a population.
Antiquities Act
1906-first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites.allowed for the designation of National Monuments.created to protect prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts.president can designate national monuments without congress approval.
National Housing Act (1934)
Established federal insurance of savings deposits; Created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to underwrite mortgage insurance (with strict requirements for type and location home, and owner)
Coastal Zone Management Act 1972
Created a voluntary Coastal Management Program to meet established federal standards.
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment
Development agreement
can be used to clarify what infrastructure will be provided as part of a development. Impact fees can also be instituted to pay for off-site improvements, however since this improvement is on-site the better answer is a development agreement.
Revenue bonds
Sold for projects that produce revenues; Are not backed by the full faith and credit of the local jurisdiction, but are financed in the long-term through service charges or fees
Metro Water District of So.Cal.
est. 1927 to create the Colorado River Aqueduct
Facilitation
Concensus building
Clarence Perry
Developed Neighborhood Unit Concept debued in his Regional Survey of New York and its Environs (1929)
Letchworth, England
1903, First English Garden City and a stimulus to the New Town movement in the US Greenbelt towns
What are the six transects in transect theory?
The six transects include natural, rural, sub-urban, general urban, urban center and urban core.
Delphi method
is a structured process of public participation with the intent of coming to a consensus decision. Panel completes hypotheses questionaires. Answers presented anonymously. Panel to revise answers based on what was heard. Eventually the answers converge.
Average household size according to 2000 Census?
2.59 persons (owner-occupied = 2.69, renter-occupied - 2.4)
Name three components that should be analyized to determine whether a real estate investment will make financial sense?
The investment’s tax effect, cash flow, and future benefits
John Friedmann
Friedmann’s transactive planning emphasized that citizens and civic leaders, notplanners, had to be at the core of planning if plans were to be implemented.
Who developed the equity planning theory?
Krumholz
President George H. Bush did which of the following in 1994?
Signed NAFTA legislation
“What does ““non-IRA tribe”” mean?”
Tribe that did not choose to organize under the 1934 Indian Reorganizatoin Act
Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
Has a population of more than 10,000 people and less than 50,000 people. This includes a central county and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration as measured by commuting.
Urban Area
For Census 2000, two types of urban areas: Urban Clusters (2.5 - 50K people) and Urbanized Areas (at least 50K people)
Riverside, IL
Olmsted and Vaux, Garden suburb w parks and greenways; First planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities
What level of threat do septage lagoons pose to groundwater for drinking?
high threat, due to concentrated storage of accumulated septage
Section 701
from 1954 Housing Act. Sectino 701 included funding for comprehensive planning for communities of less than 25,000, which established many planning departments.
Charles Limblom wrote
”"”The Science of Muddling Through””, which established the incremental planning theory”
What is the signifigance of the Vieux Carre Commission
It was the first Historic Preservation Commission
Central Park New York 1851
Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. and Calvert Vaux designed Central Park in New York City.
Fredrick Law Olmstead Sr.
Co-designer of Central Park in NYSite Planner for the 1893 Columbia Exposition.
How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there in the United States?
562
Mariemont, Ohio
Mariemont is a planned community in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. Founded in the 1920’s by Mary Emery it foreshadowed the New Urbanism movement.
Variance
average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.Variance is a descriptor of a probability distribution, how far the numbers lie from the mean.
Savannah, GA 1733
James Oglethorpe designed the city featuring a central public square.
Linear programming
is a project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution.
Biggest/smallest states in population in 2000 Census?
Biggest: California; Smallest: Wyoming
Housing Act of 1949
Established the basis for Urban Renewal
What is the primary purpose of a fiscal impact analysis?
To assist city or county officials determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs
Judtih Innes
Writes about Consensus Planning. Professor at Berkeley
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
classifies business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data about the U.S. economy. developed by the Office of Management and Budget and in 1997, replaced the Standard Industrial Classification system.
1986 Low Income Housing Tax Credit
LIHTC is alternative to fund housing for moderate incomes. Tax credits sold to investors and corporations to build affordable housing. Generally some portion of project for low-mod income (Ex: National).
Who created a model town for his company and employees in Illinois?
George Pullman
Columbia, MD 1963
Columbia was a New Town built by James Rouse, featuring some class integration and the neighborhood unit principle.
Income-output analysis
Measure the relationship among industries in a region showing what is used locally and what is exported.
Slope of 0.5-1%
No problems, ideal for all types of development
Property Administration 41 Act of 1949
Used for the disposal of Federal Property by the US government
What is a general resource for identifying wetlands?
The National Wetlands Inventory
First indoor shopping center
Southlake Center, Minnesota 1956
National Historic Preservation Act (1966)
Est. National Register of Historic Places; Provide (sect. 106) for protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities
First department store
Salt Lake Cit, 1868; founded by Brigham Young as way to decrease dependence on outside goods
What is cumulative zoning?
older approach to regulating land use
Smart Growth
seeks to address the prob. caused by low-density residential dev. such as threatened farmland & open space, inc public service costs, disinvestments in central cities, serious traffic congestion, & degradation of the environement
Sierra Club v. Morton
Opened up environmental citizen suits to discipline the resource agencies.
Primary purpose of a fiscal impact analysis
To assist city or county officials determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs
First Subway 1897
The Boston Common was the first subway line in the United States, in 1897. The subway was built to eliminate trolley congestion on downtown streets.
Henry Wright
codesigner of Sunnyside Gardens, NY and Radburn, NJ
Reservoir
pond, lake, tank, or basin that can be used for the storage and control of water, and can be either natural or man-made
What theory did Harris and Ullman posit?
Multi Nuceli Planning Theory- Cities growth depended on land use nucleus formed around industry and similar uses; ie Natural resources; land prices etc.
What is a land classification map?
divides a planning jurisdiction into diff classes of land & is more gen. than land use plan
Symptomatic Method to Estamate Current Population
ex. building permit method
Euclidean zoning
Specifies exactly what uses will be allowed in each district and at what level of intensity; Does not allow for mix of uses
What is Communicative Planning
Focuses on identifying stakeholders and building a concensus on how to sole a problem. Concensus building is major focus.
Who founded the Sierra Club (1892)?
John Muir, to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment
Washington DC, 1710
Designed by Pierre L Enfant, DC featured radial streets, applying principles of monumental design.
The Ordinance of 1785
Established a system of rectangular survey coordinates for virtually all of the country west of the Appalachians. Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System.
EIS - Environmental Impact Statement
Required for a federal action only when it’s major and has significant environmental impact.
Range
Simplest measure of dispersion, it is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
Alfred Bettman
-1st President of ASPO. -Argued in favor of zoning before Supreme Court (Euclid v Ambler - 1926) - Introduced concept of Comprehensive Plan. Co-author: Cincinnati Plan. - part in creating Capital Improvements Budget.
What is regulated in form-based zoning?
size, form, appearance, & placement of bldg & parking rather than the use of land & density of development
Gravity model
A traffic deal to quantify trip generation relationships
The Radiant City of 1935
Le Corbusier- city was composed mainly of skyscrapers for very high density development, surrounded by commonly owned parks. He promoted large scale grids of arterial street, supper blocks with high rise towers and individual zones for different uses.
What is a homogenous neighborhood?
area zoned for a single use & single type of building
What year was the standard city planning enabling act?
1928
Ebenezer Howard
Garden Cities - community development concept
First Year USGS topographic map produced
1879
Tribal Designated Statistical Area
Unit drawn by tribes that do not have a recognized land area. These are defined independently of the standard county based census
What is a legal right or claim upon property which attaches to the property called?
A lien, which remains on the property until a debt is satisfied.
Empowerment Zone
An economically depresed area designated for governmental subsidies and tax incentives.
Ebenezer Howard
“Author of ““Garden Cities of Tomorrow”” and ““Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform”” Associated with Garden Cities and famously with Radburn, New Jersey”
Top Ten Growing Places
Las Vegas, NV - Naples - FL, Yuma, AZ - South Texas - yettevill, AR - Boise, Id - Pheonix Mesa, AZ - Loredo, TX- Provo Orem, UT
Zion Cooperative Mercantile Institution 1868
The Zion’s Cooperative Mercantile Institution was founded by Bringham Young as a way to decrease dependence on outside goods.
t-test
allows the comparisons of the means of two groups to determine how likely the difference between the two means occurred by chance. needs the number of subjects in each group, difference btwn means of each group, and the standard deviation for each group.
what was the fist zoning map based on?
premise that incompatible land uses should be separated
William Whyte
1980, Social Life of Small Urban Spaces. environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Disaggregated Per Capita Method
Estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis
Fannie & Freddie
Hold 80-90% of mortgages in the US. Publicly traded corporation and primary purpose os to provide credit to homebuyers, middle income and first-time.
Why is property owner compensated for land?
5th Amendment mandates it, must be compensated fairly
Ian McHarg
Design with Nature (1969); environmentally conscious approach to land use; map overlay technique predecessor to GIS
“What does ““dual sovereignty”” refer to?”
Federal and state government reign supreme in their separate spheres; local governments are creatures of the states, lacking inherent powers.
Gautreaux Program 1976
The program, in Chicago, allowed public housing residents and people on public housing waiting lists to use Section 8 vouchers to rent places in the suburbs, not only in the central city.
What is Euclidean zoning?
typical approach to regulating land use; specifies exactly what uses will be allowed in each district and at what level of intensity
What federal law requires the registration and labeling of pesticides that may affect the environment? Who enforces it?
FIFRA: Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. States implement the FIFRA rules.
Housing Act
1949 Established the basis for urban renewal
What are location quotients used for?
To determine the ratio of total local employment of a specific industry to that of the industry on a national basis
Planner’s responsibility to the Profession and Colleagues?
Education others about the profession; Show respect for colleagues; Contribute to the development of the profession
What book did Ladislas Segoe write? When was it published and why is it relevant?
Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.
What kind of local government decisions are limited by the rational nexus and rough proportionality tests?
Adjudicative, or discretionary, decisions
Village of Arlington Heights v Metro Housing Dev Corp;
1977 USSC. Court upheld village decision to deny rezoning application necessary to construct low-income housing on basis that it did not violate 14th Amendment because there was no evidence of intentional racial discrimination
Distributed Housing Unit Method
Pop Estimate. Census data for the number of housing units, which is then multiplied by the occupancy rate and persons per household. Reliable for slow growth or stable communities, but is less reliable in communities that are changing more quickly.
first subway
boston 1897
1 Hectare = X sq meteres or x acres
10,000 sq metersa or 2.471 acres
this treats waste water after it has been collected.
Secondary Treatment system
Coupon rate
The annual rate of interest paid on a bond that a borrower pays to the bond holder.
What book did Christopher Stone write in 1972?
Should Trees Have Standing
Soil Map
A map showing the distribution of soil types or other soil mapping units in a relation to the prominent and cultural features of the earth’s surface
George Perkins Marsh: Book, year, contribution?
Man and Nature, 1864. Explored human impacts on natural environment; inspired conservationist movement
What occurs under a PDR program?
an agency buys a private landowners right to develop property
What is the 5th Amendment
Deals with just compensations of property; emenient domain issues.
What is shift-share analysis?
Shift share analysis looks at the change in the share of employment in an industry over time.
Saul Alinsky
Rules for Radicals, Community Organizing, “Organization of organizations”
First urban growth boundary?
Lexington and Fayette County, KY (1958)
What is a location quotient?
The ratio of total local employment of an industry to that industry nationally
What is a drop-off survey? What are the advantages? Disadvantages?
A Drop-off survey allows the survey to be dropped off at someone’s residence or business. Advantages include higher response rates than mailing. Disadvantages include high time and expense requirements. Smaller sample size.
What movement/organization is associated with boycotts and marches?
Alinsky’s Organizations
land-use planning
the process of evaluating the needs and wants of the population, the characteristics and values of the land, and various alternative solutions before changes in land use are made
Threshold Population
Use by many programs to determine eligibility. For example the Threshold Population to qualify to receive Community Development Block Grant Funds.
Cross tabulation models
used to estimate trip generation
What percentage of fertilizer applied in urban and agricultural areas ultimately leaches into groundwater?
30.00%
Robert Stafford Disaster RElief and Emergency Assistance Act
1988 required 25% state & local match for federal funds for disaster relief; requires each state to appoint a State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO)
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. et al. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency et al. 2002
Court found moratoria did not constitute a taking requiring compensation.
Agricultural Preservation & Growth Management
Critical link. Need to consider ag zoning, urban growth boundaries, transfer of development rights, conservation subdivisions, and agricultural easements.
Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) 1977
Use for site acquisition and clearance to facilitate economic development; Competitive funds (vs entitlement CDBG funds)
Agglomeration economics
Phenomenom whereby businesses locate close to one another rather than spread out to economically benefit from close proximity (reduced transportation and communication costs)
Nollan v California Coastal Commission (1987)
Takings clause was violated when public agency would grant the Nollans a permit to build a house only if they provided a public easement on their beachfront property; Land-use regulation amounted to a taking
Fiscal Impact Analysis
Used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.
What is transect zoning?
describes development as a continuum of 6 zones from rural to urban districts
What technique can be used to find the optimum design solution on a project?
Linear Programming
Seaside, FL
New Urbanist planned community; Duany; traditional neighborhood design; construction began 1982
Who wrote The Intelligence of Democracy?
Charles Lindblom
What is required before approval of conditional uses?
subject to review & often require public hearing before approval
Advocacy Planning in Cleveland
Krumholz
What is the purpose of ETJ?
to ensure development beyond the boundaries is compatible with development permitted by the municipality
Nollan v. California Coastal Commission,
“Created the ““essential nexus”” takings test for conditioning development approvals on dedications a nd exactions”
Census Tract
Designed to be a relatively homogeneous unit with respect to population characteristics, economic status and living conditions; Averages ~4,000 people
What federal legislation was passed in 1972?
Water Pollution Act, Coastal Zone Management Act
Alinsky’s Organization
The organization uses boycotts to initiate change. A paid organizer is used to organize people. An invitation is given to members of a community to participate in the organization.
What is Boston’s most famous public park?
Public Gardens
What is the Delphi Method?
a structured communication technique, originally developed as a systematic, interactive forecasting method which relies on a panel of experts. The experts answer questionnaires in two or more rounds.
What is a permit?
document issued by proper governmental authority authorizing the applicant to undertake specified activities
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope
The State of Pennsylvania Supreme Court upheld the use of planned unit developments
“What is ““adaptive reuse””?”
adopting old structures for new purposes while retaining some of the original architecture details
Daniel Burnham
Columbian World Exposition (1893), Chicago Plan (1909); City beautiful; “Make no small plans”
Sir Raymond Unwin
was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
Hypothesis Test
allows for a determination of possible outcomes and the interrelationship between variables.
What growth management technique would likely be used to control growth to coincide with a capital improvements plan?
Building permit caps, which time the issuance of building permits to coincide with the community’s ability to support development and its demands
Hull House, Chicago 1889
Founded by Jane Addams-was one of first settlement houses in U.S. and grew into one of the largest, with facilities in 13 buildings. Attracted educated middle-class people to live in poor urban neighborhoods to provide social and educational services.
Estimates the volume of trip origins and trip destinations
Trip Generation
What is the elevation shown in parentheses: V6(el.15’)?
The elevation at the top of the hypothetical wave of at least 3 feet in height, occurring during the 100-year storm.
How big is the a township square?
36 square miles (government survey method)
What is an analysis of the relationship between one or more variables to determine if the factors impact the dependent variable?
Regression analysis. it is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. For example, score on the AICP exam is dependent on education, years experience, and number of hours studying.
What is Range
Highest number (-) the smallest numbereg: 10-2 is 8
What is range?
The range is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. The age range of the respondents in a neighborhood survey goes from 18-year-old to 62-year-old. This results in a range of 44.
What does an income statement project?
Net or gross income over a period of time
What is the most important element of a contract for consulting work?
List of Milestones
Location Quotient
ratio of an industry’s share of local employment divided by its share of the nation. A location quotient of less than one indicates an importing economy. If the quotient is greater than one then the area is an exporting economy.
When was PPBS developed and what is its major focus?
Developed in the 1960s; focused on planning, not budgeting
How far does public infrastructure go?
not beyond UGB
What does the EPRCA regulate?
extremely hazardous substances: 366 toxic, reactive, volatile, dispersible and flammable chemicals that can cause serious irreversible health effects from accidental release.
Correlation Coefficient
indicates the type and strength of the relationship between variables, ranging from -1 to 1. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship between the variables. Squaring the correlation coefficient results in an r2
What is a moratorium?
temporary halt or placing of severe restrictions on specified development activites
Fred French Investing Co v City of NY (1976)
Transfer of Development Rights
What is Sector Planning Theory?
this Planning theory argued that land uses vary based on transportation routes. The city, as a result, was a series of sectors radiating out from the center of the city.
Cities in Evolution (1915)
Patrick Gedes, considered by some as the father of regional planning
What book did Wiliam Whyte write? when? what does the book promote?
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by Wiliam Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Tactical urbanism
represents an activist approach to engaging the community in the possibilities of transforming a space. Tactical urbanism focuses on making an immediate impact in a community.
What is a correlation?
A Correlation tests the strength of the relationship between variables.
The New York State Court of Appeals upheld the Town of Ramapo’s right to require _________ to obtain a special building permit.
Performance standards
What is economic base analysis?
Economic base analysis looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region.
What is program evaluation and review technique?
PERT is a scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationships of project tasks.
Mass wasting
the downslope movement of earth materials due to the force of gravity.
Against what should groundwater models be calibrated?
Observed conditions and field data; test the model against more than one set of known conditions
NEPA Procedural Requirements
Requires detailed statement of (1) env impacts, (2) env costs which might be avoided and (3) alternative measures (Env. Assessment)
Ex ante evaluation
refers to forward-looking assessment of the likely future effects of new policies of proposals
701 Plans
Housing Act of 1954 provided matching funds for developing comprehensive plans through Sec 701 of the act
What is generally assumed as part of growth management?
1.households & businesses prefer more central locations when transportation costs are high 2.decentralization takes place when transporation costs decrease 3.location decisions involve trade-offs among amentities, site costs, & transportation costs
Economic base analysis
Briefly, activities in an area divide into two categories – basic and non-basic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region; non-basic (or service) industries support basic industries
What does a cash flow statement project?
The timing of incoming payments
Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency,
Sanctioned the use of moratoria and reaffirmed the parcel-as-a-whole rule for takings review
Mary Simkhovitch (1867-1951)
Social worker and housing reformer active in settlement movement in NYC. Founded Greenwich House in Greenwich Village in 1902.
“What was the event ““Listening to the City?”””
5,000 New Yorkers gathered in Manhattan to participate in a modern town meeting (July 2, 2002)
1996 Telecommunications Act
Increase competition in communications business. Streamline installation of cell phone towers, gave telecom companies pre-emption powers over local regs and eminent domain powers over private property.
