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Control and Movement 2 > Movement: Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Movement: Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What structure attaches the transverse processes to the body of a vertebra?

A

Pedicle

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2
Q

Which structure attaches the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebra?

A

Lamina

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3
Q

What unique feature do the cervical vertebrae have and what is their function?

A

Transverse foramen

Provides a pathway through which the vertebral arteries travel through

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4
Q

Which cervical vertebra has a small or absent transverse foramen?

A

C7 - vertebral arteries only run through transverse processes of C1-C6

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5
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

Long spinous process of C7

Used as a bony landmark for vertebra counting

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6
Q

What does C1 (atlas) lack?

A

Vertebral body

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7
Q

What is the name of the ligament on the atlas that holds the dens in place?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

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8
Q

Name the superior projection from C2 that allows the atlas and head to rotate on an axis.

A

Dens

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9
Q

Which ligaments connect the dens to the skull?

A

Alar ligaments

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10
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

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11
Q

Which vertebrae are the smallest?

A

Cervical

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12
Q

Name the additional articular facets that thoracic vertebrae have and their function

A

Inferior and superior costal facets

Articulate with own rib above and the one below

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13
Q

Where do the rib tubercles articulate?

A

Transverse costal facet of their own rib

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14
Q

What are the rough shapes of the vertebral foramina?

A

Cervical - heart
Thoracic - circular
Lumbar - triangular

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15
Q

How does the size of the lumbar vertebral bodies and foramina compare to other vertebrae?

A

Larger to support more weight and allow for the passage of a larger spinal cord section

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16
Q

What replaces the superior articular process in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Mamillary process

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17
Q

To which vertebrae do the iliolumbar ligaments attach?

A

L5

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18
Q

What is another name for facet joints between vertebrae?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

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19
Q

What is the name of the most internal section of the intervertebral discs?

A

Nucleus pulposis

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pulposis?

A

Absorbs shock and reduces compression in the spine

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21
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

A

Limits rotation of the spine

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22
Q

What is the name of the external section of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosis

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23
Q

What are the two rings of the annulus fibrosis made of?

A

Outer ring: fibrocartilage

Inner ring: collagen

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24
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament originate, attach and insert?

A

Base of the skull
Vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
Anterior surface of the sacrum

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25
Q

Which ligament starts at the base of the skull, attaches to all the vertebrae and inserts onto the posterior sacrum?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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26
Q

Which pair of ligaments supports the spine and limits extension and flexion respectively?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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27
Q

Name the ligaments that run between adjacent laminae?

A

Ligamenta flava

28
Q

What is the function of the ligamenta flava?

A

Limit flexion of the spine

Assist extension when flexed to return to anatomical position

29
Q

Where does the ligamentum nuchae attach?

A

Base of the skull - between external occipital protuberance and foramen magnum
Spinous processes of C1-C7

30
Q

What does the ligamentum nuchae achieve?

A

Supports head

Limits flexion and assists extension when flexed to return to the anatomical position

31
Q

Which ligaments run between adjacent spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligaments

32
Q

Name the three ligaments that limit flexion and assist extension when flexed to return to the anatomical position

A

Interspinous ligaments
Ligamentum nuchae
Ligamenta flava

33
Q

How do the lower spinal nerve roots compare to the higher ones?

A

Longer and pass more obliquely

34
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L1/L2

35
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in newborns?

A

L2/L3

36
Q

Which meningeal space around the spinal cord is only a potential space in healthy individuals?

A

Subdural

37
Q

What does the subarachnoid space contain?

A

CSF

38
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Connective tissue filaments that extend into the pia mater from the subarachnoid space

39
Q

What does the epidural space contain in the spine?

A 
Arteries
Vertebral venous plexuses
Spinal nerve roots
Lymphatic components
Fatty tissue
40
Q

How many anterior and posterior spinal arteries are there?

A

One anterior, two posterior

41
Q

Where do the spinal arteries originate?

A

Vertebral arteries

42
Q

What vessels enter the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramina?

A

Radicular brances of intercostal and lumbar arteries

43
Q

From what do the radicular branches of intercostal and lumbar arteries originate?

A

Segmental spinal arteries

44
Q

How many anterior and posterior spinal veins are there?

A

One of each

45
Q

Where does the anterior spinal vein run?

A

Anterior median fissure

46
Q

Where does the posterior spinal vein run?

A

Posterior median sulcus

47
Q

Where are the internal venous plexuses located?

A

Epidural space

48
Q

Which plexus are the vertebral venous plexuses continuous with?

A

Prostatic plexus

49
Q

Do spinal veins have valves?

A

No

50
Q

What do spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina as?

A

Anterior and posterior primary rami

51
Q

Name the terminal cluster of spinal nerve roots below the level of the spinal cord

A

Cauda equina

52
Q

What is the tapered end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

53
Q

What is the subarachnoid space called inferior to the conus medullaris?

A

Lumbar cistern

54
Q

Which spinal nerves are in the cauda equina?

A

L2-Co

55
Q

Which structure connects the conus medullaris to the coccyx and creates tension to stabilise the spinal cord?

A

Filum terminale

56
Q

Which rami of spinal nerves are extrinsic back muscles innervated by?

A

Ventral rami

57
Q

Which rami of spinal nerves are the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?

A

Dorsal rami

58
Q

What are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius capitus

Splenius cervicis

59
Q

What are the erector spinae muscles from medial to lateral and what is their function?

A

Intermediate intrinsic back muscles
Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
Main extensors of the spinal colum

60
Q

What is the function of the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A

Bilaterally: draw head back
Unilaterally: draw and rotate head to one side

61
Q

Where does splenius capitus originate and insert?

A

Lower half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes C7-T4

Mastoid process of the skull and the lateral 1/3rd of the superior nuchal line

62
Q

Where does splenius cervicis originate and insert?

A

Spinous processes T3-T6

Transverse processes C1-C3

63
Q

What are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotares

64
Q

Generally, where do the deep intrinsic muscles of the back originate and insert?

A

Transverse processes of vertebrae

Spinous processes of more superior vertebrae

65
Q

What is the function of the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

A

Unilaterally: laterally flex the spine
Bilaterally: extend the vertebral column and head

66
Q

What is the function of the deep intrinsic back muscles?

A

Unilaterally: rotate the spine

Control and Movement 2 (22 decks)

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