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Control and Movement 2 > Movement Lecture 4 - Neurovasculature of the lower limb > Flashcards

Movement Lecture 4 - Neurovasculature of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Which artery is the continuation of the external iliac artery in the thigh, and what is the anatomical boundary where this change occurs?

A

External iliac artery becomes the femoral below the inguinal ligament

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2
Q

What is the blood supply for the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral artery

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3
Q

Where does the profunda femoris artery branch from and what is its alternative name?

A

Femoral artery

AKA The deep artery of the thigh

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4
Q

How many perforating arteries are given off by the profunda femoris artery and what do they supply?

A

Four

Posterior compartment of the thigh

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5
Q

Which muscle do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries pass either side of to enter the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis

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6
Q

Where do the gluteal arteries branch from?

A

Internal iliac artery

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7
Q

Which artery branches from the internal iliac and supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator artery

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8
Q

Branches from which two arteries anastamose around the femur so blood can bypass an occlusion?

A

Internal iliac and profunda femoris

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9
Q

How many genicular branches are given off by the popliteal artery and what are their names?

A

Five
Lateral and medial superior
Middle
Lateral and medial inferior

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10
Q

What structures are formed by the genicular branches of the popliteal artery and what is their function?

A

Genicular anastamoses

Allow blood supply to the leg to be maintained when the knee is flexed

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11
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the tibial artery, and which one perforates the interosseus membrane?

A

Anterior tibial artery (perforates interosseus membrane)

Posterior tibial artery

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12
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg and where does it branch from?

A

Fibular artery branches from the posterior tibial

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13
Q

What are the terminal branches of the anterior tibial artery and which one runs more medially on the dorsum of the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis and lateral tarsal

Dorsalis pedis is medial

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14
Q

What is the artery formed by the anastamosis of the terminal branches of the anterior tibial artery?

A

Arcuate artery

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15
Q

Which artery does the deep plantar artery of the foot branch from?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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16
Q

What are the terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery?

A

Medial and lateral plantar arteries

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17
Q

Which terminal branch of the posterior tibial artery anastamoses with the deep plantar artery, and what is this anastamosis called?

A

Lateral plantar artery

Deep plantar arch

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18
Q

The femoral pulse point can be found just inferior to a point half way between which two structures?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

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19
Q

What is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

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20
Q

How should the knee be positioned to best feel a popliteal pulse?

A

Flexed

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21
Q

Which anatomical features can the posterior tibial pulse be found halfway between?

A

Medial malleolus and heel

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22
Q

Which tendon is the dorsalis pedis pulse found just lateral to?

A

Extensor hallucis longus tendon

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23
Q

Name two clinical procedures that the femoral artery is used for

A

Arterial blood gases in cases of poor perfusion
Minimally invasive surgery - used as point of entry for catheter, then advance up the arterial tree to reach the target organ

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24
Q

What are the six “P” symptoms of acute ischaemia in the lower limb?

A 
Pain
Perishingly cold
Pallor
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Pulseless
25
Q

What is paraesthesia?

A

Pins and needles

26
Q

Name three potential complications of chronic ischaemia

A

Tissue loss
Ulceration
Gangrene

27
Q

Which side of the foot has a venous arch and what does this drain into?

A

Dorsal venous arch drains into the great saphenous vein

28
Q

Does the great saphenous vein lie anterior or posterior to the medial malleolus?

A

Anterior

29
Q

Which general regions of the leg do the great and short saphenous veins drain?

A

Great - medial and anterior

Short - lateral and posterior

30
Q

What do the palmar veins of the foot drain into?

A

Short saphenous vein

31
Q

Name three things that aid venous return in the lower limb

A

Valves
Muscle contraction
Deep fascia acts as “compression stocking”

32
Q

What are the main deep veins of the leg?

A

Anterior and posterior tibial

Fibular

33
Q

What is special about the deep veins of the leg, compared to those of the thigh?

A

They are venae comitantes

34
Q

What do the deep veins of the leg join to form, and where does this drain?

A

Popliteal vein, drains into the femoral vein

35
Q

What can happen to the saphenous veins as a result of a proximal venous obstruction?

A

Varicose veins - increased pressure means they become dilated and incompetent

36
Q

What complications can result from the breakdown of varicose veins?

A

Bleeding

Ulceration

37
Q

Which veins in the lower limb can be used for emergency IV access in the event of trauma?

A

Great saphenous vein

Femoral vein

38
Q

What is the mortality rate for untreated DVT and what complication is this due to?

A

1-2% mortality rate from pulmonary embolism

39
Q

What are some risk factors for DVT?

A 
Pregnancy
Immobility
Sepsis
IV drug use in femoral vein
Recent surgery
Malignancy
40
Q

What are the nerve roots of the lumbar and sacral plexuses?

A

Lumber plexus = L1 - L4

Sacral plexus = L4 - S5

41
Q

What is the name of the structure that is formed by parts of both the lumbar and sacral plexuses, and what are its spinal nerve roots?

A

Lumbosacral trunk

L4, L5

42
Q

What is the nerve supply to the anterior thigh, and what are its spinal nerve roots?

A

Femoral nerve

L2, L3, L4

43
Q

What is the nerve supply to the medial thigh, and what are its spinal nerve roots?

A

Obturator nerve

L2, L3, L4

44
Q

What is the nerve supply to the posterior thigh, and what are its spinal nerve roots?

A

Tibial nerve

L4 - S3

45
Q

What is the exception to the tibial nerve innervating the posterior compartment of the thigh - which muscle, nerve and spinal nerve roots?

A

Short head of biceps femoris
Common fibular nerve
L4 - S2

46
Q

Does the femoral nerve pass anterior or posterior to the inguinal ligament?

A

Posterior

47
Q

What is the terminal branch of the femoral nerve and what does it supply?

A

Saphenous nerve
Medial skin of the thigh
(via adductor hiatus)

48
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve bifurcate?

A

Distal thigh

49
Q

What are the terminal branches of the obturator nerve?

A

Anterior and posterior branches

50
Q

Which muscles separate the two terminal branches of the obturator nerve?

A

Obturator externus

Adductor brevis

51
Q

Which quadrant of the gluteal region should intramuscular injections be given into to avoid iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury?

A

Superolateral

52
Q

What are the terminal branches of the common fibular nerve and what do they supply?

A

Deep fibular nerve supplies anterior leg

Superficial fibular nerve supples lateral leg

53
Q

Where is the fibular nerve most vulnerable to injury and what would be the symptoms of this?

A

Where it wraps around the neck of the fibula

Foot drop, affected gait and loss of sensation on the dorsum of the foot

54
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate before bifurcating?

A

Posterior compartment of the leg

55
Q

Where does the tibial nerve bifurcate, and what are its terminal branches?

A

Deep to the flexor retinaculum

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

56
Q

Which nerve innervates the dorsal intrinsic foot muscles?

A

Deep fibular nerve

57
Q

Divide the plantar intrinsic foot muscles into those innervated by the medial plantar nerve and those innervated by the lateral plantar nerve

A

Medial plantar nerve: abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis and first lumbrical
Lateral plantar nerve: all others

58
Q

Which toes receive innervation on their plantar skin from the medial plantar nerve, and which from the lateral plantar nerve?

A

Medial plantar innervates medial 3 1/2

Lateral plantar innervates lateral 1 1/2

Control and Movement 2 (22 decks)

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