Motor system II Flashcards
Where in the brain is responisble for complex motor control? [2]
Where is the most complex & abstract movement controlled from? [1]
(be specific)
ALL OF THE FRONTAL LOBE: more anterior of the frontal lobes more complex
THE POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX
Motor control:
Motor control is a distributed process.
What are the two levels involved in motor control?
- Central representation of goals and planning of the more abstract components of the movement (what am i going to do / how am i going to do this?)
- Production of goal orientated movements (patterns of muscular activation)
The main brain areas involved in motor control:
Name the main areas of the brain involved in:
Decision making & movement planning [2]
Organisation of movement [2]
Movement execution [1]
Decision making & movement planning [2]
* Posterior parietal cortex
* Frontopolar cortex
Organisation of movement [2]
* Supplementory motor cortex
* Premotor cortex
Movement execution [1]
* Primary motor cortex
Brain areas involved decision making & movement planning:
Which area of the brain is where conscious intentions are formed and we become aware of motor movement? [1]
Name another key function of this area? [1]
The posterior parietal cortex
Also provides a representation of the body and how it is situated in space
Broadmann areas 39 & 40
What is the function of the pre-frontal cortex? [2]
Pre-front cortex controls executive function (allows us to use perceptions, knowledge & to bias / choose the from the selection of actions and thoughts from multiple possibilites)
This allows you to overide habitual responses
Pre-frontal cortex:
For successful completion of goal-oriented behaviour, we need to do completee three steps? [3]
- Develop a plan of action
- Monitor our actions
- Inhibit habitual response to obtain a goal (e.g. go for a run if trying to get fit instead of sofa)
Pre-frontal cortex:
For successful completion of goal-oriented behaviour, we need to do completee three steps? [3]
- Develop a plan of action
- Monitor our actions
- Inhibit habitual response to obtain a goal (e.g. go for a run if trying to get fit instead of sofa)
What are the effects of pre-frontal unilateral [1] and bilateral lesions [1]?
Prefrontal cortex lesions:
Unilateral: mild deficits
Bilateral: Dramatic behaviour and personality changes
What are the regions of the pre-frontal cortex need to know? [3]
- Dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex
- Medial prefrontal cortex - most ventral part: Orbitofrontal cortex
Prefrontal cortex:
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What is this region of the pre-frontal cortex involved with? [3]
Planning of goal-directed behaviours AND simulating the consequences of plans
Initiating, inhibiting and swtiching executive behaviour: input to the basal ganglia about stop / start
Involved with:
Problem-solving
Goal-driven attention
Planning
Decision making
Working memory
Prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What is this region of the pre-frontal cortex involved with? [3]
Planning of goal-directed behaviours AND simulating the consequences of plans
Initiating, inhibiting and swtiching executive behaviour: input to the basal ganglia about stop / start
Involved with:
Problem-solving
Goal-driven attention
Planning
Decision making
Working memory
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex:
Lesions in Brodmann area 46 affects which functions? [1]
Attention and working memory: affects ability to inhibit a response to a stimulus
What is the role of the medial prefrontal cortex ?
Guide and monitor actions that are internally guided according to preferences and goals:
I.e. it modulates the degrees of cognitive control need to keep in behaviour in line with the goal
Prefrontal cortex
What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex? [1]
Representation of value for rewards and punishers (what is good for you / bad for you)
Medial prefrontal cortex
What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex? [1]
Representation of value for rewards and punishers (what is good for you / bad for you)
Lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex lead to what type of behaviours? [1]
“pseudopsychopathic” behaviours:
* Impulsiveness
* Sexual disinhibition
* Complete lack of concern for others
Where is Broca’s area located:
- Which lobe [1]
- Which Broadmanns areas [2]
- Which side (L/R) [1]
What does damage to Broca’s area lead to? [1]
Broca’s area:
- Areas 45 & 46
- LEFT hemisphere
- FRONTAL LOBE
Lesion to Broca’s area leads to motor aphasia
Frontal eye fields:
Location [1]?
Role? [1]
Movement of the eyes do they create? [1]
Location: Broadmann area 9; top of prefrontal cortex
Role: control of visual attention and eye movements
Movement: saccadic eye movements (rapid eye movements designed to shift the fovea to objects of visual interest - ie the eyes/ mouth)
Is damage to frontal eye fields a perceptual or motor problem? [1]
What is the effect of bilateral FEF lesion? [2]
In which direction does the eye move if have a frontal eye field defect? [1]
Frontal eye fields: motor problem:
Bilateral lesion: causes oculumotor apraxia - have to move head horizontally as they cannot move their eyes
Eye deviates towards the side of lesion
Name the secondary motor areas involved in motor movement [2]
- The supplementary motor area (SMA)
- The premotor cortex
label A-C
A: primary motor cortex
B: supplementary motor area
C: premotor cortex
supplementory motor area:
Location:
Broadmann area? [1]
Lobe? [1]
Role? [2]
Location:
medial part of BA 6; frontal cortex
Role:
* Orgnaises actions that are internally guide according to preferences and goals: choosing objects
* Determines response threshold to initiate movement - the urgency of movement
* Response to start or stop a movement (interconnects to basal ganglia)
e.g which object to choose (in alignment with goals)
plan sequence of learned actions - e.g. playing piano
Premotor cortex:
What is the role of the premotor cortex? [1]
Where is the premotor cortex located? [1]
Lateral of area 6
Organises externally sensory guided actions (catching a ball)
