BB Anatomy 3 Flashcards
The middle meningeal artery provides blood supply to the meninges. Through which foramen does it enter the skull?
Foramen ovale
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Foramen magnum
Foramen spinosum
The largest dural fold is the
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial notch
Falx cerebelli
The largest dural fold is the
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial notch
Falx cerebelli
Which dural fold is the arrow pointing to
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial notch
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Which dural fold is the arrow pointing to
Tentorium cerebelli
Tentorial notch
Falx cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Which dural fold is found between the left and right cerebral hemisphere? [1]
Acceptable responses: falx cerebri, cerebral falx
Which of the following is the periosteum
A
B
C
D
E
E
Which of the following is the middle meningeal vessel
A
B
C
D
E
A
Which of the following is the arachnoid mater
A
B
C
D
E
C
Which circle is the pia mater
Which is the subarachnoid space?
Where is lumbar puncture performed?
Between T12 & L1
Between L1 & L2
Between L3 & L4
Below L5
Between L3 & L4
The spinal cord ends at the vertebral level L1/2 so lumbar punctures are performed below this level.
Where is the danger triangle of the face? [1]
Explain why this region is called the danger triangle [2]
The angular and ethmoidal veins drain this region of the face into the opthalmic veins which drain into the cavernous sinus.
This provides a potential route of infection from the nasal area to the brain, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis or brain abscess.
SAH can lead to which pathology? [1]
Frank blood in the subarachnoid space is irritating and can cause (aseptic) meningitis.
Which of the following is principally caused by movement of the brain, not impact
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Sub dural
When the head is accelerated, the inertia of the brain causes its movement to lag behind that of the skull. This leads to traction on bridging veins running between brain and dura mater, which get torn.
Which of the following commonly causes damage to axons in the underlying brain
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Sub dural
Blood from the ruptured vessels spreads freely through the subdural space and can envelop the entire hemisphere. Because of the forces involved in producing a subdural haemorrhage, there is very often damage to axons in the underlying brain as well
Which of the following commonly accumlates over a period of hours
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Which of the following commonly accumlates over a period of hours
Epidural
Sub dural
Sub arachnoid
Intracranial
Because there is so little reserve volume inside the skull, haematomas of >[] ml are usually fata
>75ml
Based off of the imaging, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Epilepsy
Haemorrhage
Hydrocephalus
Normal
Hydrocephalus
Describe the difference between a communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus [2]
Communicating hydrocephalus occurs once CSF has left the ventricular system - hence the CSF can still ‘communicate’ or flow between the ventricles.
Non-communicating hydrocephalus (also known as obstructive hydrocephalus) occurs where there is a blockage at one point within the ventricular system (normally where there is a narrower region) so flow cannot occur leading to a proximal build-up of CSF and ventricular enlargement.
What is the name of the structure that resorbs CSF? [1]
Arachnoid granulations
What type of clinical imaging has been used in this case?
X-ray
CT
MRI T1
MRI T2
Ultrasound
MRI T2
T2 is generally the more commonly used, but T1 can be used as a reference for anatomical structures or to distinguish between fat vs. water bright signals.
T2 – TWO tissues are bright: fat and water (WW2 – Water is White in T2)
What type of clinical imaging has been used in this case?
X-ray
CT
MRI T1
MRI T2
Ultrasound
MRI T1
What type of clinical imaging has been used in this case?
X-ray
CT
MRI T1
MRI T2
Ultrasound
CT
Cerebral aquaduct
Acute blood shows up brighter on which type of scan.
X-ray
CT
MRI T1
MRI T2
Ultrasound
CT
Which vessel is most likely to have ruptured?
Left anterior cerebral artery
Right anterior cerebral artery
Left middle cerebral artery
Right middle cerebral artery
The right middle cerebral artery is the most likely to have ruptured in this scenario, as this travels out laterally to supply the lateral region of the cortex.
What symptoms might the patient experience? [2]
The haemorrhage is in the region of the right middle cerebral artery
Left-sided upper limb paraesthesia and left-sided upper limb weakness.
Aphasia is less likely in this case, as Broca’s area (responsible for expressive speech) is most commonly found on the left hemisphere, along with Wernicke’s area (responsible for receptive speech).
The pterion is an anatomically weak point bound by the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones.
Skull fractures
Infection is a possible consequence of
compound skull fracture
linear closed fractures
depressed fracture
diastatic skull fracture
Infection is a possible consequence of
compound skull fracture
in which the scalp is torn
This shows a
compound skull fracture
linear closed fractures
depressed fracture
diastatic skull fracture
depressed fracture
This shows a
compound skull fracture
linear closed fractures
depressed fracture
diastatic skull fracture
Linear parietal fracture
This shows a
compound skull fracture
linear closed fractures
depressed fracture
diastatic skull fracture
Comminuted depressed skull fracture
Which bone is fractured
Zygomatic
Temporal
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Look at the radiographs below and decide if they show depressed or linear fractures.
After Adam hits his head he regains consciousness before losing consciousness once more. What is the name of this phenomenon? [1]
Acceptable responses: Lucid, Lucid interval
Lucid intervals are typical of which type of bleeds?
Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Intracranial
Epidural
Which bone is fractured? [1]
Acceptable responses: temporal bone, right temporal bone, temporal, right temporal
After CSF, which of the following is forced out of the skull if there is an increase of pressure?
Venous blood
Lymph
Arterial blood
Brain
Venous blood
The arrow indicates the [] nerve running in the tentorial notch.
oculomotor nerve
An uncal herniation of the brain involves the uncus of the [] lobe herniating inferiorly around the tentorial notch
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
An uncul herniation commonly compresses which cranial nerve? [1]
Oculomotor nerve
In tonsillar herniation/coning the tonsils of the cerebellum are forced through the foramen magnum. What structure can this compress? [1]
Acceptable responses: medulla, medulla oblongata
Which is the most severe type of herniation? [1]
Explain your answer [1]
Tonsillar herniation
Compresses the medulla oblongata: contains the respiratory and cardiac centers & can result in death
