Learning and Memory Flashcards
Whats the difference betweeen declarative vs non-declarative memory? [1]
Declarative memory:
* learning new facts about the world.
* Can be divided into 2 sections: episodic memory (episodes in time and space) and semantic memory (facts)
Non-declarative memory:
* procedural, regarding skills and habits.
What is the name of the type of memory for information that:
Lasts seconds [1]
Seconds - minutes [1]
Days - years [1]
Lasts seconds: immediate memory
Seconds - minutes: working memory
Days - years: long term memory
Define motor learning [1]
Establishment of changes within motor systems following a stimulus
Where is motor information stored? [2]
ventral and dorsal striatum
Define perceptual learning [1]
The ability to learn to recognize stimuli that have been perceived before
Name two forms of stimulus response learning [2]
Classical conditioning &Operant conditioning
Define stumulus response learning [1]
Classical conditioning &Operant conditioning
Define relational learning [1]
Complex association of different stimuli to learn something:
- Complex forms of perceptual learning
- Spatial learning
- Observational learning
- Episodic memory
The hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and neocortex is involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The hippocampus, medial temporal lobe and neocortex is involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory: personal episodes in time and space
The amygdala and cerebellum are involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The amygdala and cerebellum are involved with which type of memory
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The lateral and anterior temporal cortex, prefrontal cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memory
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The striatum, cerebellum and motor cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
The striatum, cerebellum and motor cortex are involved with which type of memory?
- episodic memory
- semantic memor
- procedural memory (skills and habits)
- classical conditioning
A loss of recent memory including the inability form new memories is called what? [1]
Where is the problem in the memory process? [1]
anterograde amnesia: problem in memory storage process
What is the name of loss of old memories called? [1]
Where is the problem in the memory process? [1]
Retrograde amnesia
Problem in memory recall process
Name two infections that can cause amnesia [2]
herpes and encephalitis
Explain the effect of damage to the hippocampus regarding memories [3]
Results in anterograde amnesia in which where is difficulty in taking new memories and storing them as long term.
Short term memories are not impacted.
Information processed by the sensory neocortex provides input to the hippocampus via the
dentate gyrus
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
entorhinal cortex.
Information processed by the sensory neocortex provides input to the hippocampus via the
dentate gyrus
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal gyrus
entorhinal cortex
Describe the pathway of long term memory potentiation in the hippocampus
Input to the hippocampus via the entorhinal cortex
To the granule cells of the dentate gryus
To the pyrimadal cells of CA3 hippocampal region via mossy fibres (neurones in the dentate gyrus)
From CA3 region either goes to:
- via the fornix to the mamillary bodies. Which then connects to anterior nucleus of the thalamus. Projections go back to the cingulate gyrus and entorhinal cortex (AKA Papez’s circuit)
OR
- CA3 axons project to CA1 via schaffer collaterals. The CA1 outputs convey the results of hippocampal processing, via the subiculum, back to the entorhinal cortex and sensory neocortex
The projects in the dentate gyrus are called:
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The projects in the dentate gyrus are called:
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The projections between CA3 and CA1 in the hippocampus are called
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The projections between CA3 and CA1 in the hippocampus are called
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The [] is a pivotal structure positioned between the hippocampus proper (CA1) and entorhinal and other cortices
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
The [] is a pivotal structure positioned between the hippocampus proper (CA1) and entorhinal and other cortices
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Granule cells
Explain the mechanism behind long-term memory formation [2]
Long-term potentiation (LTP) (persistent increase in synaptic strength)
- Consistent and high frequency stimulation of Schaffer Collaterals (CA3-CA1, after dentate gyrus has been excited) results in EPSP in CA1 neurone.
- Causes LTP: increase in synaptic strength.
Observational learning is a
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
Observational learning is a
Relational learning
Motor learning
Perceptual learning
Stimulus response learning
What is A?
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
Perforant pathway
What is B?
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
What is B?
Subiculum
Schaffer Collaterals
Mossy fibres
Pyramidal cells
Perforant pathway
