BB2 Revision10 Flashcards
Which of the following is involved in memory formation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in memory formation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in processing emotions and behavior regulation
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Which of the following is involved in recalling emotional memories
Hippocampus
Mamilliary bodies
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
The process of fear learning
The low road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
The high road is a connection between which two brain parts? [2]
Low road:
* Thalamus to amygdala
High road:
* Thalamus to sensory cortex to amygdala
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that exploits this role of which part of the limbic system?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
What effect does this have on a person? [1]
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that exploits this role of which part of the limbic system?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Parahippocampal gyrus
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Toxoplasma gondii parasite linked to risky business behavior?
What is Urbach-Wiethe disease? [1]
Urbach-Wiethe disease:
* rare recessive genetic condition that causes calcium to build up into the amygdala until it wastes away
What does latest research about amygdala suggest about its role? [2]
Instead of being responsible for feeling fear or other emotions, amygdala is responsible for:
- detecting emotional information related to threats and automatically orienting towards the location of potential threats
- directing other brain areas to pay attention to it in the proper way
Can basic emotions be distinguished from a neural perspective? [1]
Each emotion is associated with an array of smaller and larger patches of brain activity: there are different hotspots associated with each emotion
BUT
Rather than being specialized for one type of emotion, individual brain regions often contribute to multiple emotions
Damage to the amygdala causes which three consequences? [3]
Interpreting or understanding stimuli with emotional consequences
The learning of fear responses
Retention of fear responses previously learned
Describe the function of the hippocampus [2]
- Labels new experiences with place and time and other parameters
- This is important info for ‘labelling’ memories to allow them to be stored in the cortex and retrieved when needed.
- The hippocampus is essential for the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memories
- Doesn’t store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored in long-term memory.
State the exact location the hippocampus [1]
medial region of the temporal lobe
What are the two forms of amnesia? [2]
Retrograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia.
Anterograde Amnesia: Describes amnesia where you can’t form new memories after the event that caused the amnesia
State the type of learning & memories that the hippocampus is responsible for [3]
Declarative (explicit) memory:
* Episodic memory: life events
* Semantic memory: general facts and knowledge
Which structures are mostly associated with the emotional limbic system? [2]
Which structures are mostly associated with the memory limbic system? [2]
Do they behave independently or are they connected? [1]
Emotional limbic system:
* orbitofrontal cortex
* Amygdala
* associated structures
Memory limbic system:
* Hippocampus & Papez circuit
Act independently but they share cortical nodes when an emotional state is connected to an episodic memory episode
Which areas of the brain connects rewards to appropriate actions? [3]
Anterior cingulate gyrus
Subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus
Orbitofrontal cortex
Which area of the brain is responsible for representation of values of primary re-inforcers and various stimuli, events or goals? [1]
Orbitofrontal cortex
What is the role of the insula? [1]
Emotional aspect of risk taking
Label A-D of the internal circuit of hippocampal formation
A: entorhinal cortex
B: dentate gyrus
C: CA3
D: CA1
Which of the following is the entorhinal cortex?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the entorhinal cortex?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the anterior thalamus ?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the anterior thalamus ?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the parahippocampal gyrus?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the parahippocampal gyrus?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the perirhinal cortex?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is the perirhinal cortex?
A
B
C
D
E
The medial surface of the temporal lobe (mesial temporal lobe) includes important structures (Hippocampus, Entorhinal, Perirhinal, Parahippocampal cortex) that are anatomically related and are mandatory for what type of memory? [1]
Declerative
Which two parts of the pre-frontal cortex are involved in the limbic system? [2]
orbitofrontal cortex
cingulate cortex
(The anterior part of the cingulate cortex merges into the orbitofrontal cortex)
Which of the following is involved in the limbic system?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the following is involved in the limbic system?
A
B
C
D
E
What is this area involved with regarding memory? [1]
Parahippocampal gyrus: It is primarily involved in the acquisition of new memories
The fornix axons end in the [] and the [] of the hypothalamus
The fornix axons end in the septal nuclei and the mammillary body of the hypothalamus
Describe the route for information of Papezs circuit
- Information goes from the cingulate cortex to the parahippocampal gyrus
- Information goes from the parahippocampal cortex to the hippocampus
- Information from the hippocampus goes along the fornix to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
- Information goes from the hypothalamus to the anterior thalamus
- Information goes from the anterior thalamus back to the cingulate cortex
Label A&B [2]
A: septal nucleus
B: nucleus accumbens
State the role of the nucleus accumbens [1]
The accumbens (ventral striatum) is involved in the initiation and termination of behaviours (motor actions) that activate reward pathways
For example, the act of chewing and swallowing are rewarding as they immediately precede food entering the stomach (which releases peptides that act to trigger reward pathways in the brain.
The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1]
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal
The cingulate gyrus recieves input from which tract? [1]
Anterior spinothalamic
Lateral spinothalamic
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal
Pavlovs dogs is an example of what type of conditioning? [1]
Observational learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Emotional conditioning
Classical conditioning
You got scared when a dog barked angrily at you entering his owners house. What term is used to describe the dog barking?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
Unconditional stimulus (expect to be scared)
Define emotional conditioning
A form of classical conditioning in which a subject associates a perceptual information
(e.g. see, hear) to an emotional response (e.g. happiness, anxiety, sadness, pain).
What term is given for the fur coat after Albert was conditioned?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
What term is given for the fur coat after Albert was conditioned?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
What is the term give for the horrible tasting substance used to avoid onychiphagia?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
What is the term give for the horrible tasting substance used to avoid onychiphagia?
Conditional response
Conditional stimulus
Natural reflex
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response (know it causes nasty taste)
Describe flooding therapy [1]
Actual exposure to the stimulus or its image of fear (e.g. arachnophobic patient locked in a room full of spiders for 2 hours).
Describe implosion therapy [1]
Implosion therapy: No direct contact to the stimulus of fear (e.g. imagine a spider). Then the imagined scene is exaggerated by the therapist (e.g. imagine spiders crawling out of your mouth).
Describe Systematic desensitization (Relaxation)
Behaviourist’s learning theory is abnormal behaviour has been learned, so concentrate on unlearning
this negative behaviour by replacing one response (e.g. anxiety) with another response (e.g. relaxation).
Explain the three stages of systematic desenitisation
Stage 1 (Relaxation): Patient taught deep muscle relaxation/meditation.
Stage 2 (fear hierarchy): Patient create a ranked list of fear hierarchy (i.e. least fear to the most fear).
Stage 3 (Exposure): Over a period of time, patient are exposed to the fear with the least fear first. Relaxation/meditation are used to overcome the fear. Once surpassed fear, patient moves to the next fear level. If patient is too upset, then return back to the earlier step.
Describe target economy
Targeted behaviours using tokens (secondary reinforcer) and later exchanged for reward
(primary reinforcer).
Describe contingency management [2]
Utilizes a formal written contract between patient and therapist.
Outlines an agreement in the behavioural change goals, reinforcements, rewards that will be given, and penalties for failing.
Describe extinction
Produce behaviour change by stopping the reinforcing behaviour in order to remove the response.
In an experiment to condition a dog to salivate, pre-conditioning what term is used to describe the bell ringing? [1]
Neutral stimulus
