BB2 Anatomy1 Part2 Flashcards
Through which skull base foramina do the 3rd, 4th and 6th cranial nerves pass? [1]
Superior orbital fissure
State which muscles CN3 provides motor innervation to [5]
Motor fibres to:
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpabrae superioris
State to which structures CN3 provides parasympathetic innervation to [2] and the effect this causes [2]
Sphincter Pupillae muscle via ciliary ganglion (causes pupillary constriction)
Ciliary muscle via ciliary ganglion (causes accomodation)
Lesions to the oculomotor nerve result:
The pupil []
The eyelid [] because of loss of innervation to the [] muscle
Lesions to the oculomotor nerve result in a resting ‘down and out’ position of the eye
Pupil dilates due to loss of parasympathetic innervation to the pupil
Eyelid droops because of loss of innervatio to the levator palpabrae superiorsis (ptosis)
Why is the trochlea nerve often torn when severe head injuries occur? [1]
Due to its long intracranial course
Which muscle does the trochlea nerve innervate? [1]
What movement does this cause? [1]
superior oblique muscle: downward and laterally
Explain the characteristics of trochlea nerve damage? [1]
State a classic symptom of trochlea nerve damage [1]
Trochlea innervates the superior oblique muscle
Double vision / diplopia when looking down
The superior oblique assists the inferior rectus in depressing the pupil and is the only muscle to do so when the eye is adducted
Often fall down the stairs
The abducens is somatic motor to one extraocular muscle, the []
The abducens is somatic motor to one extraocular muscle, the lateral rectus.
What is the abducens nerve commonly affected by and why? [2]
Raised ICP [1]
Due long intradural course and the** sharp bend along** the petrosal part of the temporal bone,
How does damage to the abducens nerve present? [2]
Complete paralysis of abducens causes medial deviation due to the unopposed action of medial rectus.
Diplopia is present in all ranges of movement, except when looking away from the lesion.
Which cranial nerve palsy has occured? [1]
Oculomotor nerve palsy
The right eye has ptosis, and can only look laterally (due to SO and LR) suggesting a medical 3rd nerve palsy.
What are the major divisions of the trigeminal nerve? [3]
Opthalmic (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
The trigeminal ganglion is comparable to the [] of spinal nerves
trigeminal ganglion is comparable to the dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves
State which foramen each of the trigeminal divisions pass though [3]
Opthalmic nerve: SOF
Maxillary nerve: Foramen rotundem
Mandibular nerve: Foramen ovale
State which foramina to the facial bone the trigeminal divisions come out of [3]
Opthalmic: Supraorbital foramen
Maxillary: Infraorbial foramen
Mandibular: Mental foramen
The opthalmic nerve divides into which nerves? [3]
Frontal nerve
Nasocilliary nerve
Lacrimal nerve
Describe the corneal (blink) reflex)
- Sensory information transmits through the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V)
- Synapses within the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem
- The contacted nerve within the spinal trigeminal nucleus then projects to the facial nucleus and synapses with the facial nerve
- The facial nerve exits the facial nucleus activates the orbicularis oculi muscle & causes a blink
What are the two branches of the mandibular (V3) nerve? [2]
Describe the role of these nerves
Inferior alveolar nerve
* supplies the lower dentition and gives off the mental nerve which passes through the mental foramen.
Lingual nerve
* supplies somatosensory fibres to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. The chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve and“hitches a lift” with the lingual nerve to supply special sensory fibres of tast to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
What is the most likely diagnosis of this image?
Shingles
Trigeminal neuralgia
Hand, foot and mouth
Measle
What is the most likely diagnosis of this image?
Shingles
Trigeminal neuralgia
Hand, foot and mouth
Measle
Through which foramen do the facial nerve (CNVII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII) exit the cranium?
Internal acoustic meatus, IAM
Describe the nerve functions of the facial nerve (CNVII) [4]
Motor: facial expression
Sensory: Soft palate
Special sensory: Anterior 2/3rd taste
Parasympathetic: submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands
State the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve [2]
The vestibulocochlear nerve has pure sensory function: balance & hearing
Label 1-5
Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal Mandibular Branch, Cervical branch
What is the most likely diagnosis? [1]
Left sided haemorrhage
Right sided haemorrhage
Left sided tumour
Right sided tumour
What is the most likely diagnosis? [1]
Left sided haemorrhage
Right sided haemorrhage
Left sided tumour
Right sided tumour
This is most likely an acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) - a type of tumour.
The acoustic neuroma is most likely to affect which of these cranial nerves first?
Acoustic schwannomas are most likely to affect CNVIII (vestibulocochlear) first
Through which foramen do the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX), the vagus nerve (CNX) and the accessory nerve (CNXI) exit the cranium? [1]
Acceptable responses: Jugular foramen, Jugular
Name the innervation the CNIX provides
Motor: [1]
General sensory: [4]
Special sensory: [1]
Autonomic (parasympathetic): [1]
Motor: stylopharyngeus
General sensory: pharynx, tonsillar sinus, pharyngotympanic tube and middle ear cavity
Special sensory: taste to posterior third of tongue
Autonomic (parasympathetic): parotid glands
State what innervation CNX provides
Motor: [3]
General sensory: [2]
Autonomic (parasympathetic): [4]
Motor: palate, pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) and larynx
General sensory: pharynx and larynx
Autonomic (parasympathetic): trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, heart and GI tract (to left colic flexure)
The accessory nere innervates which two muscles? [2]
Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
The accessory nere innervates which two muscles? [2]
Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
The hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) exits the skull through the []
The hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal
Which is the only muscle of the tongue that is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve? [1]
Which nerve is it innervated by? [1]
palatoglossus is the only of these muscles to be innervated by the vagus nerve (CNX).
Eva’s tongue has deviated to the left side. A lesion of the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) would cause the tongue to deviate to which side? [1]
A lesion of CNXII would cause the tongue to deviate towards the side of the lesion.
Tongue Towards
Which way does the uvula deviate in a X nerve lesion? [1]
Uvula is deviated away from the side of the lesion
Label A-F
A: cerebral aquaduct
B: olfactory tract
C: Optic nerve and optic chiasma
D: Oculomotor nerve (n. III)
E: Substantia nigra
F: Trochlea nerve
Label A-E
A: Oculomotor nerve (n. III)
B: Trigeminal nerve (n. V)
C: Abducent nerve (n. VI)
D: Facial nerve (n. VII)
E: Vestibulocochlear nerve (n. VIII)
Label 27-31
27 Flocculus of cerebellum
28 Glossopharyngeal nerve (n. IX) & VN (n X)
29 Hypoglossal nerve (n. XII)
30 Accessory nerve (n. XI)
31 Vermis of cerebellum
